Accommodate the legitimate interests on key partnerships: China's with Pakistan and India's with the United States. China Factor: India is overly cautious about China's sensitivities while dealing with Taiwan and Tibet.
BANGLADESH PM’S VISIT TO INDIA
INDIA-BHUTAN RELATIONS
BHUTAN KING’S RECENT VISIT TO INDIA
INDIA-NEPAL RELATIONS
INDIA-NEPAL HYDROPOWER RELATIONSHIP
India and Nepal have also agreed to pursue the Sapta Kosi high dam project. Lack of infrastructure: Lack of transportation facilities, transmission network and other infrastructures increases the cost of hydropower development.
INDUS WATER TREATY (IWT)
CROSS BORDER FLOOD MANAGEMENT
Frequent flooding in the Kosi region (Mithilanchal region) is a major point of contention between India and Nepal. New threats such as climate change: Rising sea levels or melting glaciers can drive changes in the river's ecosystem, mitigation of which requires regional cooperation.
INDIA’S ENGAGEMENT WITH TALIBAN
INDIA-MALDIVES RELATIONS
INDIA AND NORTH EASTERN NEIGHBOURS
INDIA-INDIAN OCEAN REGION
Formulation of a National Defense Policy to inspire confidence, within India and also among the small littoral nations of IOR. India is already involved in training naval personnel from various IOR countries as part of exchange programmes.
INDIA-SOUTH ASIA
SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)
SOFT LOAN DIPLOMACY
BILATERAL GROUPING AND AGREEMENTS INVOLVING INDIA AND/OR AFFECTING INDIA’S
INDIA-RUSSIA RELATIONS
INDIA-JAPAN RELATIONS
INDIA-SOUTH KOREA RELATIONS
INDIA-VIETNAM RELATIONS
INDIA-THAILAND RELATIONS
China's growing role: Through its One Belt One Road initiative, China is making increasing efforts to assert its presence and power in the region. Regional Grouping: Explore opportunities Thailand has in BIMSTEC, ASEAN, APEC, IORA etc.
INDIA AUSTRALIA RELATIONS
INDIA-UNITED KINGDOM (UK) RELATIONS
INDIA-EUROPEAN UNION RELATIONS
- INDIA-GERMANY RELATIONS
Four projects are in an advanced stage of implementation accordingly with Cameroon, Malawi, Ghana and Peru as third countries.
INDIA-NORDIC RELATIONS
INDIA AND WEST ASIA/MIDDLE EAST RELATIONS
- NEW GROUP IN WEST ASIA
- INDIA-SAUDI ARABIA RELATIONS
- MEA FIRST VISIT TO SAUDI ARABIA Why in news?
- CHABAHAR PORT
- INDIA-QATAR RELATIONS
- INDIA-ISRAEL RELATIONS
- ABRAHAM ACCORDS
- OTHER IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS IN WEST ASIA
Strategic Autonomy: A US-sponsored security arrangement would complicate India's "strategic autonomy" in the Middle East as a state that does not take sides. Geopolitical: Qatar is a key player in the Middle East and has an important voice in the Arab world. Increasing Chinese influence in the region: China recently hosted peace talks between Iran and Saudi Arabia, which were considered arch-enemies.
Use I2U2 as a forum: The newly formed I2U2 can help India better establish its influence in West Asia. Protect the interests of the Indian diaspora: Talks and initiatives should start with the countries to ensure the job security of the Indian diaspora and their investments in the region.
INDIA-AFRICA RELATIONS
- INDIA-AFRICA DEFENCE RELATIONS
- INDIA-MAURITIUS RELATIONS
- SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC)
A strong defense partnership could help to understand the changes taking place in the nature and role of modern peacekeeping operations. The lack of synchronization between the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of External Affairs affects India's engagement in the region as the resource pool is limited. Challenges to India-Mauritius relations: China's growing presence and influence in the Indian Ocean region, channeling of investment to India through Mauritius, etc.
Maritime Security: Due to its large coastlines, SADC is a key stakeholder in ensuring a safe maritime environment, especially in the IOR. Investment Opportunities for India: SADC countries offer opportunities in the economic sector including transportation, energy and ICT, healthcare and education.
REGIONAL, AND GLOBAL GROUPING AND AGREEMENTS INVOLVING INDIA AND/OR AFFECTING
INDIA-EURASIA RELATIONS
INDIA-LATIN AMERICA RELATIONS
- MEA VISIT TO LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES
INDO PACIFIC REGION
- INDO-PACIFIC ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR PROSPERITY (IPEF)
- REGIONAL COOPERATION FOR DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN INDO-PACIFIC
- INDIA’S DISASTER RELIEF DIPLOMACY Why in News?
