Basic Fire Safety & Emergency Evacuation

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WEL COME

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1

What is Fire.? 2 Types of Fire

7

Emergency Evacuation

3

Fire Fighting Equipment

Fire Prevention & Fire 5

Protection

4 Fire Fighting Method

6 Fire Alarm System

8 General Requirements

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Fire is a chemical reaction of three components:

❖ Oxygen

❖ Fuel

❖ Heat

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o Fire Triangle or Combustion Triangle is a sample model for understanding the necessary ingredients for fire.

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Fire tetrahedron can be describe as pyramid which is solid having four faces:

❖ Oxygen

❖ Fuel

❖ Heat

❖ Chemical Reaction

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o Direct contact - in their early stage, fires spread most entirely by contact of flame to

combustible object.

o Conduction – transferred of heat through solid materials.

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❖ Convection – transferred of heat by air movement, hot air rises due to reduced density

❖ Radiation – heat transferred from one surface to another across the space

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3

4

STAGES OF FIRE

Incipient Or Ignition

Growth Fully

Developed Decay

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Cooking

Equipment's Smoking

Electrical Distribution Equipment's

Electrical Appliances

Oil, Kerosene.

Petrol & Lubricants Gas Leakages Heating

Equipment's

Pow er Storages

Explosives

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END CHAPTTER 01

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CLASS - A : Combustible solid like Wood, Paper, Plastic, etc.

CLASS - B : Flammable Liquids & Greases like LPG, Diesel, etc.

CLASS - C : Involving Electrical fire.

CLASS - D : Metal Fires like aluminium, etc.

CLASS - K : Involving kitchen fire.

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END CHAPTTER 02

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Fire Beater 1 2 Fire Bucket

7 Fire Hydrant

Fire Blanket 3 Fire Ball 5

4 Fire Extinguisher 6 Fire Hose Reel 8 Fire Sprinkler

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01. Fire Beater 02. Fire Bucket

A simple tool for fighting wildfires, consisting of a piece of rubber at the end of a pole.

A Fire Bucket is filled with sand or water and is used to extinguish fires.

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03. Fire Blanket 04. Fire Ball

A sheet of flexible material, typically woven fiberglass, used to smother a fire in an emergency.

A round-shaped fire extinguisher that self-activates after about

three to five seconds of fire exposure.

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05. Fire Hose 06. Fire Hydrant

Fire hose reel is a flexible pipe that is rolled and has a direct connection to the water.

Fire hydrants are used to extinguish and control the spread of fire.

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07. Sprinklers 06. Extinguisher

Fire sprinkler system is an

automatic extinguishing system that prevent fire growth.

Fire extinguisher is a portable or movable apparatus used to put out a small.

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Types of Extinguisher & Color Code & Uses

Water

Foam W. C

CO2 DCP

CLASS- A

CLASS- A,B

CLASS- A,B,C

CLASS- A,K

CLASS- B,C CLASS- A,D CLASS- B,C

CLASS- C

X

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Fire Extinguisher Operating Procedure

P A S S

Pull the safety

Aim the target

Squeeze the trigger

Sweep side by side

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Fire Extinguisher Using TIPs

❖ Check for your own safety before starting to extinguish a fire.

❖ Assess the fire only a small fire should be fought using a fire extinguisher

❖ Select the right type of fire extinguisher.

❖ Remember the simple acronym P.A.S.S. : Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep,

❖ Always try to work in pair for safety.

❖ Target the base of the fire not the flame.

❖ If fire extinguished at first sight, stay ready for re-ignition.

❖ Keep minimum 8-10 feet distance from fire during use fire extinguisher.

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Fire Hydrant Color Code & Class

CLASS - AA 1500 GPM

CLASS - A 1000-1499 GPM

CLASS - B 500-999 GPM

CLASS - C 500 GPM

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Fire Sprinkler Types & Color Code

Open Fire Sprinkler:

Sprinkler that is not equipped with actuator or heat response element.

Closed Fire Sprinkler:

Sprinkler that is equipped with actuator or heat response element.

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Fire Sprinkler Types & Color Code

57 C/ 135 F 68 C / 155 F 79 C / 175 F 93 C / 200 F 141 C / 286 F 182 C / 360 F

NOTE: Quick Response - 3MM bulb, Standard Response - 5MM bulb

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Types of Hose

Delivery Hose

Suction Hose

Hose Reel Hose

Percolating Hose

Hard Suction Non-Percolate

Partially Embedded

Soft Suction

Fully Embedded

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Type of Hose Percolating:

Dimension- 38,50,63,70 mm Length- 15,22.5,30 meter.

Non-Percolating:

Dimension- 38,50,63,70 mm Length- 15,22.5,30 meter.

Hose Reel Hose:

Dimension- 19 mm Length- 30 to 60 meter.

Dimension- 102, 127 mm Length- 8 to 15 meter.

Partially Embedded:

Dimension- 75, 100,140 mm Length- 2.5 to 3 meter.

Fully Embedded:

Dimension- 75, 100,140 mm Length- 2.5 to 3 meter.

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END CHAPTTER 03

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Starvation 01

Smothering

02

Cooling

03

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Starvation is the process of depriving the fire from fuel. i.e. combustible materials.

Or

Remove fuel from fire.

Starvation

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Smothering

Smothering is the process of depriving the fire of oxygen needed to sustain the fire.

Or

Remove Oxygen from fire.

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Cooling

Cooling is the process of depriving the fire of Heat e.g. by applying a substance such as water that will absorb heat from the fire.

