Changes in fecal contents of P4 (top) and E2 (bottom) in female Siberian tiger (No. 1, Yokohama Zoological Gardens). Changes in the fecal contents of P4 and E2 in female Siberian tigers (No. 2, which was kept at the Tama Zoological Park). In the case of pregnancy, the fecal content of the female Siberian tiger increased remarkably after mating.
Chromatogram for the main metabolites of P4 excreted in the faeces of a pregnant female Siberian tiger (No. 2, Tama Zoological Park).
First record of Odontanthias unimaculatus (Tanaka 1917) (Perciformes
Serranidae) from Indonesia
Anderson WD (2008) A new species of the perciform fish genus Plectranthias (Serranidae: Anthiinae) from the Nazca Ridge of the eastern South Pacific. Randall JE, Maugé LA, Plessis YB (1979) Two new anthiine fishes of the genus Holanthias from the southern and western Pacific Oceans. Randall JE, Pyle RL (2001) Four new serranid fishes of the anthiine genus Pseudanthias from the South Pacific.
DA (2008) A new species of perciform fish of the genus Plectranthias (Serranidae: Anthiinae) from the Nazca Ridge of the eastern South Pacific.
Morphological divergences among three sympatric populations of Silver Sharkminnow (Cyprinidae: Osteochilus hasseltii C.V.) in West Sumatra
It showed the significant degree of morphological variation among fish individuals both within and among populations. The highest degree of morphological differentiation was Singkarak versus Dibawah Lake (22 significantly different characters), followed by Dibawah Lake versus Ombilin River (13 significantly different characters) and the most similar were the Singkarak and Ombilin populations (only six significantly different characters). different). Inferred from this evidence, the pattern of morphological differentiation of O. hasseltii among the three sympatric populations is confidently related to ecological or environmental forces rather than genetically based differences.
This is an appropriate way to understand the differences in the morphological characteristics of Singkarak and Dibawah lakes compared to the Ombilin River population.
Diversity and useful products in some Verbenaceous member of Melghat and Amravati regions, Maharashtra, India
Stamens 4, inserted below the throat, very extended, longer 3-3.5 cm long, shorter 2.8-3 cm long; filaments slender, filiform, basally purplish, distally white, glabrous; anthers 0.4x0.2 cm, oblong, cells parallel, deep brown, glandular, dorsifex, intros. Stamens 4, inserted below the throat, much expanded, 2 cm long, shorter 0.8 cm long; filaments filiform, white, purple distally, hairy below, anthers 0.2x0.1 cm, oblong, cells parallel, deep purple brown, dorsifex, intros. 1-ovule in each cell; style 3.5-3.6 cm long, very exserted, filiform, whitish-purplish above, glabrous; stigma glabrous, purplish.
Stamens 4, included, inserted in the middle of the tube, longest 0.2 cm long, shortest 0.15 cm long, filaments glandular, anthers 0.5 cm long, yellow, fixed with back, inner. Stamens 4, inserted in the middle of the corolla tube, included, longer 0.2 cm long, shorter 0.1 cm long, anthers 0.05 cm long, yellow, dorsally attached , at the entrance. Stamens 4, inserted below throat, shorter than corolla, longest 2.5 cm, shortest 1.3 cm long, bright yellow hairy, anthers 0.3x0.2 cm, deep brown , elongated, compressed, internal.
Stamens 4, inserted half way up into the tube, slightly inserted, longer 1.1.5 cm long, shorter 0.95 cm long, filaments red, hairy, papillose, glandular; anthers 0.15x0.1 cm, ovate, cells parallel, papillose, gnarled, dorsifixed, introrse. Stamens 4, inserted about the middle of the tube, included, longer and shorter filaments less than 0.1 cm long, anthers less than 0.1x0.1 cm, oblong, yellow, imbricate , inserted. Stamens 4, inserted below the throat, much spreading, longest 2.7 cm long, shortest 2.1 cm long, filaments curved, purple, densely hairy at base; anthers 0.25x0.15 cm, oblong, cells parallel, brown, sheathed, extrorse.
Anthers 2, lower pair complete, inserted at middle of corolla tube, included, staminode 2, indistinct; filaments 0.1 cm long, hairy beneath, pale yellowish, anthers 0.3x0.1 cm, cells vertical, bifurcated, pale yellow, reddish, dorsifice, extrorse. Ordinary petioles 5-6 cm long, petioles of the terminal leaflet 1-1.3 cm long, lateral leaflets with very short petioles, slightly light. Ovary small, less than 0.1x0.1 cm, globose-oblong, pale green, glabrous, glandular, 4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell; joint 0.5 cm long, filiform, convex, white-purple, glabrous; stigma whitish, shortly 2-fid, glabrous.
Stamens 4, inserted slightly below the throat, longer 5 cm, shorter 3.5 cm; filaments hairy and whitish at the base, dark purple, shining, strongly spaced, twisted when ripe, anthers 0.2x0.1 cm, oblong, cells parallel, dark brown, dorsally fixed, extrorse.
