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Biogas Production from Cassava Peels Utilizing Fixed Bed Bioreactor with Silica Gel Media
To cite this article: Eva Malini Simare mare et al 2023 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2421 012020
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Biogas Production from Cassava Peels Utilizing Fixed Bed Bioreactor with Silica Gel Media
Eva Malini Simare mare, Maya Sarah* and Amir Husin
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sumatera Utara
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. Indonesia has an abundance of various types of agricultural products. One of the abundance of agricultural products in Indonesia is cassava, but the skin is rarely used, so it can be a source of waste. Cassava peels can be used as a source of bioenergy in the form of biogas.
This research was conducted by mixing the ratio of domestic waste mixing IPAL Cemara PDAM Tirtanadi and water by including cassava peels. In the slurry, cassava peels added about 8-9 % This study aims to determine the amount of biogas produced from bioreactors with and without silica gel as media. The ratio of domestic waste from IPAL Cemara PDAM Tirtanadi and water 1: 0, 1: 0.5, 1: 0.4 1: 0.3. The retention time during 23 days. The parameters tested from this study were COD, TSS, and VS. From the results of the research, it was found biogas from bioreactor ratio of 1: 0. In the bioreactor with silica gel media biogas was found on the 19th day with a pressure of 499.8 Pa, however in bioreactor without silica gel media, biogas was found at 294 Pa.
Keywords: Biogas, Fixed bed, Bioreactor, Silica gel,
1. Introduction
Energy is a very important requirement for human life. Energy sources in the form of coal, petroleum oil and natural gas are the largest sources of energy that are widely used [1]. World energy consumption is expected to grow 75% by 2020. The highest energy consumption growth is predicted to occur in Southeast Asia and East Asia [2]. Based on these energy needs, the rate of energy production should be continuously increased.
Energy from fossils, when used, will cause a number of environmental problems. The burning of fossil fuels releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere [2]. Energy from fossil fuel sources is a source of energy that will not last long, because it is estimated that it will run out and cannot be renewed. The use of fossil energy can cause environmental problems, because it can cause dangerous pollutants such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), NOx, CO, SOx, particulate matter, and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane gas [3]. The increasing demand for fossil fuels, as well as the emergence of environmental impacts due to the use of fossil fuels, has led various parties to conduct research and development
Research and development in the energy sector can significantly create new and renewable energy.
The use of alternative energy that is cheaper, environmentally friendly and renewable is a must in facing the energy crisis that comes from fossil fuels. Biogas production and utilization of biogas from the
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Anaerobic Digestion system provides benefits from environmental and socio-economic aspects as a whole, including for farmers [4].
One of the alternative energy sources used to answer the challenges of the energy source crisis is from biomass. Biomass from agricultural waste can be used as an alternative energy source. This is because Indonesia has an abundance of various types of agricultural products. One of the abundance of agricultural products in Indonesia is agricultural form cassava, however the skin is rarely used. Cassava peels can be used as a source of biomass energy. Biomass is a very important source of bioenergy because it can be used in various forms [5]. Cassava peels can be used as a source of bioenergy, which processed can produce biogas. In the process before entering the Anaerobic Digestion process, the material is physically chopped. Physical decomposition is the grinding of the ingredients into smaller pieces [6]. This research is to determine the amount of biogas production from cassava peels using domestic waste from IPAL Cemara PDAM Tirtanadi Medan utilizing fixed bed bioreactor with silica gel media and without silica gel media
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
The raw material is domestic waste from IPAL Cemara PDAM Tirtanadi, then add water in proportion 1:0; 1:0.5 1:0.3; and 1:0.4. put in cassava peels to domestic waste and water slurry. The process is ananerobic condition. Each bioreactor was made of plastics tank which is equipped with a connecting pipe as a gas flow.
2.2. Biogas Production Process
Cassava peels are taken from cassava chip entrepreneurs in Medan. The cassava peel is separated from the epidermis, then washed using aquadest. The clean cassava skin is chopped using a knife, then mashed using a blender. Domestic waste of IPAL Cemara PDAM Tirtanadi is put into a digester tank capacity 50 L with a variation of its composition with water 1: 0; 1: 0.5 1: 0.3; and 1: 0.4. Then add cassava peels which blended. Each bioreactor from these variations is divided into 2 (two) groups, bioreactor with silica gel media and bioreactor without silica gel media. Then the tank is connected to the U-shaped pipe. The difference in the height of the U pipe is measured. The pressure on the U pipe indicates the gas from the bioreactor, then a flame test is carried out to prove the presence of biogas. Measurements are carried out every 2 (two) days. The duration of the fermentation process is 23 days. The equipment set up is placed in the Environment Agency of North Sumatra Province. The bioreactors were made of plastics tank capacity 50 L. The bioreactor is equipped with a thermometer. The parameters measured COD, TSS and VS.
2.3. COD Measurement
The sample is taken using a pipette or micro burette, then sulfuric acid reagent is added into the tube.
The tube is closed and shaken gently until homogeneous. Sampel put in COD reactor, temperature set 150 0C and refluxed for 2 hours. Then it is cooled down to room temperature. a suspension will occur, then put into the spectrophotometer. Set the wavelength at 600 nm or 420 nm.
