The following key separates the groups of the genus found in North and South America. Key to the North and South American species of the Oedipus group of the genus Anthrax Scopoli.
Scales on abdominal sterna from two to seven, mostly black, some white or yellow sometimes appearing along posterior margins. Sides of first abdominal tergum with white setae and several black setae; posterior margin with black scales medially and white scales laterally.
BIOLOGY.-The only reared specimens in collections seen by the writer appeared from cells of Odynerus guadelupensis Sauss. VARIATION. — The pileus on the thorax and the sides of the first abdominal tergum varies from white to yellowish white with some brown hairs present.
Scales on venter black and brown, some white scales posterolaterally on two, five, six and seven. CHANGES.— The color of the linear scales on the posterodorsal part of the sternopleuron varies from white or yellow in the west to brown in the east.
It differs from melanopogon in that the scales on the underside of the abdomen are mostly black instead of mostly white, and in that the postal tuft is mostly white instead of mostly black. DISCUSSION. Anthrax melanopogon differs from atriplex in that the scales on the underside of the abdomen are largely white.
In the species of the cephus complex, the number of femoral bristles can be increased. Several forms of speciation appear to have been involved in the development of the cephus group.
39 sopinae) were found in extensive collections of fossil
A possible explanation is that macquarti was isolated from Angustipennis in southeastern Brazil during the Third Interglacial. During the third interglacial, the North American population was isolated from that of northwestern South America and evolved into the present species, analis.
41 Key to the Species of the Anthrax cephus Group
- Cell 2M 2 divided by a crossvein extending from m crossvein obliquely to wing margin just above apex of vein Cui (Plate 4a) 2
8(7). Cell M entirely pigmented 9
Pigment extending from the apex of cell Ri across the tip of cell R!+s leaving a preapical hyaline spot in cell Rs+»; base of cell R«. Cell Rs of the wing pigmented along the posterior margin for a double length of rm transverse vein beyond the base of cell Mi.
Pteropleuron with white or mixed black and white setae and scales anteriorly, with woolly, linear, golden or yellowish-white scales posteriorly. Posterolateral margins of terga five and six with overlapping, truncate, silvery scales and white setae; rest of posterior terga with black setae and scales. Setae and scales on venter mostly white, some black setae occur medially on first tergum.
Posterior margin of first tergum and discs of next terga with fine black setae and linear black scales, a few linear gold scales on posterior margin of terga one, two, five and six. Forewing with dark black scales and lanceolate; face with white setae extending almost to antennae. Fore coxa with black and white setae and linear white scales; mid and hind coxae with black setae and linear scales mixed gold and white.
- times longer than style (Figure 109)
Discs of mesonotum and scutellum with linear black scales, a few white scales laterally in front of wing base and along posterior margin of scutellum. First segment of antenna about as long as width of vertex; second segment globose; base of a third. Contact of cells 1M2 and Cui only slightly longer than width of base of cell Gu!.
Contact between cells 1M2 and Cui 2.0 to 2.5 times as long as width of cell Cui; cell 1A narrow to wide open apically. Disc of mesonotum with linear black scales; lateral margin in front of wing base and posterior margin with long, linear white scales. Contact between cells Cui and 1M2 three times as long as the width of cell Cui.
79 or yellow, as are the setae on the face. Specimens from
Sterno-pleuron and anterior half of pteropleuron with fine black setae and linear golden scales, some coarse black setae dorsally on pteropleuron; mesopleuron with white pile anterodorsally and black setae and white scales posteroventrally. Posterior margin of first tergum and discs of remaining terga with fine black setae and linear black scales; some linear, orange-brown scales on the back sides and some yellow and white scales on the other side. Base of aedeagus tapering conically after junction with ventral bands below junction of dorsal bands.
Axipit with sparse black setae and lanceolate or linear black scales, sometimes a few yellow scales; edge of pile on posterior margin black. Mesonotum and scutellum with fine black setae and linear black scales, longer and sub-erect laterally on mesonotum; a few white or yellow lateral scales on mesonotum and scutellum. Abdominal sterna with fine black setae and hair-like black scales, sometimes a few yellow posterior scales.
In some cases, however, the pattern can be much more extensive and reach the top of cell R1}. One, a female from Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in the author's collection, has the pigment margin on the wing extending from below the tip of vein Sc across the base of cell R5 to the base of cell Cux and thence basally, leaving the apical third of cell 1A and all but a narrow area along the anterobasal margin of cell 2A hyaline. The base of the aedeagus is narrow, tapering to the junction with ventral bands below the junction of dorsal bands.
