The main differences are found in the shapes and decorations of the pottery and the burial methods. The end of this layer corresponded to the original surface of the earth, but the excavation was continuing, a circular pit with a vault.
20 BURIAL M0UND8 OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
The evidence in regard to these unstratified mounds seems to lead directly to the conclusion that they are all the work of the Indians found occupying the country at the time it was first visited by whites or their ancestors. It was by considerations of this kind that had been led to the conclusion that the Mound Builders of Wisconsin were another of the ancestors of the present Indian tribes.
BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE ILLINOIS OR UPPER MISSISSIPPI DIS- TRICT
Articles found accompanying the skeletons were two copper axes, two small copper hemispheres and a sih-er, a bear tooth and an arrowhead. No. 3, although the largest of the group, was apparently unstratified, the original burial consisting of adults and an infant, on the original surface of the ground, under a thin layer of ash and surrounded by a single circle of stones little ones.
26 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
A wide strip of the inner area on the east side was explored, and the same conditions were found to exist there as revealed by the trenches along the wall and ditch, except that here the shells were the most abundant layer no. In the south-eastern part of the plateau (/>', PlateI) are six nearly parallel lines of mounds running north-east and south-west, mostly circular in shape, varying from 15 to 40 feet in diameter, with a height of 2 to 6 feet ; some, as shown in the figure, are elongated, different.
28 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
In the latter were found some flat fragments of sandstone, and below them, on the original surface of the ground, a much decayed skeleton, with which were some fragments of stone, Unio shells, and. The only ornamentation observed consisted of the varied shapes given the handles or ears and the scratches and scratched lines.
30 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
Iht'in, and that each had a hard central core of clay mixed with ashes, which usually covered but a single skeleton. The pieces they found when opened consisted chiefly of stone axes, arrow and spear-heads, and a few ('Oiiperkelte.
32 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
The plate of this area and the burial grounds are located, as shown in fig.
34 BUEIAL MOUNDS OK THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
After this he found that it extended inwards almost at height, almost to the base of the mound, at which point it was nearly 3 feet below the original surface of the earth. Above that part below the waist (including the right arm) were placed flat stones placed to support each other and ])reveut jiressure on the body, but there were traces of lire on them ; but when the upper part of the body was reached, they were found worn down and charred, so that they could scarcely be traced in the charcoal and ashes which surrounded them.
36 IJUKIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
MOUNDS AT EAST DUBUQUE, ILLINOIS. 37
38 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
The positions of the various skeletons, as we have seen, is easy in other localities. It is probable that these mark the point of extreme northern extension of the southern mound-building tribes.
42 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
MOUNDS OF CLAKKE COUNTY, MISSOURI. 43
In fact, the indications leave the impression that one or more persons (or their bones) had been burned in a fire on the natural surface of the earth near the center of the mound, whose coals and kindling were then covered with rough stones, without any system, to the depth 3 feet,. 1(;4) a layer of bark was spread on the natural surface of the ground only after it had been cleared, leveled and packed; on this was the body.
46 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
Case in the Smithsonian Report for ISSl.' - The Delaware Indians formerly had a village in the northern part of Green Township, Ash. Much burnt yellow clay was found on the side, while on the west side of the trench a considerable amount of black earth appeared, which the kitchen probably rejected.
48 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
It was found 2.5 meters below the original boundary of the mound. extremely hard, dry dirt that had never been disturbed. Recently some interesting burial mounds near Madisouville have been carefully examined by Dr. C.L.Metz in the interests of the Peabody Museum.
5 ETH
The condition of the bones showed considerable antiquity, but their advanced decay and brittleness were probably chiefly due to the kind of soil in which they were buried. It had been buried in the drift-gravel on which the mound was built, and was almost filled with soft spongy ash mixed with ice-cold fabric.
50 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
At a depth of G feet, in soil similar to that around the base of the mound, a second skeleton, also much decayed, of an adult of ordinary size was found. It is noteworthy that it is exactly of the form described by Adair as made by the Cherokees, and also that it approaches very closely to an Ohio type (Fig. 23).
