All parts of the plants are eaten as food: leaves, flowers, stems and whole plants. In South Africa, the plant's leaves and young shoots are used as food. However, long-term use of these compounds showed side effects, such as changes in taste, formation of supragingival calculus, desquamation of the oral mucosa and may cause teeth and mouth discoloration [19].
Some occur only in the upper parts of the plant, for example the auronglycosides. These compounds may play a role in the activities of the extracts, such as antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and negative bacteria [29], analgesic activity [18]. The entire groundmass of the plant appeared to be safer compared to the water and ethanol extracts of B.
There are three types of mouthwashes that can be found in the market nowadays: Antiseptic, fluoride rinse, or a combination of the two [59]. Surfactant is needed to disperse the water-insoluble component through the liquid, such as essential oils. The analgesic effect of the plant has been proven to reduce oral pain in HIV/AIDS patients [18].
Its antioxidant activity has been associated with the presence of flavonoids, such as quercetin [30] and polyacetylenes [23, 30], tannins [81], polyacetylenes [23], polysaccharides, carotenoids, amines, lactones, mineral elements and coumarins.
Important points concerning B. pilosa as active agents in mouthwash formulation
Leaves and flowers contain essential oil that have the highest antioxidant potential compared to other plant parts [22, 19]. The IC50 antioxidant value of plants may be reported slightly different from one country to another due to the difference in plant growth environment, harvesting season, physiological stage of harvested plant and extraction method. The articles are the organoleptic properties of the mouthwash in the presence of tannin, the formulation of the water-soluble extract in the mouthwash, and the activation of polyacetylenes in the formulation.
However, the presence of tannin in solution gives a bitter taste and yellow to brown color [83]. Since the hydroethanolic extracts contain more bioactive compounds important for antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, the formulation may contain ingredients to maintain the consistency of liquid. Emulsifying and suspending agent or other medicinal plant can be added, such as chewing gum and Aloe vera [3].
Generally, the plant extracts are added to protect the product from microbial growth and damage. However, the heating process can change the appearance and stability of the product due to polyphenol browning when heated or oxidized.
6 Conclusions
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PREFACE: the 3 rd International Conference on
Natural Resources and Life Sciences (NRLS) 2020
Each manuscript submitted to the E3S Web Conference was reviewed by at least two experts using the double-blind system (expert list on the S.E. Board). As a result, the published articles have passed all the necessary requirements for improvement following the Web of Conferences standard, reviewers' comments, S.I. Système International d'Unités), similarity tests from the Turnitin program (with the highest threshold of 20. We thank all presenters and participants for their rigorous participation in this conference to exchange scientific ideas, to inspire new studies for better collaborations narrow.
3rd NRLS Chairwoman
Principal Editor: Roy Hendroko Setyobudi (Malang, IDN)
Overseas institutions are from Germany, India, Jordan, Pakistan, Republic of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, Netherlands, Poland, Taiwan - ROC, Thailand, Timor Leste, United Kingdom and Vietnam. Noor Illi Mohamad Puad, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (MYS). Praptiningsih Gamawati Adinurani, Department of Agrotechnology - Merdeka University of Madiun, and RP Editing & Proofreading Services (IDN).
Roy Hendroko Setyobudi, Jurusan Ilmu Pertanian, Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, dan RP Editing & Proofreading Services (IDN). Yusilawati Ahmad Nor, Department of Biochemical-Biotechnological Engineering, Kuliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (MYS). https://www.google.com/search?q=nrls+ubaya+2020&oq=nrls&aqs=chrome. https://manage.digiseminar.id/public/nrls/nrls3/boa.pdf.
Statement of Peer review
Place: Virtual
Proceedings editor(s)
Date and editor’s signature