First antennal segment about as long as apical width; second segment globular; base of third segment globular (often collapsed), slightly smaller than second segment, narrowing abruptly to styliform part which is about half as long as base and about one-third as long as style (Figure 117). R - M crossvein located in basal third or two-fifths of vein M1+2; contact of cells 1M2 and Cux about equal to base of Cui cell. Base of aedeagus broad but not bulbous, tapering only slightly to join ventral bands below junction of dorsal bands.
The pigment extends in cell R5 for more than twice the length of crossvein r-m past the base of cell Mi and slightly extends into the base of cell Ma. These specimens agree in all other respects with the re-description of the type made by Painter and Painter. A long series of samples will be required to definitively determine the true relationship between taxa.
Saunders A photo of the wing of the type shows it to be a rather heavily pigmented female like the one distinguished below. The photograph of the wing and description given by Painter and Painter clearly indicate that this species is synonymous with A. The type male of Spongostylum grossbecki Johnson is deposited in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History and was studied by the author.
91 been collected many times by the author in sandy
Mesonotum and scutellum with black hairs and scales; a pair of white scales in front of the wing. Sternopleuron, mesopleuron and anterior half of pteropleuron with white setae and hairs and lanceolate white scales. Lateral and posterior margins with coarse black hairs and semi-straight, curly, linear and lanceolate white scales.
Lateral margins of first abdominal tergum with white tuft; posterior margin with long white scales, curled, lanceolate. Forewing with black bands above, with mixed black and white stripes and linear white scales below. Lateral margins of terga two to seven with scattered black setae and a few white appressed scales.
Piles on the lateral margins of the first abdominal tergum, usually black or dark brown on the anteroventral half to three quarters, rarely almost entirely white. Setae and scales on the abdominal cavity are entirely black or few white scales are present along the posterior margins, especially posteriorly. Middle parts of ducts of spermathecae slightly sclerotized, only slightly darker than other parts; smaller spheres oblanceolate in shape, about 2.75 times longer than the maximum diameter; larger sphere obovate, about 2.0 times the maximum diameter.
DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY. Anthrax delila occurs in forested areas from Northern California southward along the Coast Range and the western side of the Sierra Nevada to the mountainous region north and east of Los Angeles, and at the southern tip of Baja California Sur, Mexico; perhaps also in forest areas in far southwestern California and on mountains in central and northern Baja California (Map 26).
117 Anthrax xylocopae, new species
UCAL, MCZ)
125 1917. A Preliminary Classification of Diptera, Exclusive
Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History (1918), 12:161-409, plates 28-57
FIGURES 1-6. Hypothetical origins, isolation points, and dispersal routes of the taxa of the Anthrax cephus group in North and South America: 1, ancestral form of the cephus group; FIGURES 8-27. Lateral view of male genitalia of Anthrax (inset shows distal segment of gonostylus in ventromedial view): 8, cintalpa; 9, irroratus irroratus (9a, anteroventral view of epiphallus); 10, Peruvianus; 11, inordinatus; 12, cordillerensis; 13, oedipus-oedipus. 27, Representative hair from a tuft of pile. aae, apex of aedeagus; age, gonocoxite top; ae, apex of epiphallus; bae, globe of aedeagus;. bap, basal apodema of aedeagus; bgs, basal segment of gonostylus; cer, cercus; dgs, distal segment of gonostylus; drb, dorsal band; womb, lateral apodema of aedeagus; epm, epandrium.
Abbreviations: aae, apex of aedeagus; age, apex of gonocoxite; ags, apical segment of gonostylus; bae, base of aedeagus;. bap, basal apodeme of aedeagus; bgs, basal segment of gonostylus; days, dorsal part of apex of epiphallus; drb, dorsal band; lap, lateral apodeme of aedeagus; vague, ventrolateral part of apex of epiphallus; vrb, ventral band. Right: above, dorsal view of apex of epiphallus and below, ventral view of apexes of gonocoxites and gonostyli): 62, clinopictus; 63, gideon; 64, analyst; 65, repertoire; 66, argyropygus argyropygus; 67, argyropygus albosparsus; 68, argyropygus painteri; 69, angustipennis; 70, macquarti; 71, austrine; 72, laticellus; 73, innubilipennis; 74, delicatulus.
PLATES
Index
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