54 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
These casts and decayed remains of wood and bark increased in abundance from this time until the original surface of the earth was reached. This one was no more than G or 8 incl. thick in the center of the basin-shaped depression, where it was about 1ft.
58 BUEIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
ARCH PLAN OF WORK V/ORKS S- . tHOMAs.i THE SECRET OF MOUNDS IN OHIO. With the exception of some slight notices of the Erieor cat nation, who dwell south of Lake Erie, the Tongaria (perhaps but another name for the Eries with which Golden identifies them) are mentioned, evo.
60 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
THE APPALACHIAN DISTRICT
62 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
THOMAS ] THE NELSON MOUNDS, SOUTH CAROLINA. 63
64 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
ARTICLES OF COPPER AND IKON FROM MOUNDS. 65
66 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
THOMAS] JONES MOUND, XORTII CAROLINA 67
68 BUEIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
LEXOIR BURIAL PIT, NORTH CAROLINA. 69 burned that it was impossible to determine whetlier they were human
70 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NOETHERX SECTIONS
A diagram showing the relative positions of the graves and small pits accompanies Mr. Eogan, but it is placed there, although the number of graves is preserved in the description. It contained the remains of two skeletons, which were surrounded by charcoal; some of the paint had charred considerably.
72 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
A stone was on the right, on which the right hand rested, and on this was a stone about 7 inches long, broken in two pieces, and much better finished than the very first. On the right side of this was a stone on which the right hand rested, and on the stone also was an atomahawk about 8 inches in length, broken into three pieces, much smoother and less material than the others.
74 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
The same farm as last mentioned, a cross-section of which is shown in Fig. 30, is of the usual type, examples of which are found in most districts: diameter 17.5 meters and height 2.5 meters; the npper layer, Xo. 1, red clay, about 4 feet thick, No. 2, a thin layer of charcoal, about 3 inches thick; the lower layer or central core, No. 3, dark-colored earth. A burial mound opened by Mr. Enimert in the valley of the Holston, Sullivan county, described it as mound No. 1, on the north side of the river, and was found to be 20 feet in diameter and 20 feet high.
76 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
He discovered one of the rock mounds that occur in this region, just past the river and near the foot of the mountain. Eev. E. O. Dunning mentions 'a stone burial mound which he investigated in the Little Tennessee Valley.
THOMAS.] STONE GUAVES IN EAST TENNESSEE 79
80 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
Bishop Madison was the representative of the first class. He represented that section of the second class and continued to believe that the mound builders were Toltecs, who after leaving this region. 34;FossilMan", who accepts the tradition regarding the Tallegwi, but identifies them with the Toltecs; Eev. J.P. MacLeau, author of the.
84 BURIAL MOUNDS OV THE NORTHERN' SECTIONS
It was probably an appreciation of this fact that caused the author of the report to refer to the use of the terse "American tribes," "nations," and "groups of tribes. subject writing, fully appreciate, experience of the lack of an adequate and definitive nomenclature, but also in another appropriate nomenclature and to another direction. ,in the quoted paragraph, as it seems to me, the statement of left the question in worse confusion than that.
8G BURTAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
THE CHEROKEES PROBABLY MOUND BUILDERS
88 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
First, because Jefferson makes no mention of their occupation of this part of Virginia; on the contrary, helocates thein inthe. 34;the western part of North Carolina." Second, because John Lederer, who visited this region in lGG9-'70, speaks of the Indians in the.
90 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTIIESN SECTIONS
That this cannot be attributed to an intrusive burial is evident from the following facts: Fmt, they are at the very bottom of the . pit dug before the bodies were deposited; secoitd, they were found with engraved shells, celts, and other remains of this character; and . ihinl, they were deposited with the ]>rincipal i)ersouage l)uried in the ground. As I have shown that the Cherokees alone inhabited this particular section from the time of De Soto's expedition until it was settled by the whites, it follows that if the mound was built after that date, it must have been by the Cherokees.
