Summary: "This book presents innovative spatial information systems developed for a specific problem or decision-making situation. The book provides a sampling of what is going on in spatial information systems from a conceptual and application point of view.
Endnotes
Execution.mixing: Open source and closed source software can run at the same time on the same computer or network. Service.mixing: Open source can provide generic services to closed source software and vice versa.
Distributed. Computing
This is an example that illustrates the impact of open source software on information system development. The new spatial information systems and applications that appear in the following chapters incorporate, in some way, aspects of the open source software and distributed computing technologies described above.
Book. Organization
Chapter.X, by Sugumaran and Bakker, discusses the need for the development of a decision support system to assist in the selection of a suitable site for the development of future structures for feeding operations (CAFO). In chapter XI, Lars Brodersen and Anders Nielsen present the relationships and influences between the various components of the geographic data infrastructure (SDI) and geocommunication.
I would also like to thank those who participated in the review process, both contributors and external reviewers. I would also like to thank the faculty and staff in the School of Information Systems and Technology at Claremont Graduate University.
Introduction
Chapter. I
Geospatial.Web.Services
Abstract
Introduction
Another step in the standardization of geospatial web services is the exploration of the semantic web. These data formats are commonly used to deliver geospatial data with geospatial web services.
Web.Service.Implementation
Geospatial.Web.Service.Implementation
Finally, a major problem is the use of custom geospatial web services by an OGC-compliant web service or an OGC-compliant client. One of the first steps in using geospatial web services is to find the desired geospatial web services.
Search.by.Registry
Searching for geospatial web services can be done more actively using an indexing approach. For standards-compliant geospatial web services (such as OGC WFS, WCS), additional content can be extracted by calling a standard interface such as getCapabilities for OGC-compliant geospatial web services.
Search.by.Peer-to-Peer
For semantically described Web geospatial data or service (such as associated taxonomic information in the Ontology Language for Web [OWL]), a rationale can be embedded to extract geospatial knowledge, such as the class hierarchy of the data. Service orchestration introduces a new method of application development and has great potential to reduce development time and effort for new applications.
Processes.of.Orchestration
Orchestration.Approaches
For the former, component Web services are fixed to the service chain even though the user does not know what they are. For the latter, the component Web services can only be adjusted when the specific requirement is fixed.
Server-Side.Solutions
Client-Side.Solutions
SFS TatukGIS Ontwikkelaarkern 8.x; PostGIS / PostgreSQL 0.8.0; Oracle Application Server Map Viewer, 10g, Oracle8i Spatial 8.1.x; MapInfo SpatialWare 4.5-4.8; JGisBr-JGisCatalogo v2;.
Open-Source.Solutions
Metadata for geospatial web services can be classified into three levels: syntactic, structural and semantic (Sheth Sivashanmugam et al., 2003). Structural metadata describes the structure of geospatial data and the functions of the geospatial web services, such as XML schema, data organization types (vector or raster), and functional types (data conversion, manipulation).
Semantic.Solutions
Conclusion
Web.service.uses.plain.XML.as.the.base.to.communicate.between.applications:. Compared to other distributed computing approaches, web service is relatively poor in performance and lacks security. Semantics.for.geospatial.Web.services.is.in.development:.Many research issues must be resolved before an operational geospatial Semantic Web can be created.
Acknowledgments
A framework for intelligent geospatial knowledge discovery in web service environment.. In Proceedings of 2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2004), Anchorage, AK. Mobilizing NASA EOS data and information through web services and knowledge management technologies for higher education teaching and research.
Chapter. II
Spatial.Information
System.Development
Design.Theory.and.Ontologies
Furthermore, the development of these spatial information systems is influenced by many factors: the increasing breadth and depth of various new technologies, the almost exponential increase in the amount of geographic data and the growing awareness in many fields of the impact these systems can have within these domains. Action research and improvement research are two approaches to conducting information science research that employ methods where the explicitly expected outcomes include solving a problem or building a system (Truex, 2001).
Design.Research
An information system design theory (ISDT) thus refers to an integrated prescription consisting of a certain class of user requirements, a type of system solution (with distinctive features) and a set of effective development practices (Markus et al. , 2002). Underlying these three functions (metarequirements, metadesign, design method) of an ISDT are core theories (an academic theory and/or a practitioner theory in use) which enable the formulation of empirically testable hypotheses that relate the design theory to expected outcomes.