Nest density as determinants for habitat utilizations of Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in degraded forests of Gunung
Palung National Park, West Kalimantan
With the rapid reduction of forest habitat especially after intensive forest conversion between 2000 and 2005 (Adhikerana and Sugardjito 2010), the assessment of the population status of orangutans in the degraded forests of Gunung Palung area is urgently needed. The aim of this survey was to determine the status of orangutan population in the Gunung Palung National Park, specifically in its border areas where human pressure mostly occurs. It consists of primary peat swamp forest with very little disturbance and holds many food tree species of orangutans.
It consists of secondary peat swamp forest with a few orangutan food trees and is categorized as recently degraded forest. Here we defined logging as manual logging, which was common in the area (Cannon et al. 1994). A previous report indicated that orangutan population density in Gunung Palung National Park was generally 3 ind/km2 with densities of primary peat swamp forests above 4 ind/km2 (Johnson et al. 2005).
The existence of this site is therefore very crucial for the survival of the orangutan population in the area. In the strategies and conservation action plan of orangutan it was recommended that the rehabilitation centers will be closed by 2017 (Suhartono et al. 2007). The existence of orangutan nests in a forest habitat can be used as an indicator of the frequency of visits of the species to the respective habitat.
We are very appreciative of our colleagues in the management unit of Gunung Palung National Park and the team of the Orangutan Protection and Monitoring Unit who provided their assistance during the field survey. Sugardjito J (2009) Characterization of social interactions and grouping patterns of Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) in the Gunung Leuser national park, Sumatra.
Conservation of maleo bird (Macrocephalon maleo) through egg hatching modification and ex situ management
Feed intake was counted amount of feed intake in grams per month and the total intake of maleo birds for five months of breeding. The value of feed conversion counted by feed intake in grams divided by live weight of maleo. The weight and size of eggs obtained from LLNP and BWR also vary, the weight and size of eggs are probably due to the laying of maleo age varied.
The critical period of malea growth is up to one month, and this period can be understood as a high rate of death of young malea, which can reach up to 60%. The average feed intake in grams per month and the total intake of maleo birds for five months of rearing can be found in Table 1. The intake of maleo LLNP and BWR birds for five months of rearing showed an increase in their intake to either 21% or 13% protein levels.
The average of the monthly live weight gain of maleo in three months can be found in Table 2. However, in the level of 21% protein, birds of LLNP showed a better increase in weight gain. The plasticity phenotype value of the body weight of maleo from LLNP was relatively greater than that of BWRs.
Gene plasticity of maleo from LLNP was more influential on body weight for more plasticity, while gene plasticity of birds from BWR was able to control body weight loss. MacKinnon J (1981) Methods for the conservation of maleo birds, Macrocephalon maleo on the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Effect of land use change on ecosystem function of dung beetles
In addition to few comparative field studies from the tropical region recorded ecosystem function of dung beetles (i.e. Klein 1989;. The present study, conducted in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, aimed to analyze the effects of forest conversion to land use systems on ecosystem function of dung beetles mainly on dung removal activity and suppression of the population of parasitic flies inhabiting herbivorous dung The effects of bait (beetle presence/absence) and habitat type on dung removal and fly suppression activity of dung beetles were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA.
Many factors, including dung beetle community traits and structure, influenced dung burial activity. The number of specimens of each family of flies emerged from bait unprotected (UP) and protected (P) from dung beetle access. This is the first study in Sulawesi, a heart of the Wallacea region and perhaps in Indonesia known as a megadiversity country to document the effect of forest modification in a human-dominated land-use type on dung beetle ecosystem function.
Land use changes from natural forest to agricultural area have been shown to have a detrimental effect on the ecosystem function of dung beetles, especially dung burial activity. Dung beetles play an important role in dung burial activities and the suppression of the fly population and this ecosystem function, especially dung burial activities has been remarkably disrupted by land use changes from natural forest to open agricultural area. Holter P (1979) Effect of dung beetles (Aphodius spp.) and earthworms on the disappearance of cattle dung.
Horgan FG (2005) Effects of deforestation on dung beetle diversity, biomass and function on the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes. Shahabuddin (2007) Effect of land use on dung beetle diversity (Coleoptera: . Scarabaeidae) and dung decomposition in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Carbon baseline as limiting factor in managing environmental sound activities in peatland for reducing greenhouse gas emission
The research calculates the aboveground carbon stock of 25-year-old oil palm planted on mineral soil. Average dry weight of 25-year-old oil palm planted on mineral soil in Paser District, East Kalimantan. Average dry weight of understory and litter of 25-year-old oil palm planted on mineral soil at Paser District, East Kalimantan.
Carbon content and carbon stock of 25-year-old oil palm planted on mineral soils in Paser District, East Kalimantan. Carbon content and carbon stocks in the rootstock of a 25-year-old oil palm planted on mineral soils in Paser District, East Kalimantan. Based on the data in Tables 1 and 2, the total aboveground biomass for a 25-year-old oil palm planted on mineral soil was 113.28 t ha-1.
The amount of carbon sequestered in oil palm plantation biomass is primarily a function of palm growth and the understorey. The above figures showed that oil palm plantation can absorb as much as 130-180 t CO2 equivalent during the economic planting period of 25-30 years. The calculation of how much oil palm plantation can absorb CO2 during its economic cycle should be started based on the type of land use.
Comparing both carbon stock values showed that the ability of oil palm and A. Germer J, Sauerborn J (2008) Estimation of the impact of oil palm plantation establishment on greenhouse gas balance.