92 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
In these mounds were found not only soap-pipes, but two or three were taken exactly of the form mentioned by Adari, with the larger part projecting in front of the bowl; and another of the same shape has been found in a mound at Kanawha, which is at least suggestive. This not only strengthens our conclusion, drawn from the presence of such pipes in the mounds alluded to, but may also help to explain the presence of copper ornaments in them.
94 I5URIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
From what has been presented it follows that the Indians must have been Cherokees, and the fact that the imi)lemeites and ornaments of native manufacture found here are exactly like those found in the mounds before mentioned, a very strong proof that they were built by Cherokees. . we. Adair and other early writers had only to see how well the indications agreed with the customs of the Cherokees.
96 ISUKIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
ETOWAH MOUNDS, GEORGIA. 97 the tribe l)y wbich it was built was strong in numbers and might easily
5 ETH 7
98 HURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
ETOWAH MOUNDS, GKORGIA. 99
109 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
102 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SE' TIONS
ENGRAVED SHELLS FROM ETOWATI MOUND
Rogaii, who was given the skeleton's head in his grave, was inclined to consider a crown. The six holes at the larger end, in which the remains of string can be detected, indicate that it was tied to some part of the dress or attached to a staff during use.
104 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
COPPER PLATES PROM ILLINOIS. 105
106 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
TII0MA8.1 KTOWAH MOUNDS NOT OF CHEROKEE ORIGIN. 107 longed to (liftereiit tribes from those who erected tlie East Tennessee and
CONCLUDING REMARKS
109 Qnatrefages may not be right in fixing the date of the appearance of the 'Re(lsiiins' in the 'basinoftlie]Missouri' in the eighth century', but nothing has been found relating to the ancient works of this country, which the Indians have related. have been their authors, to prove that he has made a great error in his calculation. That all the hills which have been surveyed and carefully studied, must be attributed to the native tribes who have settled there.
SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE
BURIAL CEREMONIES OF TBB HURONS."
In my opinion they do this for three reasons: first, to comfort each other, for they exchange dishes among themselves, and hardly any one eats from the cauldron he has prepared; secondly, because of the arrival of people from other villages, who often come in large numbers, lastly and mainly, to gratify the soul of the deceased, who they believe takes pleasure in his share. If I want to say that usually during the ceremony the mother or wife stands at the foot of the grave and calls the deceased in a sad tone, singing or rather lamenting.
112 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NOKTHERN SECTIONS
THE SOLEMN FEAST OF THE DEAD
When the decision has been made, and all the bodies are to be transported to the village where the common grave is made, each family takes care of the dead with a care and affection that cannot be described. They take them from the cemeteries, carry them on their own shoulders, and cover them with the finest robes in their possession.
114 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS
She combed her hair: she touched the bones one by one with as much affection as if she would have given them life; she placed nearhira his AUalonenai, that is, his bundle of staves (bClchettes) of the council, which are all the books and papers of the land. Some of the captains remained on the platform, and spent the rest of the afternoon, until 7 o'clock, in announcing the lists of gifts which were given in the name of the deceased to certain persons.
IIG BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTION?
Leaving the place, we learned that, on the night when presents were given to the foreign nations, on the part of the master of the feast, we were also called: and, indeed, as we were on our way, Jneiitchioud came and returned a new cloak consisting of ten beaver skins for the advice he had given. suffer way. Thus the cross would have been established by the authorities of the whole country and honored in the midst of this heathenism, and they would have been careful to afterwards, as they had done in the past, all the misfortunes that befell them. to indicate
118 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHEKN SECTIONS
THOMAS] BURIAL CEREMONIES OF THE IIURONS. 119
JEAN DE BKEBEUF
![Fig. 7.— Section of burial monnd, Davenport, Iowa. [From the Proceuilingi of the Davenport Acad- Acad-emy of Sciences.]](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok/11166797.0/15.685.133.578.751.846/section-burial-monnd-davenport-iowa-proceuilingi-davenport-sciences.webp)