- INDIA AND PACIFIC ISLAND COUNTRIES (PIC)
India participated in the second round of Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) negotiations in Bali, Indonesia. China's presence: China is increasing its presence in the Indo-Pacific with implications for disaster response and maritime security. Bilateral/multilateral agreements with several countries such as Switzerland, Russia, Japan and Tajikistan for disaster management cooperation.
The scope and importance of diplomacy in the field of disaster management will only increase in the near future. Connectivity and Infrastructure Development: India can explore opportunities for investments in ports, airports, roads and digital infrastructure in the Pacific Island States.
INDIA-USA-CHINA TRIANGLE
- ALTERNATIVES TO BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE (BRI)
Challenging Hegemony: China wants to exert its influence over the Indo-Pacific region by displacing the position of India in the region and has plans to encircle India through its "String of Pearls". India's interest in the SCS: Commercial ties with region, freedom of navigation and a rules-based regional order. Stability in peace: Except for the two episodes of the Indo-China war in 1962 and 1967, both the countries tried to maintain the peace in the region by escalating minor clashes in the border lines.
It seeks to provide an alternative to China's estimated $1 trillion in hard infrastructure investment around the world in the past decade. Geopolitical concerns: India is particularly concerned about the BRI infrastructure and connectivity projects in the smaller South Asian countries and coastal states in the Indian Ocean.
RISE OF THE MINILATERALS
- INDIA, IRAN, ARMENIA TRILATERAL
- INDIA-JAPAN-SOUTH KOREA TRILATERAL
- INDIA-FRANCE-AUSTRALIA TRILATERAL
- INDIA-BRAZIL-SOUTH AFRICA (IBSA) TRILATERAL
To create a level playing field in the Indo-Pacific: China's increased aggression in the Indian Ocean region and the South China Sea can only be countered by the culmination of regional powers. The trilateral partnership is focused on maritime security, global communities, blue economy and humanitarian relief efforts in the Indo-Pacific. Territorial presence in the region: France has its territorial possessions in Reunion and other islands of the Indian Ocean.
Australia's tilt towards the US: France has already pulled out of the triangle once and also canceled one of its 'Attack Class' submarine project due to Australia's tilt with the US in the region. Trade Talks: The proposed FTA between India-MERCOUSR-SACU is yet to be introduced to link the major economies of the three continents.
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)
Brazil took over the chairmanship of the IBSA forum from India in March 2023 and the grouping will also complete its 20th anniversary in 2023. It aims to facilitate the implementation of human development projects to promote the fight against poverty and hunger in developing countries. The advent of BRICS: The evolution of the BRICS forum in 2009, of which all three countries are members, is currently more active compared to the previously established IBSA.
Non-NATO Major Ally Status: This is a designation given by the US government to close allies that have a strategic working relationship with the US military but are not members of NATO. Key ports such as the port of Piraeus in Greece, one of the largest in Europe, are now majority owned by Chinese companies.
SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION (SCO)
- SCO MEETING
Varanasi, was declared the SCO Capital of Tourism and Culture for 2022-2023 to promote the rich heritage and.
QUAD
- QUAD SUMMIT
EASTERN ECONOMIC FORUM (EEF)
- INDIA IN ARCTIC
Leverage the soft power potential to gain leverage in the Far East and improve its engagement. Labor migration is a crucial step to strengthen India's engagement with the FAR should be promoted. Defunct nature of the Council: The current defunct nature of the council has interrupted several ongoing studies and researches by the Indian scientists in the region.
Russia's growing affiliation with China: Being sidelined by other members of the Council, Russia is actively engaging with China on various fronts to establish its supremacy in the region. Militarization: Experts say global warming and a race for resources could lead to conflict in the Arctic.
BRICS
- BRICS EXPANSION
Arctic sea ice acts as a large white reflector at the top of the planet, reflecting some of the sun's rays back into space, helping to keep the Earth at an even temperature. BRICS is considering expanding its membership, and countries including Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the UAE have expressed interest in joining. Lack of Consensus Building: There is a lack of extensive dialogue and consensus building among member states on enlargement as India is not in favor of outright enlargement.
Unbiased Selection: Inclusion in BRICS should be based solely on a member state's merits and their ability to contribute to the grouping's future objectives and agenda. Confidence building: its member states should focus on institution building, confidence building, knowledge sharing, trade and development promotion and development finance advancement.