Ontologies
Ontology.Fundamentals
Because instances are perhaps the best description of unique classes, there is often little distinction between the ontology-defined class and the instances of the larger knowledge base. The approach to spatial information systems development presented here builds on the foundation of design research, in particular ISDT, and the use of ontologies to answer the question of how to establish relationships between the different design components of a spatial information system.
Proximate.Commuting
Tables 1 and 2 present an example of an ontology-based ISDT for a prototype commuter system developed by the lead author (Hilton, 2003). A direct commuter system built using ISDT for SDSS will be more open, usable and innovative.
System. Development
Spatial.Information.System.Ontology
The following example builds on the ideas and concepts of these researchers and presents a methodology for the development of spatial information systems. In the above example, several ontologies related to the development of spatial information systems are merged into an instance of a spatial information system ontology, using the application domain ontology as an organizing framework.
Information.Systems.Development.Methodologies
In other words, quality in use is the combined effect of the software quality features on the user (Bevan, 1999). For the end user, quality in use is mainly a result of functionality, reliability, usability and efficiency.
Geographic.Services.Ontology
Defines an abstract framework, which can be implemented in various ways. The geographic services architecture specified in this international standard contains six classes of geospatial technology services. In each of these classes, many geospatial design elements (cases) are contained; the complete list of geographic services as outlined by the OGC can be found in Open GIS Consortium Inc.
Advanced.Traveler.Information.Systems.Ontology
ATIS can be defined in two ways: (1) real-time network information, either traffic or transit; and (2) traveler information, such as route guidance or destination information, provided on advanced technologies, such as wireless application protocol-enabled cell phones, personal digital assistants, the Internet, and in-vehicle computers. The regional traffic context includes characteristics of the region, such as highway-road network and capacity, levels of traffic congestion and future highway-road expansion plans.
Traveler.Characteristics
The purpose of the trip, the time and length of the trip, and the particular route or route choices available to the individual traveler all have a significant impact on whether individuals consult traffic information.
Trip.Types.and.Modes.of.Transportation
TransitWeb.Design.Resources
Navigation: Designing the menu and other site navigation aids common to all pages. Place.directories: Designing directories of roads, points of interest, cities, or other geographic features intended to provide users with a means of selecting an acceptable route when planning a trip.
Application.Domains.Ontology
The above example of using and implementing ontologies was relatively simple to organize and manage.
Management.of.Ontology.Libraries
Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Fifteenth Australian Database Conference, Dunedin, New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.transitweb.its.dot.gov/guidelines/complete_guidelines.asp University of Muenster.
Chapter. III
Directory.for.Emergency
Response.Interoperability
COMCARE is a national non-profit alliance dedicated to advancing emergency response by promoting modern, interoperable emergency communications systems, and developing new procedures, training and tools to maximize value for emergency responders. COMCARE encourages collaboration across professional, jurisdictional and geographic lines, working to integrate the emergency response professions, government, private industry and the public.
Background
Due to the early hour, many radio stations were not manned, and there was no guarantee that residents were listening to the radio or watching TV. Each of these scenarios requires a guide to send information based on the geography of the emergency.
Architecture. Overview
Facilitating services are common shared tools, services, and resources provided by a community's collaborative emergency response efforts. These are just a few examples of the types of policies and protocols needed for data interoperability.
Emergency.Provider.Access.Directory
Only the Secretary of DHS or his designee can change or communicate the alert level.
EPAD. System.Architecture
All external applications will communicate with the EPAD through the Web Services interface (Figure 3) (COMCARE, June, 2005). Import.services: for automatically uploading agency and GIS information into the EPAD when agencies already have this information electronically from other internal systems.
EPAD.Technology.Components
Moxi Media™ is used in EPAD to support the interactive map part of EPAD and to generate map views and map thumbnails. In the interactive map part of the EPAD application, boundary and base map images are taken and overlaid as transparent graphic image files to create the map view.
