No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise - without the prior permission of the copyright owner. The possibility of switching between the use of oil, natural gas and coal made it possible to take full advantage of the most efficient and cheapest source of energy. Even within the gas industry, we use different measuring systems for different regions of the world.
Therefore, the best way is to equip yourself with a tool that would allow you to make a quick comparison of natural gas using a common denominator or make comparisons between fuels. This Natural Gas Conversion Guide is IGU's contribution to help analysts from different types of backgrounds to quickly convert and find the equivalent value between the three fossil fuels under a given set of parameters. This guide consists of four sections, namely: standard conversion tables; characteristics and conversion tables for natural gas, liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); conversion between fuels; and a set of glossaries of terms and abbreviations.
For those who do not have a copy of the guide, you can log on to the IGU website (www.igu.org) and proceed to the section on natural gas conversion. For those wishing to undertake a more detailed conversion in a more complex environment, we have also included in the guide a list of "links" to several websites. I would therefore like to express our heartfelt gratitude to PETRONAS, Shell and Tokyo Gas, for their invaluable contribution.
In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that this guide is only intended as a tool and a quick guide to help you find the corresponding values for natural gas, LNG, LPG, oil and coal.
Natural Gas
Conversion Guide
Conversion GuideNatural Gas
This section is intended to provide additional information for reference ONLY on the properties/characteristics of natural gas, liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for background understanding. Natural natural gas was discovered and identified in America as early as 1626 when French explorers discovered natives igniting gases seeping into and around Lake Erie. Conventional natural gas is commonly found in underground sandstone and limestone formations, whereas unconventional gas refers to coal bed methane, shale gas, gas hydrates, and tight sand gas.
Natural gas remains in the gaseous state under the temperature and pressure conditions in service. Commercialized natural gas is virtually sulfur-free and produces virtually no sulfur dioxide (SO2), emits lower levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and CO2. Gas district cooling l Power sector l Cooking fuel for industrial and residential l LNG l Heating Transportation l Fuel in petrochemical industry 1 ft3 gas = 900 Btu – 1,200 Btu.
Gas district cooling l The electricity sector l Cooking Fuel for industry and housing l LNG l Heat transport l Raw material in the petrochemical industry l.
Natural Gas Conversion Tables
Introduction The liquefaction of natural gas dates back to the 19th century, when the British chemist and physicist Michael Faraday experimented with the liquefaction of various types of gases, including natural gas. The tables contain quick reference equivalents and other factors of general interest to the natural gas industry. Btu Tons Barrels Tons Barrels Tons Barrels Tons. cfcm Btu Tons Barrels Tons Barrels Tons Barrels Tons Gas.
IGU would like to acknowledge and express its gratitude to the relevant publishers and organizations:- [1] NATURAL GAS Physical and Engineering Data, Shell Companies in Malaysia, March 1983 [2] Natural Gas Equivalents, Shell International Gas Limited, 1992. Peebles, Shell International Gas Limited, 1992 [4] Glossary of Terms and Measurements and Natural Gas Alphatania Natural Gas. 5] Fundamentals of the Natural Gas Industry, The Petroleum Economist and Gas World International, October 1995.
6] Fundamental of Natural Gas: An International Perspective, Vivek Chandra, September 2006 [7] Virtual Materials Group (VMG) Process Simulator, commercially available software [8] LNG Industry in 2010, The International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers (GIIGNL) [9] Gas and LNG Industry Glossary, Alphatania Training,.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Natural gas that contains a certain amount of gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Compressed natural gas in gas cylinders, mainly used as an alternative to liquid fuels in road vehicles. Natural gas liquid with low vapor pressure, produced from a high pressure and high temperature reservoir.
Ethane (C2H6, often abbreviated to C2 in non-technical use) is, along with methane, one of the main constituents of natural gas. The main uses of natural gas as a feedstock are in the production of ammonia, ammonia-based fertilizers and methanol. Gaseous fuels, especially low-pressure natural gas used to fuel production or treatment facilities.
Gas-to-liquids (GTL) processes convert natural gas into synthetic gasoline or middle distillates using the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis method. Oil, gas separation and removal of impurities and natural gas liquids from natural gas to meet delivery specification. A turbine driven by the expansion of compressed air heated by the combustion of a fuel such as natural gas or gas oil.
Methane is the first member in the alkane series (paraffin) and is the major component of natural gas. A chemical process that uses the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis method to produce synthetic middle distillates (primarily naphtha, kerosene, and gas oil) from natural gas. Natural gas remains in a gaseous state under the temperature and pressure conditions normally encountered in use.
Butanes and heavier fractions obtained from rich natural gas, which can be mixed into motor gasoline after stabilization (removal of lighter fractions). A member of the alkane (paraffin) group of hydrocarbons with three carbon atoms in its molecule (C3H8, often abbreviated to C3 in non-technical usage). Natural gas that still contains impurities and unwanted substances such as water (H2O), nitrogen (N), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and helium (He).
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS
GLOSSARY OF MEASUREMENTS
ACQ Annual Contract Quantity API American Petroleum Institute ADP Annual Delivery Schedule ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials C. C&F Cost and Freight CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight. CCGT Combined Cycle Gas Turbine CNG Compressed Natural Gas CCS Carbon Capture and Storage COI Confirmation of Intent. FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FLNG Floating LNG G. GCV Gross Calorific Value GHV Gross Calorific Value.
The most common multiple is one million Btu, usually abbreviated to mmBtu and USD/mmBtu is the unit for comparing gas prices on a common basis. Mcal Megacalorie (one million calories) mmcm Million (106) cubic meters mcf Thousand (103) cubic feet mmscf Million (106) standard cubic feet mcm Thousand (103) cubic meters mmscm Million (106) standard cubic meters billion Milliard.Synonymous with US . billion(109) MT Million (106) tons. A standard unit in the Australian gas industry, equal to 1 million (106) GJ and almost 1 million mmBtu.
The IGU would like to thank and acknowledge the following IGU Working Group members and relevant organizations:-.
Malaysian Gas Association (MGA) (1) Mohd Seth Haron
Tokyo Gas
Malaysian Gas Association (MGA) (1) Mohd Seth Haron (1) Mohd Seth Haron. 2) Nurhaslina Abu Samah (Nasha) (3) Raja Nor Azwina Raja Jaafar Shell.