Or

Remove heat from fire.

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END CHAPTTER 04

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01. Fire Prevention:

It is a proactive steps taken to reduce fire hazards so that a fire does not have a

chance to ignite.

02. Fire Protection:

It is a reactive approach which minimize potential damage or loss.

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01. Fire Prevention

o Fire safety plan (approved)

o Risk assessment (update every 6 month)

o Workplace Inspections (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly) o Fire safety trainings (induction, annually)

o Regular fire drills

o Preventive maintenance (as per requirements) o Housekeeping Management

o Material Management (5-S Technique)

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02. Fire Protection

Active Fire Protection:

Active fire protection system is detect and extinguish a fire. This can be either manual or automatic.

Passive Fire Protection:

Passive fire protection system will help to prevent fire from spreading or resist the initial ignition.

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Active Fire Protection Passive Fire Protection

o Smoke and heat alarm o Manual Call Point

o Fire Sprinklers

o Fire extinguishers o Fire hydrants

o Video monitoring o Etc.

o Compartment o Fire proofing o Fire door o Fire wall

o Fire Stopper

o Fire Curtain / Baffle o Etc.

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END CHAPTTER 05

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A fire panel is a safety appliance that receives information from devices designed to detect and report fires, monitor their operational integrity.

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Types of Fire Alarm System

Conventional fire Panel:

Every device on the same circuit would report the same.

Addressable fire Panel:

It indicate the exact

location of fire or smoke.

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Fire Detectors

Fire Detectors:

A device which can detect a fire, and provide a signal to an alarm circuit.

Fire detectors are different types;

1. Smoke Detectors 2. Heat Detectors 3. Flame Detectors

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Types of Fire Detectors

1.Smoke Detector

Ionization SD

Photoelectric SD

Light Scattering

Light Obstruction

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2. Heat Detector

Fixed Temp HD

Rate Of Rise HD Types of Fire Detectors

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3. Flame Detector

IR Detector

UV Detector Types of Fire Detectors

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Manual Call Point

o It is a device used to initiate an alarm signal.

o They operate by means of a simple button press or when glass is broken revealing a button.

o They can form part of a manual alarm system or an automatic alarm system.

o MCP activation is typically achieved through the use of a pull station or call

point which then sounds the evacuation alarm for the relevant building or zone.

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Types of MCP

Manual Call Point

Push Type MCP

Glass Break MCP Pull Type MCP

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END CHAPTTER 06

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Action on Hearing Alarm

• Don’t panic and be calm.

• Stop any activity immediately and prepare to leave the room.

• Turn off all ignition sources such as AC, Equipment.

• Evacuate the room to nearest safe assembly area.

• Remain in the assembly area (in group) until instructed to leave.

• After the all clear alarm you may continue your work.

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Assembly Area Checklist

▪ All the employee assemble at their designated assembly area.

▪ Assembly area far enough away from flying glass and other objects

▪ Head count of Employees is done and reported to ERT head.

▪ Injured are informed to the ERT Team.

▪ Access to emergency vehicles are not hindered

▪ Remain in the group until further notice.

▪ Do not re enter in building without permission.

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1. Call 911 and say this is an emergency.

2. Describe the incident location.

3. Describe the nature of incident.

4. Report injuries if any.

5. Give you name, badge number and contact.

6. Repeat the above information.

7. Stay on the line until further instructed.

Emergency Reporting

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Rescue – rescue who is in immediate danger.

Alert – Activate fire alarm (or) Dial emergency phone number.

Contain/Confine– Close all doors and windows when evacuate,

Extinguish/ Evacuate – Extinguish if small fires, if not then evacuate.

R A

C E

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o All Fire Equipment's are always in working condition. Any deviation needs to be reported to Facilities/Security Team.

o ERT should know the locations of Fire Extinguishers and their handling techniques

o ERT is to help Security/Fire Team in case of any Fire incident.

o ERT needs to ensure that emergency situations are handled peacefully and authoritatively without any stampede.

o ERT should know the details of Handicap person(s) and their workstation and contact details.

o While evacuation of employees, priority to be given to disabled employees, pregnant ladies and visitors.

Duties of ERT

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o ERT assess the situation at the scene itself.

o If situation is not risky and can be controlled without any human safety risk then control same.

o In case situation warrants to evacuate the building, start evacuation with

assistance of team members and simultaneously inform ERT Leader/Office Head for assistance or guidance.

o Follow the instructions of ERT Leader/Office Head and handle it appropriately.

Duties of ERT

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Don’t run – it will make the fire

worse!

Get down onto the floor

Roll over -

this will put the flames out

1 2 3

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END CHAPTTER 07

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• Incompatible materials (flammable and oxidizer) shall not be stored together

• Vegetation (weeds &grass)shall kept down

• Minimum clearance of 0.6m or 2ft shall be maintained between the ceiling and the top level of any stocked material below

• Minimum 0.5m or 1.5ft clearance between top level of stocked material and sprinkler head

• Temporary wiring shall be installed according to the provision of NFPA 70.

• Electrical equipment should be regularly checked

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• GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters) shall be provided where required.

• Smoking is permitted only in designated “Smoking Area”

• Open fires or open burning of materials are strictly prohibited.

• Proper bonding & grounding techniques shall be used for any operation.

• Trained and certified Fire Watch should be present all the at hot work area.

• Monthly inspection of all FACP and Fire Fighting equipment.

• CO2 fire extinguisher is prohibited to use in Confined Space.

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END CHAPTTER 08

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