ASEAN
- INDIA-ASEAN SUMMIT
- BALI DECLARATION
2022 is being celebrated as the year of friendship between ASEAN and India, as the summit also marked the 30th anniversary of India-ASEAN dialogue. The group also reaffirmed its commitment to ensuring global food security and welcomed the Black Sea Grain Initiative brokered by Turkey and the UN. India in the limelight: India's G20 presidency is seen as an important platform to assert its interests and promote the country's profile on the global stage.
Multilateralism: India can demonstrate its commitment to multilateral cooperation and bridge building between different countries and regions through a range of activities and events. Soft Power Diplomacy: India's celebration of its presidency of the G20 can be seen as evidence of its emerging soft power, as it showcases the country's growing influence and prominence on the world stage.
GROUP OF SEVEN (G-7)
- G7 SUMMIT
Economic Resilience and Economic Security: Agreed to establish an economic coercion coordination platform to counter any attempt to "weaponize" trade and economic dependencies in "critical and emerging technologies such as microelectronics." Artificial intelligence (AI) standards: development and adoption of international technical standards for 'trustworthy' AI. Climate and energy: Members pledged to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 and limit global warming to 1.5°C.
BIMSTEC
EFFECT OF POLICIES AND POLITICS OF DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNT RIES ON INDIA’S
- TRANS-HIMALAYAN MULTI-DIMENSIONAL CONNECTIVITY NETWORK
- AUKUS
- COMPREHENSIVE AND PROGRESSIVE AGREEMENT FOR TRANS- PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP (CPTPP)
- RUSSIA UKRAINE WAR
Shifting US priorities to Asia: AUKUS is seen as a strong US commitment to the security of the Indo-Pacific region. AUKUS's potential to significantly influence the Indo-Pacific geopolitical discourse can only be seen in the long term. Leveraging AUKUS would strengthen the Quad to keep the Indo-Pacific region free, open and inclusive.
Could Shift the Balance of Power in the Indo-Pacific: As AUKUS partners expand cooperation on advanced capabilities, the balance of power in the Indo-Pacific could shift in ways that India has not fully considered. Access to new customers: New preferential access to key markets in Indian Ocean regions including Japan, Malaysia and Chile.
IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, AGENCIES, AND FORA, THEIR STRUCTURE, MANDATE
UNITED NATIONS
- UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL (UNSC)
- ROLE OF UN IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
- UN PEACEKEEPING MISSION
- DOHA POLITICAL DECLARATION
These values of nations inhibit collective action and compromise the effectiveness of UN interventions. India is cooperating with G-4 (India, Brazil, Germany and Japan) and L.69 (Group of like-minded countries from Asia, Africa and Latin America) for the reform and expansion of the UN Security Council. India deployed an all-women peacekeeping platoon to the UN Mission in Abyei on the border of Sudan and South Sudan as part of the Indian Battalion in the United Nations Interim Security Force, Abyei (UNISFA).
However, after the Shimla Agreement in 1972 and the establishment of the Line of Control, it "outlived its importance". The Fifth United Nations Conference on Least Developed Countries (LDC5) concluded with the adoption of the 'Doha Political Declaration' by world leaders.
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (ADB)
They are highly vulnerable to economic and environmental shocks and have low levels of human capital. There are currently 46 countries (33 in Africa, 9 in Asia, 1 in the Caribbean and 3 in the Pacific) on the list of least developed countries, which is reviewed every three years. Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF): Enables least developed countries to prepare for a more resilient future.
The CPS for India is well aligned with India's national development priorities to be achieved by 2047. It will also leverage India's unique position to deepen regional cooperation and integration in South Asia.
DYNAMICS OF CHANGING WORLD ORDER
- RULES BASED WORLD ORDER
- EVOLVING DYNAMICS OF INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
- INDIA’S ECONOMIC DIP LOMACY
- PARADIPLOMACY
- INDIA AND GLOBAL SOUTH
- SOFT POWER DIPLOMACY
- RELIGION AS SOFT POWER TOOL
- INDIAN DIASPORA
- COMMON SECURITY
- GEOPOLITICS OF FOOD SECURITY
- GEOPOLITICS OF TECHNOLOGY
Western Hegemony in Finance: India is not very financially strong to meet the development needs of developing countries. Promotion of interest: The interest and aspiration of the Global South must be prioritized by India in forums like G-20 etc. India's religious diversity is its greatest strength: India is fortunate to have all the major religions of the world.
One of the most important recognitions of India's soft power was the United Nations' approval of June 21 as International Yoga Day. Strategic nodes or choke points of the global food system remain vulnerable to politically motivated restrictions.