Genetic variations among Indonesian indigenous cattle breeds based on polymorphisms analysis in the growth hormone loci and mitochondrial DNA. Variation in the growth hormone gene has been reported in many livestock, including cattle (Sutarno Beauchemin et al. Restriction sites for AluI in the 223 bp locus 1 (GH L1) fragment, and for MspI in the 453 bp locus 2 (GH L2) fragment of the growth hormone gene .
Systematic studies of Australian stipoid grasses (Austrostipa) based on micro-morphological and molecular characteristics
The other group obtained in the UPGMA analysis of the micromorphological data (Figure 3) consists of two types: A. Groups in bold indicate the groups identified in the UPGMA analysis of the molecular data. The last group obtained in the parsimony analysis of the molecular data (with 71% bootstrap support) consists of two species: A.
Begonia “Tuti Siregar” (Begonia listada Smith &Wasshausen x Begonia acetosa Vellozo): a new cultivar from Bali Botanic Garden, Indonesia
Optimum temperatures for most begonias are in the range of 13-29oC. The vast majority of them need a relative humidity between 40 and 60%. Unsuccessful pollination is manifested by withering and dropping of flowers and failure to produce fruit. The characteristics of the new variety are: bushy habit (SL), upright, non-rooted, height 40-75 cm, internodes 3-4 cm.
Population dynamic of the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polytes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in dry and wet seasons
In the Taman Firdauce plantation, 216 seedlings of Citrus reticulata Blanco were planted in six rows, each row containing 36 seedlings that were planted in "triangles" 3.0 m apart and 4.5 m between rows. The occurrence of the immature stages in different seasons was analyzed using the Friedman test (Dytham 2003; Pallant 2005). In the secondary and primary wet season, outgrowths of the young leaves after the rains attracted more females to lay eggs on them.
Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was more abundant in the wet than in the dry growing seasons. spawned by laying females in the secondary and primary wet seasons, larval abundance was higher in these seasons later. During the young larval stage, spiders such as Oxyopes quadrifasciatus L. were considered the main enemies of P. Other larval predators such as Sycanus dichotomus Stal. Predators were also found to be the most important factor in P. polytes larval mortality in all three seasons, killing more than 25% of each larva. poults killed by predators were strongly correlated with population density of each stage.
This study also revealed that a member of the egg parasitized now fluctuated with the total number of eggs of P. This finding was similar to previous studies on P. polyxenes by Feeny et al. 1985), and citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) by Legaspi et al. 2005) reported that the egg parasitism affects the population dynamics of Heliconius charithonia L. The effect of predation on the fifth instar was higher compared to other larval stages due to the presence of many predator species such as S. dichotomus, Mantis sp., birds and garden lizard during this stage. These predators were very active and they consumed large numbers of larvae. dichotomus and Mantis were very important predators of P. xuthus, while predation by vertebrates, especially birds and garden lizards, was responsible for a low proportion of the mortality of the fourth and fifth instar larvae.
The availability of young leaves in the secondary and primary wet seasons affected the abundance of P. polytes and was then related to the density of their natural enemies. 2006) stated that plant structure can have direct effects on herbivores as well as indirect effects mediated by natural enemies.
Butterfly diversity as a data base for the development plan of Butterfly Garden at Bosscha Observatory, Lembang, West Java
Butterfly diversity as a database for the development plan of the Butterfly Garden at Bosscha Observatory, Lembang, West Java. I hope this result can contribute to the biodiversity database for the development plan of the butterfly garden as a tourist attraction and also as a natural laboratory for environmental education and conservation. Information on host and food plants for each butterfly species was completed based on observations and.
Community perception of the benefit of the butterfly garden development plan was evaluated by randomizing 75 questioners to visitors to the Bosscha Observatory every day for one week. There was evidence that related groups of butterfly species were associated with certain plants (as host plants for larvae or image food plants) and this phenomenon was also found by Queiroz (2002). Public expectation (n=86) about the availability of information in the butterfly garden (a. color and pattern of butterfly; b. life cycle of butterfly; c. interaction between butterfly populations; d. butterflies in their habitat; e. the origin of butterfly species) .
The butterfly garden development plan in the Bosscha area is one of optimizing ecosystem services. There are 26 species of butterflies found in the Bosscha area and 41 species in Cihideung. Delias belisama belisama was the dominant species, but for the butterfly garden development plan, 12 species had to be considered, i.e.
The benefits of having a butterfly garden in the Bosscha area not only gives additional insight to visitors to the Bosscha Observatory, but also educates the community about biodiversity and environmental conservation.
Diversity and community structure of dung beetles (Coleoptera
Scarabaeidae) across a habitat disturbance gradient in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi
How important is the contribution of agroecosystems to the total (regional) species richness of beetles. iii). Several habitat parameters (vegetation structure and microclimate) were measured and tested for their potential to predict changes in dung beetle diversity and community structure (Shahabuddin et al. Dung beetle species richness was estimated using the second-order jackknife extrapolation method (Colwell). 2004), one of the best predictors of species richness in terms of accuracy (e.g. Brose et al. 2003).
