Here we used a set of 6 cytotypes of Tribulus terrestris (Table 1). Leaves of Tribulus terrestris were collected from naturally grown population of six different districts (Patiala, Delhi, Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat and Haridwar) of North-West India in 2006 and their identity was confirmed and voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of Department of Botany, Panjab University in Patiala in India. Molecular markers generated by RAPD and ISSR target different regions of the genome, albeit in a random manner. Populations from Patiala and Haridwar appeared closer to each other than groups of other populations.
Populations from Meerut and Baghpat also appeared to be closer together than clusters from the other populations.
Taxonomy of Indonesian giant clams (Cardiidae, Tridacninae)
Outer surface sculpted with 9 to 14 large radial folds with 2 to 3 small rib-like ones at each interval; anteriodorsal margin with interlocking battlements, presence of byssal opening on the anteriodorsal region but without byssal opening. Outer surface sculpted with 5 to 6 low radial folds with more than 6 small rib-like ones at each interval.
The exploration and diversity of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus L.) from Papua based on its physical characteristics and chemical composition
Exploration and diversity of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus L.) from Papua based on its physical characteristics and chemical composition. Identification of red fruit cultivars in several areas of Papua and West Papua shows a variety of physical characteristics (Table 1). In general, the cross-sectional units (cores) of the red fruits were triangular in shape and yellowish-white in color.
The outer shape of red fruits is not always affected by the shape of diameter. Diversity of red fruit accession populations with physical character in one area may differ in other populations. It is assumed that the growth of red fruit is dependent on its type of eco-geography.
The chemical compositions of selected parts of red fruits were different among others (Table 2 and Table 3). Of the 16 red fruit accessions used in this study, each accession showed different characteristics. The pattern of each red fruit adhesion similarity is depicted in the dendogram of physical and chemical characters (Figure 2).
Assessment of biodiversities and spatial structure of Zarivar Wetland in Kurdistan Province, Iran
12" north latitude with an altitude of 1285 meters above sea level, and 2 kilometers away from the city of Marivan in Kurdistan province (Figure 1). The purpose of this research is to determine the characteristics of ZW and provide management strategies which tourists can visit the attractions without harming the area The present research was conducted during the years 2009 to 2010 to know the capabilities and limitations of ZW in the Kurdistan province of Iran through documentary, extensive field visits and also direct field observations during the study years.
During this period, the geographic location of aquatic species in the region was identified using a map, a global positioning system (GPS), and in some cases by foot or car. Digital maps were used to identify and define the ecological resources of the region and on this basis topological situations and land cover of the study area were made. The semi-humid to humid climatic conditions of the area surrounding the ZW have resulted in the formation of a unique forest cover in the mountains of this region, and despite many devastating effects, it still has beautiful landscapes.
The pastures of ZW were one of the first grade and suitable pastures of Iran. ZW was more extended with a spherical zone shape was made in the past due to function of some faults with northwest-southeast alignment and fall of its middle part. Other natural functions of ZW relate to freshwater wetlands which create a suitable medium for growth of plants, fish and also life of migratory and native birds and animals.
Zarivar Wetland
Valid academic sources (Latifi 2000; Mansoori 2008; Ziaie 2008) were used to identify birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians in this research. Covering 3,292 hectares, ZW was officially declared a wildlife sanctuary by Iran's Ministry of Environment (DoE) in 2009.
Marivan City
Due to changes in the water volume of the wetlands in the seasons of the year, its water level changes. In this situation, the results obtained from the experiments done on the wetland water show that the amount of DO of the wetland water is in the favorable limit and the amount of BOD and COD measured is acceptable. Also, the evacuation of urban and rural wastewater within the wetlands will create serious problems for the ecological status of the wetlands.
The flora of the ZW includes the flora of the regions surrounding the wetland and the parts within it. The natural changes in the water level in the wetland during different seasons are accompanied by stress on the plant cover, but its role in the biodiversity of the cover around the wetland is positive and causes the formation of different units around it. Seedlings grow in the moist areas at the edge of the ZW and may enter wetlands from the moist areas.
It is clear that public and private sector investments will help realize the potential talents of the wetlands and local people will enjoy its benefits. On this basis, they will show more interest in the protection and maintenance of wetlands. Also, a comprehensive study and topographic survey of the state of current evaporation and potential evaporation of wetland water is recommended.
