Biaya, Kecelakaan Kecil & Besar, serta faktor kontribusinya

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Definitions use in OSH

Hazard

A chemical or physical condition that has the potential for causing damage to people, property or the

environment

Accident

the occurrence of the sequence of events that produce unintended injury, death, or property damage. It refer to the event, not results of the event

Incident

The loss of containment of material or energy, not all events propagate into incident, not all incident

propagate into accident

Consequence

A measure of the expected effects of the results of an incident

Likelihood

A measure of the expected probability of frequency of occurrence of an event. This may be expressed as a frequency, a probability of occurrence during some time interval, or conditional probability.

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Risk

A measure of human injury, environmental damage, or economic loss in term of both the incident likelihood and the magnitude of the loss or injury.

Risk analysis

The development of a quantitative estimate of risk based on engineering evaluation

and mathematical techniques for combining estimates of incident consequences and

frequencies.

Risk Assessment

The process by which the results of a risk analysis are used to make decisions, either through a relative ranking of risk reduction strategies or through comparison with risk targets.

Scenario

A description of the events that results in an accident or incident. The description should contain information relevant to defining the root causes

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How to find out what really happened.

AN UNPLANNED, UNEXPECTED EVENT THAT INTERFERES WITH OR

INTERRUPTS NORMAL ACTIVITY &

POTENTIALLY LEADS TO PERSONAL INJURY OR DOLLAR LOSS

(EQUIPMENT DAMAGE).

THE ACCIDENT

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Statistics

OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Administration

incidence rate per 100 worker years = 200,000 h exposure

This is used in the USA.

FAR Fatal Accident Rate

fatalities per 1000 employees and entire life = 10⁸ h exposure

This is used in the U.K.

FR Fatality Rate

per person per year (exposure poorly defined)

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Nature of Accidents - 1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

m echanical failure operational error unknow n process upset natural hazard design error arson & sabotage

CAUSES FOR LOSS

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Statistics-2

OSHA FAR FR

Chemical Industry 0.49 4

Steel Industry 1.54 8

Coal Mining 2.22 40

Agriculture 4.53 10

Staying at Home 3

Travelling by Car 57 17 x 10 ^-5

Rock Climbing 4000 4 x 10 ^-5

20 Cigarettes / day 500 x 10 ^-5

Struck by Meteorite 6 x 10 ^-11

Struck by Lightning 1 x 10 ^-7

Fire 150 x 10 ^-7

Run over by Car 600 x 10 ^-7

*

50% by chemical exposure

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Statistics-3

US Accident Fatalities: 1990 1999

Auto: 47,000 40,800

Total Industry: 6,217 6,026 Walking across street: 6,475 5,220

Bicycles: 642

Trains: 601

Airlines: 39

Home: 22,500 30,800

Chemical Industry: 22

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Chemical Plant Accidents

Fire High Low Intermediate Explosion Intermediate Intermediate High

Toxic Release Low High Low Risk

Hazard Fatalities

Hazard Economic

Loss

Explosions

Vapor cloud

None Property Damage Injury

Disabled 1

100 500 10.000

Accident Pyramid

Fire

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Defeating Accidents

Step Desired Effect

Initiation ^Diminish Grounding, bonding Inerting

Explosion proof electrical Guardrails and guards Maintenance procedures Hot-work permits

Human factors design Process design

Awareness properties chemicals

Propagation ^Diminish Emergency material transfer Reduce inventories of flammables Equipment spacing and layout

Nonflammable construction materials Emergency shut-off valves

Termination ^Increase Firefighting Relief systems Sprinklers

Emergency shut-off valves

PROCEDURE STEP DESIRED

EFFECT

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Identifikasi titik bahaya

Berjalanlah ke seluruh bagian pabrik dan lakukan pengamatan

• Identifikasi tempat penyimpanan yang tidak efisien, handling, penggunaan dan

pembuangan bahan kimia.

• Identifikasi situasi bahaya yang utama,

sehingga potensi kerugian dapat dikurangi atau dicegah yaitu adanya cemaran,

kehilangan dan resiko.

• Buat rencana tindakan nyata

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Why do accidents happen ?

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Kecelakaan

Suatu kejadian yang tidak direncanakan yang mungkin bisa menyebabkan seseorang terluka atau kerusakan harta benda.

Klasifikasi simbolik kecelakaan

A Luka a Tidak luka

B. Kerusakan barang

AB

Luka & barang rusak

Ba

Barang rusak, tapi tidak luka b. Tidak ada

kerusakan barang

Ab

Luka, tapi tidak ada barang rusak

ab

Tidak luka, & tidak ada barang rusak

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Dalam dunia Industri

Definisi kecelakaan dan luka

Kecelakan minor (minor accident) Luka minor (minor injure)

Tidak masuk kerja kurang dari 3 hari

Kecelakan major (major accident) Luka major (major injure)

Tidak masuk kerja lebih dari 3 hari, termasuk kematian

Secara ekonomi: kecelakan fatal dianggap kehilangannya lebih kecil dibandingkan dibandingkan kecelakaan yang

menimnulkan cacat seumur hidup

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Penyebab Kecelakaan ada 3 tingkat:

-Proximate causes

(penyebab langsung)

-Contributory causes

(penyebab ikutan)

-Underlying causes

(penyebab mendasar)

Ada pencegahan Tak ada pencegahan

penyebab langsung atau ikutan

Kegagalan manusia

Kesalahan manusia

Keadaan yang tidak aman

Ketidak pedulian

Kecelakaan

Mekanis Fisis Kimia Lingkungan Penyebab mendasar (underlying)