Species richness (left) and abundance (right) of dung beetles in relation to habitat type. NF = natural forest, SF = selectively logged forest, AF = agroforestry system, AC = annual crop). Mean number of dung beetles in each of the four habitat types, given for the six most abundant species. This result was consistent with the previous study showed that some species of dung beetles react differently to changes in land use type in Central Sulawesi (Shahabuddin et al. 2005).
In South Africa, the dung beetle fauna has also shown habitat preferences and Davis et al. (2002) grouped into "shaded species" and. Species richness and species composition of dung beetles changed after the conversion of natural forest to other land use types at the edge of Lore Lindu National Park. Species richness of beetles decreased with increasing land use intensity, which indicates a distinct negative effect of land use changes on the beetle fauna.
Although the species richness of dung beetles in natural forest was higher compared to all other types of land use, agroforestry sites contributed a high level (at least 60%) to the diversity of dung beetle communities recorded in the Palolo region.
Potentialities of line planting technique in rehabilitation of logged over area referred to species diversity, growth and soil quality
The potential of line planting technique in the rehabilitation of timberlands, referring to species diversity, growth and soil quality. The soil quality constitutes a complete description of the specific state of the soil to perform its function (Karlen et al. 1997). The final value of soil quality is the results of multiplication between weighted value and score value.
The soil quality value in each plot assessed against the soil quality threshold value is shown in Table 4. Since there is a dependent influence between the mentioned soil quality indicators, the determination of the soil quality value in the study plots was carried out by means of an analytical network process (ANP). The final value of soil quality was obtained by multiplying the score value (0-10) as a result of laboratory analysis with weighted value.
The soil quality value obtained by multiplying between the score value and the weighted value is shown in Table 5. In this case, a quantitative assessment of changes in soil quality provides a benchmark for sustainable management. The status of soil quality in primary forest and plantation areas was in categories ranging from low (3,937) to moderate (4,707).
Gregorich EG, Carter MR, Doran JW, Pankhurst CE, Dwyer LM (1997) Biological attributes of soil quality.
Fuel characteristics and trace gases produced through biomass burning
Br, Cl and I emission during burning in the alang-alang, peat soil and peat grass
CH3Br (methyl bromide) releases atomic bromine, leading to the catalytic chemical destruction of stratospheric ozone, which is very similar to the catalytic destruction of stratospheric ozone by chlorine (Levine 1996) and the discovery that methyl bromide is an important combustion product of biomass combustion has identified a previously unknown and very important link between biomass burning and the chemical destruction of stratospheric ozone. CH3Br, CH3Cl and CH3I emissions during combustion in the alang-alang, peat soil and peat grass. Biomass burning releases a large amount of aerosol into the atmosphere, which in turn reduces the solar radiation absorbed at the Earth's surface and this can reduce rainfall over a large area.
This will suppress precipitation in the cloud and also change the electrical properties of the cloud. Andreae MO (1991) Biomass combustion: its history, use and distribution and its impact on environmental quality and global climate. Granier C, Hao WM, Brasseur G, Muller JF (1996) Land use practices and biomass burning: impact on the chemical composition of the atmosphere.
Greenberg JP, Zimmerman PR, Heidt L, Pollock W (1984) Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions from biomass burning in Brazil. Crutzen PJ, Goldammer JG (eds) Fire in tropical biota: ecosystem processes and global challenges, Ecol Stud vol. SAHARJO et al.–Greenhouse gases produced by biomass burning 45 Lacaux JP, Cachier H, Delmas R (1993) Biomass burning in Africa: An.
Lobert JM., Scharffe DH, Hao WM, Kuhlbusch TA, Seuwen R, Warneck P, Crutzen PJ (1991) Experimental evaluations of biomass combustion emissions: Nitrogenous and carbonaceous compounds.
Characterizing forest reduction in Ketapang district, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
For the purpose of evaluating the changes in land use and land cover in the study areas, namely: Ketapang District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia and Sungai Puteri Peat Swamp Forest (within the district) over 18 years (from 1989 to 2007), a series of Landsat images were analyzed. Deforestation rates were estimated for the entire West Kalimantan region, the area of Ketapang district and that of Sungai Puteri peat swamp forest. Changes in the extent of forest and non-forest areas in the Sungai Puteri peatland forest blocks during the period from 1989 to 2007.
Land Use of Sungai Puteri Peat Swamp Forest Blocks (ha) from 1989 to 2007. Details of Land Use Changes (ha) in Sungai Puteri Peat Swamp Forest Blocks from 1989 to 1999. Details of Land Use Changes (ha) ) in blocks of the Sungai Puteri peat bog in the period from 1999 to 2007.
Accumulated by forest reduction and land use changes in Sungai Puteri peat swamp forest block during the period 1989 and 2007. During the period 1989 to 1999, the conversion of peat swamp forest to agricultural area was significantly extensive, nearly 28% of its original size in 1989. On the other hand, barren land both in the Ketapang district and Sungai Puteri peat swamp forest blocks continue to be extensive without any assessment of economic benefits.
When compared with the entire Ketapang district area, deforestation in the Sungai Puteri peat swamp forest blocks was low.