EPAD GIS Services Module
The EPAD parses the message and generates a spatial SQL query to send to the database. The EPAD system adds a buffer to the query to handle horizontal errors in the TIGER boundary data as well as errors (to the extent that can be determined) in the incoming message.
Accuracy of GIS Data
This factor increases the spatial object of the incoming message before it is forwarded by the EPAD. If data describing the accuracy of the sent coordinate can be included in the web services message,
Open. Source.Advantage
Although the EPAD is not yet a production system, many scenario-based demonstrations of the E-Safety Network and EPAD have been conducted. By using the E-Safety Network's data sharing framework and registering with EPAD, agencies can ensure the right information reaches the right people at the right time.
Chapter. IV
Information.Integration
The National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) website allows its users to view validated historical data in text format (Figure 1); The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) website (Figure 2) shows forecast data for the next ten days in text format, and the National Weather Service (NWS) website has unconfirmed forecast data in graphical format (Figure 3). . A weather specialist is usually responsible for gathering current weather data from a range of forecast data sources.
Information. Integration
Some of the current technologies in the research community have great potential to enable flexible, robust and efficient EII solutions. In the Weather Tool we show how data schemas can be used to create a highly flexible yet stable network of data sources.
Multi-Agent.Systems.(MAS)
The RDF is a syntax language that allows data to be represented in the form of triples, binding three data items in a “subject – object – predicate” relationship. A multi-agent system (MAS) consists of an execution environment, agents running in the environment, and resources shared and consumed by the agents.
Weather. Tool
Once new data sources to be integrated into the system are identified, representative service delivery agents can be implemented and seamlessly added to the system. Agents can then advertise the new data source and corresponding data processing services, enabling the integration of data from the new source into the system.
Weather.Tool.Data.Services
Updating.service: The data updating service is useful when data is pushed from the data source to the data consumers. Consolidation service: The data consolidation service is responsible for properly merging data from multiple sources into one repository.
System.Architecture
We also built in the logic for merging the radiosonde observations with the existing surface weather data into a serving agent: the. The goods." The example improvement mentioned in the previous section shows how flexible agent architectures can be used to solve a variety of problems associated with collecting data from a number of disparate, independently managed information sources, where quality, format and the sources of the information sources data may change.
Chapter. V
GIME
Geotechnical.Information
Exchange.Architecture
Using.Web.Services
With the recent proliferation of communication networks, especially the Internet, the trend toward electronic storage and exchange of geotechnical borehole data has accelerated. With the recent proliferation of communication networks, especially the Internet, the trend toward electronic storage and exchange of geotechnical borehole data has accelerated.
GIME.Overview
These services will be registered on a Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI) server, and users can retrieve information about these services from the Internet. The client program can use its own service proxy (static binding) to request these services from the GIME system.
GIME.Web.Services.Functionality
Each uploaded XML file is first placed in a temporary space where it is validated against the document type definition (DTD) or XML7 schema for geotechnical datasets. In our local repository, we have added the PostGIS package to support spatial queries on geotechnical data.
GIME.Access.Authentication
GeoGetDTD() Send a unique identifier for a DTD file and the server returns a String object to the client program. GeoGetXMLFile() Send a unique identifier for a borehole XML file and the server returns a string object to the client program.
Verification of the Geotechnical XML Files
The metadata includes specific elements of the imported files to facilitate querying (described earlier). A data user can query the geotechnical files in the main database for metadata attributes such as the name of the data supplier, the geographic location of the borehole, etc. to find the files of interest.
Predefined Queries of the Data Exchange Web Service
The result of a query is a list of borehole data sets that match the search predicate. All qualifying links are collected from the distributed GIME nodes and returned to the user application to form the query result.
Borehole.Query.Client.Application
More details about the features of the Borehole Query Client are available on the GIME website.17. The block diagram of the Visual Basic (VBA) client application that implements a core penetration test (CPT) soil classification (CSC).
Soil Classification Client Application
In addition, some research has focused on automated service discovery, binding and composition of geotechnical web services. An, Zhao, and Bian (2004) proposed the use of patterns with ontology-based geotechnical web services.
Chapter. VI
ScienceMaps
Instruction.Using.Geographic
Information.System.Technology
The issue of the effect of technology on student achievement has been the subject of much research and debate recently (J. Hilton, 2003; Hilton). In addition, schools are increasingly held accountable for meeting state and national standards through their performance in education. standardized tests, the focus on improving student performance through the use of technology becomes an even bigger problem.