2.4. TSS Measurement
Filter paper is heated at 105 0C for 1 hour then cool it in a desiccator and weigh it until its weight is constant (W0 mg). Then filter the sample and the residue on filter paper heated at 105 0C for 1 hour then put it in a desiccator and weigh it to constant weight (W1 mg).
TSS calculated by formula :
𝑇𝑆𝑆 (𝑚𝑔
𝑙 ) =(W1 − 𝑊0)
V x 1000
Note :
W0 : Dry filter weight after heating 1050 C (mg)
W1 : Filter weight and residue after heating 1050 C (mg) V : Volume of test sample (ml)
2.5. VS Measurement
2.5.1. Total Dissolved Solids Test. Put sample into a filter equipped with filter paper. Rinse with aquadest, then put in to the oven at 1800 C for 1 hour. Cool it in a desiccator and weigh it until its weight is constant. (B gram)
2.5.2. Volatile Dissolved Solid Test. The next step, put it in the furnace at 550 0C for 15 - 20 minutes, cool it in a desiccator and weigh it until its weight is constant. (C gram)
Volatil Solid (VS) value :
Total dissolved solids (mg / L) =(𝐵−𝐴1 )𝑥106
𝑚𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
Total bound dissolved solids (mg / L) =(𝐶−𝐴2)𝑥106
𝑚𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
Volatile Solid (VS) (mg/L) =
(Total dissolved solids (mg / L)) – (Total bound dissolved solids (mg / L)) 3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biogas Production ratio 1:0
The biogas results can be seen in the figure. 1. The difference in pressure can be seen in the bioreactor with silica gel as media and without silica gel as media. On day 19th until 23rd, bioreactor with silica gel media, shown that the water level in the U pipe has increased. While bioreactor without silica gel media has decreased on day 15. The pressure is 107,8 Pa. In a journal that has been reported, bioreactors with added silica gel as a catalyst can increase the total gas production by 11.94% [7].
Figure 1. The ratio of biogas production to 0 ml water 3.2. Biogas Production ratio 1:0.3
Fig. 2 shown that the pressure difference in each reactor fluctuates. In the reactor without silica media, there was a pressure drop on the 9th day, 34.3 Pa. The decrease in pressure in the pipe indicates that there is no gas produced to press the water in the U pipe. On the 21st day, the pressure on the pipe increased to 205.8 Pa and constant until the 23rd day. For bioreactor without silica media, on the 3rd day, the pressure rises to 147 Pa, then continue to increase until it reaches 205 Pa on day 9, but on the 11th day, the pressure dropped to 98 Pa.
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Figure 2.The ratio of biogas production 1:0.3 3.3. Biogas production ratio 1:0.4
From the observations, the pressure from the bioreactor fluctuates. In the reactor with silica media, on the first to the third day, no pressure was found. However, on the 5th day, the pressure increased, amounting to 9.8 Pa. Until day 21, the pressure has increased to 205.8 Pa. In a reactor without silica media, the pressure also fluctuates. On the 5th day, the pressure reached 147 Pa. Extended on the 7th and 9th day, the pressure increased to 196 Pa. On the 17th to the 23rd day, the pressure decreased to 88 Pa [8].
Figure 3. The ratio of biogas production 1:0.4 3.4. Biogas production ratio 1:0.5
Figure Based on the Fig, 4. the pressure difference in each reactor fluctuates.
Figure 4. The ratio of biogas production 1:0.5
Pressure was significantly seen on day 7 at 68.6 Pa. Then on the 15th day, the pressure was at 98 Pa.
On the 21st day, the pressure increased to 245 Pa. For the reactor without silica media, the pressure occurred on the 3rd day. However, on the 13th day, the pressure was at point 0 and again increased on the day -15. On the 21st day, pressure increased to 205.8 Pa [9].
3.5. VS Value
3.5.1. With Silica Gel Media. In general, the VS value in each reactor has decreased, although at several points for each reactor, there is an increase in the VS value. For ratio of 1: 0, the VS value increased on the 3rd day with a VS value of 778 mg / L. Then on day 5 the VS value decreased by 516 mg / L.
Figure 5. The VS Value With Silica Gel Media
3.5.2. Without Silica Gel Media. The results of the analysis of the VS content in each reactor without the addition of silica also fluctuated.
Figure 6. The VS Without Silica Gel Media
At a ratio of 1: 0, the VS value increased on the 3rd day. Then it decreased on day 5 with a value of 769 mg / L. Meanwhile, the ratio of 1: 0.5 and 1: 3 for each bioreactor has a decrease in VS value at the end of the 23rd day. However, at a ratio of 1: 0.4, VS increased on day 23 to 220 mg / L [10].
4. Conclusion
In each variation of the comparison, the biogas produced has fluctuations. The most biogas results were found in bioreactors with silica media, at a ratio of 1: 0, with the greatest pressure being 499.8 Pa, while
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the bioreactor which without silica media has a pressure of 294 Pa. In general, the VS value fluctuates.
In the bioreactor without silica media, the VS value was higher than the bioreactor with silica media.
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