Broadband and 4G Communications Architectures
Don Shaver TI Fellow
Texas Instruments DSPS R&D Center Communication Systems Laboratory Dallas, Texas
[email protected]
Broadband Communications at the Customer Premises
Home Office Kitchen
Family Room Bed Rooms
Security/Utility
Residential Gateway
Fiber (FTTH) Cable Twisted Pair (xdsl, pots)
Satellite
Home Distribution Networks
Phone Line (HomePNA) Wireless (802.11, 802.15.3,
Bluetooth, BT 2.0) Power Line (HomePlug)
Fixed Broadband
Wireless
Access Methods
Outline
u Environment/Trends
u Communications standards
n Near-term, long-term roadmaps
u Communications architectures
n Programmability vs. hardwired
n Next generation IP blocks
u Summary
Environment
u Communications IC’s
n ~50% of DSP market
n Require a mix of hardwired and programmable DSP
n > 100K logic gates per sq. mm.
n Increased integration vs. recurring costs vs. non-recurring costs
n Next generation IP blocks for re-use
u Communications standards
n Wireless: 3GPP/3GPP2, 802.16, 802.15.3, 802.11
n Wireline: DOCSIS, ADSL, SHDSL, HPNA, HomePlug
n Delays in deployment, heavy investment by incumbents
n Technology spiritual battles involving circuit switched, ATM, and IP factions; OFDM vs. CDMA vs. single-carrier modulation; TDD vs. FDD
u Disruptive Technologies
n Advanced signal processing, multi-antenna, error correction coding, and MAC technology for increased capacity, rate, reach, and quality-of- service
n Low cost 802.11 chipsets with QoS, 802.15.3 WPAN, Bluetooth
n Re-usable communications architectures
CMOS Scaling Roadmap Comparison
µm]
0.1 1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Start of Production (Qual)
Technology Node [
Goal: New technology node every 18 months, within the ITRS roadmap trend
Foundry ASIC SIA/ITRS
Leading edge ASIC Leading edge MPU TI ASIC
0.7 µm
0.5 µm
Source: µProcessor Report and TI.
0.35 µm
0.25 µm
0.18 µm
0.13 µm
0.10 µm
Outline
u Environment/Trends
u Communications standards
n Near-term, long-term roadmaps
u Communications architectures
n Programmability vs. hardwired
n Next generation IP blocks
u Summary
Roadmap to 4G Wireless
GSM TDMA GMSK
GPRS 200 KHz 171.2 Kbps
EDGE 8-PSK 200 KHz 384 Kbps
W-CDMA/FDD 5 MHz 144 Kbps -
2 Mbps
IS-136/
TDMA IS-95A/
CDMA-one 14.4 Kbps
MAP (GSM Core
Network)
IS-95B/
CDMA-one 64 Kbps
CDMA2000 1XRTT 1.25 MHz 144 Kbps
1XEV-DV 1.25 MHz 5 Mbps (MAP/ANSI-41)
ANSI-41 (PCS Core
Network)
802.11b CCK/BPSK/QPSK
5/11 Mbps
HSDPA 5 MHz
> 10 Mbps (MAP/ANSI-41)
2.4 GHz
5 GHz Wireless
LAN
802.11a/HiperLAN2 OFDM BPSK/QPSK 6/9/12/18/24/36/54 Mbps
802.16,3/802.16.4 Single Carrier/OFDM
FDD/TDD
Fixed Wireless Broadband
(<11GHz)
BWIF VOFDM
FDD
Start-Ups TDD/FDD WCDMA/TD-SCDMA
4G
Communications Systems
3G Start-Ups Supporting Mobility
3G
3G
3G
QoS Protocols for Wireless IP Networks 802.11g
CCK-OFDM /BPSK/QPSK/QAM
Up to 54 Mbps
Physical Layer for 4G
Single Carrier
W-CDMA/
CDMA2000 IS-95/CDMAone
Other Dimensions - Bandwidth: >6 MHz - Mobility: Nomadic to Full Mobility
802.16.3
BWIF HSDPA/3GPP
1XEV-DV/3GPP2
TD-SCDMA
GSM/GPRS/
802.16.3 802.16.4
(TDD/FDD)
FDD MIMO
Non-MIMO/
MISO
OFDM DS-CDMA
Multi- Antenna
Duplexing Method
TDD
802.11a (MISO/MIMO)
802.11b
Modulation Method
4G
Important 4G Technology Components
