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Confusing the Equality ( == ) and Assignment ( = ) Operators 185
Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters 205 6.5 Function Prototypes and Argument Coercion 210
Case Study: Game of Chance; Introducing enum 219
Function Call Stack and Activation Records 231
Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 252
Examples Using array s 281 .1 Declaring an array and Using a Loop to Initialize
Initializing an array in a Declaration with an
Specifying an array ’s Size with a Constant Variable
Using Bar Charts to Display array Data Graphically 286 7.4.6 Using the Elements of an array as Counters 288
Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an array to Store Grades 295
Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization 335
Nonconstant Pointer to Nonconstant Data 347 8.6.2 Nonconstant Pointer to Constant Data 347
Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 353 8.9 Relationship Between Pointers and Built-In Arrays 355
Class Scope and Accessing Class Members 385
Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments 387
When Constructors and Destructors Are Called 393 9.8 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap—Returning a
Using the Overloaded Operators of Standard Library Class string 435
Overloading the Binary Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction
Overloading the Unary Prefix and Postfix ++ and -- Operators 445
Operators as Member vs. Non-Member Functions 466
Relationship between Base and Derived Classes 486 .1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class 486
Creating a CommissionEmployee –
Introduction to Polymorphism: Polymorphic Video Game 519 12.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy 519
Virtual Functions and Virtual Destructors 526
Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions 533 12.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 535
Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing 546 12.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic
Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast , typeid
Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams 564
Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects 565
Character Output Using Member Function put 568
Unformatted I/O Using read , write and gcount 572
User-Defined Output Stream Manipulators 577 13.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators 578
Uppercase/Lowercase Control ( uppercase ) 585 13.7.7 Specifying Boolean Format ( boolalpha ) 585
Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream 590
Random-Access Files 611
Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File 617 14.9 Reading from a Random-Access File Sequentially 619
Basic Searching and Sorting Algorithms 706
Example: Handling an Attempt to Divide by Zero 741
Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling 751
Class unique_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation 755
Function Template to Manipulate a Class-Template
Default Arguments for Template Type Parameters 773
Stacks 794
Merge Sort (A Recursive Implementation) 837
Finding Substrings and Characters in a string 859
Conversion to Pointer-Based char * Strings 864
Example: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 882
Search Functions of the C String-Handling Library 915 22.11 Memory Functions of the C String-Handling Library 919
Pointers to Class Members ( .* and ->* ) 948
Multiple Inheritance and virtual Base Classes 955
Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers 976 D.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers 977
Online Chapters and Appendices
25 ATM Case Study, Part 1
Object-Oriented Design with the UML 25-1
26 ATM Case Study, Part 2
Implementing an Object-Oriented Design 26-1
Contents xix 26.2 Getting Started Programming ATM System Classes 26-2 26.3 Incorporating Inheritance into the ATM System 26-8.
G UML 2: Additional Diagram Types G-1
H Using the Visual Studio Debugger H-1
K Test Driving a C++ Program on Mac OS X K-1
All source code is available at www.deitel.com/books/cpphtp9 and www.pearsonhighered.com/. If you have any questions while reading the book, it's easy to contact us at [email protected] – we'll reply immediately.
C++11 Standard
Read the online section Before You Begin (www.deitel.com/.books/cpphtp9/cpphtp9_BYB.pdf) to learn how to set up your Linux, Windows, or Apple OS X computer to run the hundreds of code examples . For book updates, visit www.deitel.com/books/cpphtp9 and join our social media communities on Facebook (www.deitel.com/DeitelFan), Twitter (@deitel), Google+ (gplus.to/deitel) and LinkedIn (bit .ly/DeitelLinkedIn) and subscribe to the Deitel®Buzz Online newsletter (www.deitel.com/newsletter/subscribe.html).
Object-Oriented Programming
We determine the classes needed to implement that system, the properties the classes must have, the behavior the classes must exhibit, and we specify how the classes must interact with each other to meet the system requirements. We offer a rich multi-chapter treatment of data structures—see the Data Structures module in the chapter dependency graph (Fig. 6).
Pedagogic Features
The audience. The examples are accessible to computer science, information technology, software engineering, and business students in introductory and intermediate C++ courses. Interesting, fun and challenging exercises. Each chapter concludes with an extensive set of exercises, including simple recall of important terminology and concepts, identifying errors in code samples, writing individual program statements, writing small parts of C++ classes and function members and non-members, writing entire programs, and implementing larger projects.