Accessibility
Professional.Development
The ScienceMaps resource development methodology shown in Figure 4 is being used to support the development of two ScienceMaps resources - science lessons and GIS applications. GIS application development is further informed by the choice of content area focus during lesson development.
Assessment.and.Evaluation
Paper presented at the Council of Chief State School Officers Annual Technology Leadership Conference, Washington, DC. Paper presented at the conference on The Effectiveness of Educational Technology: Research Designs for the Next Decade, Menlo Park, CA.
Chapter VII
Flexible Spatial Decision-Making
Processes and Systems
The multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method helps the decision-maker to choose a solution among the many competitive alternatives. Flexible decision-making support for solving complex, semi-structured or unstructured spatial problems can bring benefits to individuals and organizations.
Issues, Controversies, Problems
These complex spatial problems can be efficiently solved by incorporating the analytical modeling capabilities of the application-specific spatial decision support system. Synthesizing ideas, frameworks and architectures from related disciplines helps to overcome some of the problems identified in spatial decision support systems.
Solutions and Recommendations
And also, spatial problems often have numerous alternative solutions and use multiple criteria by which they are judged. Based on the identified problem areas in spatial decision-making, we believe that a generic process for solving complex spatial problems is necessary to achieve high effectiveness in spatial decision-making.
Spatial Decision-Making Process
Spatial aspects and non-spatial aspects can coexist in a spatial problem, so we need to consider both aspects simultaneously. The scenario integration process allows the decision maker to combine spatial and non-spatial scenarios to create a complex multi-criteria spatial scenario that addresses all the requirements of a complex spatial problem.
The FSDSS Framework
Running the scenario allows the decision maker to further develop a more desirable solution to a particular problem. Since there is no limit to how the user chooses to solve a problem, decision makers can choose the phases to follow based on the nature of the specific problem and their specific goals.
The FSDSS Architecture
Primitive type model parameters are derived directly using base data type variables or exported model values from the base models. The knowledge component contains the final results of the decision-making process, including information about the decision-maker, the rules applied, alternative scenarios, the final decision, as well as the system components used to make a particular decision.
The FSDSS Implementation
A simple decision flow in Figure 3 shows how the FSDSS architecture supports the decision process. A scenario manager manages these scenarios, and the evaluated scenarios can be represented using the appropriate visualization component.
Sample Sessions with the FSDSS
The proposed spatial decision-making process and implemented FSDSS were evaluated using five scenarios across different spatial decision problem domains, including location, allocation, routing and/or layout.
Design of a Running Track
Further observation indicates that toilet 1, toilet 2, drinking point 1 and drinking point 2 are particularly useful for running path 1, while toilet 3, drinking point 3 and drinking point 4 are useful for running path 2. In this illustration, running path 1, toilet 1, toilet 2, drink point 1 and drink point 2 are grouped together to form a theme, that is, running theme 1.
Purchase of a House
In the next step, the decision maker models this problem using the proposed modeling approach by separating the spatial and non-spatial aspects of a complex spatial problem. The analysis includes both non-spatial and spatial models, and uses both non-spatial and spatial solvers.
Simple Non-Spatial Scenario
The problem is solved iteratively considering spatial and non-spatial data, models, solvers and scenarios; secondly, the application of spatial and non-spatial criteria; and finally, using purpose and sensitivity research analysis. A simple non-spatial scenario and a simple spatial scenario are run separately at first; they are then integrated into a combined script.
Simple Spatial Scenario
In this example, the decision maker roughly selects a target area and then performs an accessibility analysis. These include the property table and the relevant map in which the properties are located, the different models, solvers and visualizations to be used for building the different scenarios.
Combined Scenario (Pipelining Integration)
Complex Spatial Scenario (Structural Integration)
- and 6: Scenario Integration and Instantiation
- Scenario Execution
- Scenario Evaluation
- Decision-Making
The decision maker selects the scenarios for evaluation from the scenario table as indicated in step 1. This process can be repeated until all the scenarios relevant to the decision maker have been examined.