Study of biodiversity and limiting factors of Ag-gol Wetland in Hamadan Province, Iran
Identifying the characteristics, capabilities and limiting factors of the Ag-gol wetland is the most important objective of this study. Based on this, the wetland area confined within this flood control passage is estimated to be more than 500 hectares. Even these days, the average height of water in the Ag-gol wetland reaches 1 meter, and in the best conditions, the amount of water available in the wetland is about 5 million cubic meters.
The results showed that the average rainfall on the surface of the Ag-gol wetlands watershed is about 271 millimeters per year. The water that enters the wetlands (during the wet seasons) collects on the surface of the wetlands and then flows as a flood from the north of the wetland towards the north of the region. It is clear that in this case the Ag-gol Wetland acts as a reservoir for the agricultural work of the villagers of the region.
The results of this research showed that Ag-gol Wetland has a high potential for the variety of waterfowl and wading birds. The results of this research showed that industrial pollution is not a threat to the Aggol wetland. In another study, the importance of two hummocks islands in the middle of Ag-gol wetland was emphasized and the promotion of the level of protection of the region was recommended (Reyahi-Khoram et al. 2010a,b).
Diversity of soil macrofauna on different pattern of sloping land agroforestry in Wonogiri, Central Java
Diversity of soil macrofauna on different patterns of sloping land agroforestry in Wonogiri, Central Java. The number of individuals, the number of species and diversity index of soil macrofauna at each research station. The life activity of soil macrofauna could not be separated from the influence of environmental factors.
Increasing the relative humidity of the air will increase the diversity index of the soil macrofauna and vice versa. It showed that soil temperature has a negative correlation with the diversity of soil macrofauna, especially in the order Coleoptera. An increase in acidity would increase the diversity index of soil macrofauna and vice versa.
An increase in soil organic matter would increase the diversity index of soil macrofauna and vice versa. Based on research results, it can be concluded that different patterns of sloping soil forestry had a different index of soil macrofauna diversity. There was a correlation between the index diversity of soil macrofauna with environmental factors in different patterns of slope upland forestry.
Fish biodiversity in coral reefs and lagoon at the Maratua Island, East Kalimantan
The location of the study sites was initially determined by snorkeling and observing coral reef conditions and representative areas (3-7 meters depth). This is similar to other research that showed differences in fish community based on species abundance from the results of the multivariate analysis (Madduppa et al. 2012). It is quite possible because of the living reef fish associated with the shape and type of coral as shelter, protection and.
The presence of target fish in the coral reef ecosystem is due to foraging (ground for food) or spawning and nursery. The function and role of fish was not yet clear, but it could be as a link in the ecological system and food webs in coral reef ecosystems. The diversity of reef fish species is closely related to the substrate characteristics in the area, such as the existence of herbivorous fish of the family Scaridae, due to dead corals covered with macroalgae (Madduppa et al. 2012).
A comparison of the number of fish species from each family found between coral reefs and lagoons. This indicates that habitat characteristics were crucial in shaping the fish community. Coral predation by Chaetodontidae fishes: implications for the conservation and management of coral reef ecosystems.
Jernang rattan (Daemonorops draco) management by Anak Dalam Tribe in Jebak Village, Batanghari, Jambi Province
Pengelolaan tanaman merambat tebu Jernang (Daemonorops draco) dari suku Anak Dalam di desa Jebak, Batanghari, Provinsi Jambi. Tumbuhan tebu penghasil darah naga di Desa Jebak terdapat dua jenis, yaitu jernang cane g (Daemonorops draco) dan cane creeper (Daemonorops didymophylla). Pemanfaatan, pengelolaan dan konservasi rotan jernang oleh Suku Anak Dalam Jambi di desa Jebak Batanghari Jambi.
18 How is jernang rattan management in the forest area of the Anak Dalam Jambi tribe. 19 Is there any special ownership for jernang cane creeper in the forest area of Anak Dalam Jambi tribe. There is no specific ownership of jernang rattan g in the Anak Dalam Jambi tribe forest.
According to Anak Dalam Jambi Tribe, since 2008 they have been growing iron grattan. The presence of jernangrattan in the forest will prevent the conversion of forest to agricultural land. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Jernang rattan is a source of income for the Anak Dalam tribe because it produces dragon blood.