Other Features
Secure C++ Programming
Online Content
Dependency Chart
Teaching Approach
Obtaining the Software Used in C++ How to Program, 9/e
Instructor Supplements
Customizable PowerPoint® slides that contain all the code and figures in the text, plus bulleted articles that summarize key points in the text.
Online Practice and Assessment with MyProgrammingLab™
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Corporate Training from Deitel & Associates, Inc
Hardware and Software
- Moore’s Law
- Computer Organization
A computer consists of various devices referred to as hardware (eg the keyboard, screen, mouse, hard drives, memory, DVD drives and processing units). This remarkable trend is often called Moore's Law, named after the person who identified it in the 1960s, Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel—the leading manufacturer of the processors in today's computers and embedded systems.
Data Hierarchy
It is remarkable that the impressive functions performed by computers involve only the simplest manipulations of 0s and 1s—examining the value of a bit, setting the value of a bit, and returning the value of a bit (from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1). C++ supports several character sets, including 16-bit Unicode® characters that consist of two bytes, each consisting of eight bits.
Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High- Level Languages
To further speed up the programming process, high-level languages were developed in which single statements could be written to accomplish important tasks. The process of compiling a large high-level language program into machine language can take a significant amount of computer time. Interpreters were developed to run high-level language programs directly (without the need for compilation), although slower than compiled programs. Scripting languages such as popular web languages JavaScript and PHP are processed by interpreters.
Programming Languages
C# Microsoft's three object-oriented primary programming languages are Visual Basic (based on the original Basic), Visual C++. based on C++) and C# (based on C++ and Java, and developed for integrating the Internet and the Web into desktop applications). Perl Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language), one of the most widely used object-oriented scripting languages for web programming, was developed in 1987 by Larry Wall.
Introduction to Object Technology
Classes encapsulate (i.e., wrap) attributes and member functions in objects: The attributes and member functions of an object are closely related. By programming in such a language, called object-oriented programming (OOP), you can implement object-oriented design as a working system.
Typical C++ Development Environment
Alinker links the object code with the code for the missing functions to produce an executable program (with no missing pieces). Linker associates the object code with the libraries, creates an executable file and saves it to disk.
Test-Driving a C++ Application
Try again.", which means that the value you entered is greater than the number the application chose as the correct guess. Try again.", because the value you entered is still greater than the number the app selected as the correct guess. application if selected the correct guess. .
Operating Systems
- Windows—A Proprietary Operating System
- Linux—An Open-Source Operating System
- Google’s Android
Enterprise systems companies, such as IBM, Oracle, and many others, have made significant investments in open source Linux development. A great example is Facebook, which was launched out of a college dorm room and built with open source software.
The Internet and World Wide Web
TheURL (Uniform Resource Locator) specifies the address (ie, the location) of the web page displayed in the browser window. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is the standard for transferring encrypted data on the Web.
Some Key Software Development Terminology
LAMP LAMP is an acronym for a set of open source technologies that many developers use to build web applications - meaning Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP (or Perl or Python - two other languages used for similar purposes). PHP is the most popular open source Internet server-side "scripting" language for Internet application development.
C++11 and the Open Source Boost Libraries
The Boost libraries can be used by C++ programmers working on a wide variety of platforms with many different compilers. They can be used to validate data to make sure it is in a certain format, to replace parts of a string with another, or to split a string.
Keeping Up to Date with Information Technologies
Boost provides C++ programmers with useful libraries that work well with the existing C++ standard library. Among other things, we review the libraries and provide code examples for the "regular expression" and "smart pointer" libraries.
Web Resources
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Making a Difference
You have been asked to create a program that can process a paragraph of text and replace gender-specific words with gender-neutral ones. Assuming you're given a list of gender-specific words and their gender-neutral replacements (eg, replace "wife" with "husband," "man" with "person," "girl" with "child," etc.) . on), explain the procedure you would use to read a paragraph of text and manually perform these substitutions.
Making a Difference Resources
Modifying Our First C++ Program
When you write a new program or modify an existing one, you must update your comments with the program code. A single statement can print multiple lines using newline characters, as in line 8 of Fig.
Another C++ Program: Adding Integers
When the computer executes the previous statement, it waits for the user to enter a value for variable number 1. Calculating the sum of the values supplied by the user The assignment statement on line 19.
Memory Concepts
Destd::endlstream manipulator executes a newline and "then reads the output buffer." This simply means that on some systems the output accumulates in the machine until there is enough to "make it worth it". A powerful feature of C++ is that you can create your own data types called classes (we introduce this feature in Chapter 3 and go into more detail in Chapter 9).