u Space-Time Coding and MIMO
n Spatial diversity and coding gains for large link budget gains (>10 dB)
n Only minimal use in today’s systems
n Complexity vs. performance trade-off
u Beamforming
n Range increase, link budget increase
n Space-division multiplexing
n Smart antenna gains for class of single-antenna receivers
u Other techniques to achieve higher capacity
n Frequency / Code / Time Diversity
n Interference Cancellation / Multi-user detection (MUD)
n Exploit multipath diversity (OFDM / CDMA)
n LDPC codes for best performance at low complexity
n Fast ARQ for robust, low delay data transmission
Space-Time Coding for MIMO Systems
u Increases data rates due to multiple transmit and receive antennas u Combats fading
u Increases basestation-to-user capacity u Cost is scalable with performance
Wireless Channel
Info Space-Time
Coding &
Interleaving
Space-Time De-Interleave &
Decode Data
Source
….. …..
MIMO Advantages
4x4 MIMO
Outline
u Environment/Trends
u Communications standards
n Near-term, long-term roadmaps
u Communications architectures
n Programmability vs. hardwired
n Next generation IP blocks
u Summary
Broadband Communications Platforms
Digital Baseband Analog
Front End LNA/
Power Amp
Media Access Control
Network Processing
Applications/
Signaling
3G Mobile - W-CDMA/HSDPA - CDMA2000/1XEV-DV - OFDM/non-standard
2G Wireless LAN - 802.11a/b/g - 802.11e - 802.11i/f/h
1G/2G Fixed Wireless - BWIF/802.16
- 2nd Generation - FDD/TDD
- SC/OFDM/CDMA
4G Technologies - Smart antennae/MIMO - OFDM
- Space-Time Codes for MIMO - Multi-User Detection
- Forward Error Correction
- Adaptive MAC with MIMO support Digital
Baseband
Analog Front
End
LNA/
Power Amp Media
Access Control Network
Processing
Applications/
Signaling
4G Platform/Architecture
3G Fixed Wireless 3G WLAN
4G Mobile
Display Mass Storage
Emerging Implementations -- Massive Integration
Digital IP Cores Fine Grained
Filter/FFT MIMO
Beamformer
Viterbi/RS/Turbo/LDPC Digital PLL
MAC Assist
Encryption/decryption Motion estimation
Synthesized DSP/application-
specific logic
• Memories
• Interconnection Network
• I/O Control Analog IP Cores
ADC/DAC Mixer PLL
Analog Filters Power Amp
Interface Cores
USB PCI PCMCIA 1394 Serial
System on a Chip Intellectual Property
- Algorithms - Architectures - Core Designs
Software
- DSP algorithms - Compilers
- Device drivers - RTOS
- Debug tools
Design Methodology
- Datapath/Control
- Co-development (HW/SW)
- Uniform design flow for re-usability
Systems Engineering
- Cost/size/power/performance - HW/SW Partitioning
- Algorithm development - Standards
Programmable Cores RISC
DSP (TMS320)
Digital IP Cores Course Grained
802.11a/b/g ADSL modem Cable modem W-CDMA/1XEV-DV HomePNA/HomePlug MPEG encoder/decoder Transcoder
Diagnostics/Testability - Analog front end
performance
- Algorithm/IP core performance
- Digital diagnostics - Interoperability - Co-existence/
compatibility
Summary
u On-chip functionality is increasing rapidly
n Digital / analog integration
n Software, analog, protocol stacks, system interfaces, applications
n >> 100 Kgates per sq. mm.
u Recovering non-recurring engineering/R&D expense
n Requires increased hardware and software re-use