Kegagalan manusia

Ketak pedulian, kedunguan atau kebodohan

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Mengenal Bahaya (Hazard recognition)

Bahaya adalah kondisi yang memiliki potensi terjadinya kecelakaan atau kerusakan

Bahaya Penyebab kecelakaan

Klasifikasi bahaya : -bahaya primer

-bahaya pemicu (initiating)

-Bahaya penyumbang (contributory)

Seringnya terjadi bahwa analisis terhadap bahaya primer tergantung pada persepsi seseorang akan :

- penyebab

- evaluasi terhadap efek kejadiannya

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CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

• ENVIRONMENTAL

• DESIGN

• SYSTEMS & PROCEDURES

• HUMAN BEHAVIOR

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• ENVIRONMENTAL

– Noise

– Vapors, fumes, dust – Light

– Heat

– Critters

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• DESIGN

– Workplace layout

– Design of tools & equipment

– Maintenance

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• SYSTEMS &

PROCEDURES

– Lack of systems &

procedures

– Inappropriate systems

& procedures

– Training in procedures

– Housekeeping

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• HUMAN BEHAVIOR

– Common to all accidents

– Not limited to the person involved in the

accident

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Mengenal bahaya ada 2 macam :

- Pendekatan fundamental - Pendekatan teknikal

Pendekatan :

dengan cara mengenal/mencari sejumlah

Fundamental

realitas yang harus dipelajari terhadap semua bahaya yang mungkin

Secara kualitatif : meyakinkan bahwa semua bisa diketahui/diidentifikasi

Secara kuantitatif : menghitung atau memperkirakan segala sesuatu kemungkinan

timbulnya kecelakaan

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Pendekatan : disebut juga pendekatan kerugian

Teknikal (loss control approach)

Pencatatan yang rapi dan

hati-hati

serta study yang banyak tentang

kecelakaan yang timbul

MENGIDENTIFIKASI Dan MENGELIMINASI

B A H A Y A

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Menganalisis sebab-sebab terjadinya kecelakaan setelah kejadian lebih mudah dilakukan:

-harta benda, -peralatan dan -bangunan

P o h o n p e n ge n al an b ah ay a

Mengenal bahaya

Pendekatan fundamental Pendekatan teknikal

Analisis bahaya secara kualitatif

Analisis bahaya secara kuantitatif

•Pendekatan kerugian

•Loss controll,

•Study ttg penyebab terjadinya Kerugian pada situasi tertentu

Bahaya meliputi : - resiko

- kesempatan

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Bila seseorang lompat dari atas gedung

Tingkah laku: not unsafe condition tapi: bunuh diri

Tingkah laku: unsafe condition

Bila seseorang bekerja di atap gedung tanpa alat pengaman yang memadai

Punya resiko dan chance

unknown element

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Pendekatan paksaan

: merupakan pendekatan yang sederhana dan langsung.

Pendekatan ini sangat kaku, dan isinya “melarang”, “mengharuskan”, atau “boleh” dan “tidak boleh”

Pendekatan psikologis

: berusaha memberi penghargaan kepada mereka yang yang menunjukkan perilaku aman (safe attitude).

- pemasangan poster

-pemasangan rambu keselamatan (worker to work safely)

- punya jadwal rapat safety

-pemberian penghargaan pada mereka yang mengalami kecelakaan sedikit

(Enforcement approach)

(Psychological approach)

Tindakan populer dari cara ini adalah :

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Pendekatan Rekayasa

metode ini bertolak dari fakta bahwa sebagian besar kecelakaan disebabkan manusia

- pengendalian rekayasa (engineering control) - pengendalian administratif atau cara kerja

- pemberian perlengkapan alat pelindung (protective equipment)

(Engineering approach)

Tindakan populer dari cara ini yg terkenal :

3 (three) line conrtrol

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BASIC TYPES OF ACCIDENTS

Minor accident:

• Such as paper cuts to fingers or dropping a box of materials.

More serious accidents that cause injury or damage to equipment or property:

• Such as a forklift dropping a load or someone falling off a ladder

Accidents that occur over an extended time frame:

• Such as hearing loss or an illness resulting from exposure to chemicals

THE ACCIDENT

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THE ACCIDENT NEAR-MISS

• Also know as a “Near Hit”

• An accident that does not quite result in injury or damage (but could have).

• Remember, a near-miss is just as serious as

an accident!

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THE ACCIDENT

ACCIDENTS HAVE TWO THINGS IN COMMON

They all have outcomes from the accident

They all have contributor factors that cause the

accident

1 2

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OUTCOMES OF ACCIDENTS

• NEGATIVE ASPECTS

– Injury & possible death – Disease

– Damage to equipment & property – Litigation costs, possible citations – Lost productivity

– Morale

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OUTCOMES OF ACCIDENTS

• POSITIVE ASPECTS

– Accident investigation – Prevent recurrence

– Change to safety programs – Change to procedures

– Change to equipment design

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Types of Accidents

• FALL TO

– same level – lower level

• CAUGHT

– in – on

– between

• CONTACT WITH

– chemicals – electricity – heat/cold – radiation

• BODILY REACTION FROM

– voluntary motion

– involuntary motion

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Types of Accidents (continued)

• STRUCK

– Against

• stationary or moving object

• protruding object

• sharp or jagged edge

– By

• moving or flying object

• falling object

• RUBBED OR ABRADED BY

– friction

– pressure

– vibration

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