Arithmetic
If an expression contains multiple addition and subtraction operations, operators are used from left to right. Caution: If you have an expression like (a + b) * (c - d) in which two sets of parentheses are not nested but appear "at the same level", the C++ standard does not specify the order in which these parenthesized subexpressions will be evaluated.].
Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
From this point on in the book, we will use the previous directive in our programs.1. All of these operators, except the assignment operator =, are bound from left to right.
Wrap-Up
Summary
Defining a Member Function with a Parameter
The rest of the course name will have to be read by subsequent input operations. When you run this program, the member function displays as part of the welcome message the name of the course you type (in our sample run, CS101 Introduction to C++ Programming).
Data Members, set Member Functions and get Member Functions
The advantage of making a CourseName data member is that all member functions of the class can manipulate any data member that appears in the class definition (in this case, CourseName). Only member functions of that class (and "friends" of the class, as you'll see in Chapter 9) can manipulate the private data members of a class.
Initializing Objects with Constructors
The default constructor does not initialize the data members of the class, but calls the default constructor for each data member that is an object of another class. Such a default constructor will call the default constructor for each data member that is an object of a different class and will perform additional initialization specified by you.
Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability
To test classGradeBook (defined in Figure 3.9), you must write a separate source code file that contains amainfunction (such as Figure 3.10) that instantiates and uses class objects. The compiler creates only one copy of the class's member functions and shares that copy with all objects of the class.
Separating Interface from Implementation
This “links” each member function to the (now separate) GradeBook class definition (Fig. 3.11), which declares the class's member functions and data members. Thus, the diagram shows what is required for both the class implementation programmer and the client code programmer.
Validating Data with set Functions
10 explicit routine (std::string); // constructor initializes courseName 11 void setCourseName( std::string ); // set the course name. 3.17 | Create and manage aGradeBookobject in which the course name is limited to 25 characters.
Wrap-Up
A data member is declared in a class, but not in the body of any of the class's member functions. The class attributes must include the person's first name, last name, and date of birth (consisting of separate attributes for the month, day, and year of birth).
Pseudocode
Control Structures
The solid circle at the top of the diagram represents the initial state of the activity—the beginning of the workflow before the program performs the modeled activities. The solid circle surrounded by an empty circle that appears at the bottom of the activity diagram represents the final state—the end of the workflow after the program completes its activities.
Each program combines as many of each of these control statements as is appropriate for the algorithm the program is implementing. Imagine seven containers, each containing only empty UML activity diagrams of one of the seven types of control statements.
As we will see, the precedence of the conditional operator is low, so the parentheses in the preceding expression are required. The braces ({}) indicate to the compiler that the second statement is in the body of the first, and the second is connected to the first.
A decision symbol has one transition arrow pointing to the diamond and two or more transition arrows pointing out of the diamond, indicating possible transitions from that point. A merge symbol has two or more transition arrows pointing to a diamond and only one transition arrow pointing to a diamond, indicating multiple activity streams that are merging to continue the activity.
Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Repetition
Acounteris a variable used to count - in this case, the grade counter indicates which of the 10 grades will be entered by the user. This line corresponds to the "Enter next grade" pseudocode statement. Line 54 adds the new grade entered by the user to the total.
Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition
When the current manipulators set and set precision are used in a program, the printed value is rounded to the number of decimal places indicated by the value passed to the set precision (eg, the value2 in line 75), although the value in memory remains unchanged. We declared those variables as asints because we can't control what the user actually enters - the user can enter negative values.
Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements
Display a summary of test results showing the number of students who passed and the number of students who failed. At the end of the second sample run, the condition in line 35 is true—more than eight students passed the exam, so the program issues a message indicating that the instructor should receive a bonus.
Assignment Operators
Increment and Decrement Operators
Preincrementing (or predecrementing) causes a variable to be incremented (decremented) by 1, and then the variable's new value is used in the expression in which it appears. Postincrement (or postdecrement) causes the current value of a variable to be used in the expression in which it appears, and then the value of the variable is incremented (decremented) by 1.
Wrap-Up
Ask the user for the desired precision of e (that is, the number of terms in the summation). c) Write a program that calculates the value of exby using the formula. Ask the user for the desired precision of e (that is, the number of terms in the summation).
If the loop-continue condition is initially false, the body of the for statement is not executed. Often the control variable is printed or used in calculations in the body of afor.
Examples Using the for Statement
