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PERSPEKTIF
Available online http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/perspektif
Supporting Factors in The Development of Muslim Friendly Tourism in Palembang City
Tri Yuniningsih*, Ida Hayu Dwimawanti & Dyah Lituhayu
Public Administration Study Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
Received: July, 28 2022; Reviewed: August, 28 2022; Accepted: March, 10 2023
Abstract
Tourism is a very strategic sector in implementing the sustainable development goals. In addition, tourism is also the main contributor to foreign exchange income in developing countries. Tourism in the international scope has experienced various development trends, one of which is halal tourism which is known as Muslim-friendly tourism. Muslim-friendly tourism is a stage of tourism by providing basic necessities needed by a Muslim tourist in accordance with applicable Islamic law. In Indonesia, Muslim- friendly tourism has begun to develop, one of which is in the city of Palembang which is a leading tourist destinationin South Sumatra Province which can be used as an opportunity to develop Muslim-friendly tourism. This research focuses on the development of Muslim-friendly tourism in Palembang City. In order to approach this problem, a reference to the theory of supporting factors in tourism development is used. The data were collected through interviews, documentation, FGDs and analyzed qualitatively.
This study concluded that the factors that influence the development of Muslim tourism in Palembang City are the values underlying cooperation between actors, the patterns and communication media used to communicate between actors, the level of trust of actors in cooperation, the implementation of cooperation policies between actors, and other factors.
Keywords: Factors; Development; Tourism; Muslim Friendly
How to Cite: Yuniningsih, T. Diwamawanti, I.H., & Lituhayu, D. (2023). Supporting Factors in The Development of Muslim Friendly Tourism in Palembang City, PERSPEKTIF, 12 (2): 413-421
*Corresponding author:
E-mail: [email protected]
ISSN 2085-0328 (Print) ISSN 2541-5913 (online)
INTRODUCTION
Currently in the international scope of tourism has experienced a development trend.
This tourism is included in the sustainable development targets or what is often referred to as SDG's. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a new development agreement formed to replace the MDGs that have been in effect since 2015-2030, and have been agreed upon by more than 190 countries in the world.
The development of the tourism sector must be carried out seriously, directed and
professionally so that the development and utilization of tourism assets can make a major contribution to the national economy (APBN Bulletin, 2016).
As well as being a sustainable development goal, tourism has an important role to play in cultural preservation, environmental protection, peace and security, job creation, economic growth, and infrastructure development. Tourism is also a major contributor to foreign exchange earnings in developing countries
Figure 1 Tourism Contribution to GDP (%)
Sources: Kementerian Pariwisata dan Eknomoni Kreatif, (2022) Figure 1 shows that as a result of Covid-
19 the number of tourist visits has decreased so that the tourism sector's contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and foreign exchange has declined. In 2020, for example, the contribution of the tourism sector to Indonesia's GDP is only 4.05%, after reaching 4.7% in the previous year. As for the tourism sector's foreign exchange, the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy (Kemenparekraf) estimates it will be just US$0.36 billion in 2021. This figure is much lower than the previous year's value of US$3.3 billion. As for 2019, the tourism sector's foreign exchange was able to reach US $ 16.9 billion.
However, based on Figure 2 in 2022 the number of foreign tourist visits in January 2022 amounted to 143,744 foreign tourists or experienced a growth of 13.62% compared to 2021 of 126,515 foreign tourists. This increase was due to the main entrance, namely Soekarno Hatta, which increased by 1,036.75%.
This is certainly a breath of fresh air in the tourism sector. Tourism is also experiencing various trend developments, one of which is halal tourism, otherwise known as Muslim- friendly tourism. The development of the halal industry continues to show improvement as more and more Muslim communities are migrating to a halal lifestyle. Halal awareness is not only in food and beverage products, but has
evolved into the financial, pharmaceutical, fashion, media and recreation and tourism sectors (Bustamam & Suryani, 2021). Halal tourism is part of the tourism industry that provides tourist services with reference to Islamic rules (Sayekti, 2019). In addition, Muslim-friendly tourism is also a tourism segment by providing the basic necessities
needed by a Muslim tourist in accordance with Islamic law, relating to prayer facilities, halal food and beverages and other supporting facilities adapted to sharia law which are provided at tourist destinations. The enormous potential has encouraged a number of countries in the world to strive to develop a tourism industry that is friendly to Muslim tourists.
Figure 2 Graph of Foreign Tourist Visits to Indonesia 2018-2022 Sources: kemenparekraf.go.id, (2022)
Indonesia has a predominantly Muslim population so that it can easily develop halal tourism and can become a world center for tourism (Subarkah, 2018). Therefore, Indonesia is currently ranked second in the 2022 Global Muslim Travel Index (GMTI) after ranking first was reinstated in Malaysia (Republika, 2022).
In addition, Indonesia has synergized with many parties to develop halal tourism, for example the Ministry of Tourism is collaborating with the National Sharia Council (DSN), the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) and the Business Certification Institute (LSU).
Cooperation is carried out by developing tourism and prioritizing culture and religious values which will then be set forth in a Regulation of the Minister of Tourism and Creative Economy (Satriana & Faridah, 2018).
Indonesia has also responded to this trend since the last 5 years or so and a number of provinces have designed it as a Muslim- friendly tourist destination. One of the leading destinations for Muslim-friendly tourism is South Sumatra Province. South Sumatra is one of the provinces in Indonesia that is
participating in developing halal tourism potential. Even the South Sumatra provincial government will encourage banking parties to help financially to help develop halal tourism (Antara News, 2020). The potential possessed by the province of South Sumatra can be turned into an opportunity to develop halal tourism, for example (Republika, 2016).
Bait Al-Qur'an Akbar, Al-Munawar Village and then the Cheng Ho Sriwijaya Mosque which has become South Sumatra's favorite halal tour in the city of Palembang. As one of the regions in South Sumatra, Palembang City also participates in developing halal tourism. There are 15 tourist destinations in Palembang City with (7) Islamic cultural sites, nineteen (8) cultural tourist attractions, and various kinds of local attractions with easy access and located close to halal-certified restaurants equipped with clean toilets and prayer rooms. Based on statistical data, the number of tourist visitors to the City of Palembang is one of the halal tourist destinations that is of interest to tourists based on data obtained from year to year, which has increased, as shown in Table 1 below:
Tabel 1 Data on Tourist Visits to the City of Palembang in the Last 5 Years
Visitor 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Foreign 10.683 9.850 12.249 12.433 2.022
Local 1.896.110 2.001.567 2.123.147 2.189.407 893.890 Total 1.906.793 2.011.417 2.135.396 2.201.840 895.912 Percentage (%) - (+) 48,66 (+) 48,51 (+) 49,23 (-) 71,08 Sources: Palembang City Culture and Tourism Office, 2022
Tourist visits to the city of Palembang have continued to increase over the last 5 years before the Covid-19 pandemic hit the world, most recently in 2019 it has exceeded 2.2 million (49.23 percent) visits both domestic and foreign tourists and it is hoped that after the Covid-19 pandemic ends it will be able to again bringing in more than 2 million domestic and foreign tourist visits. However, the number of tourist visits to Palembang City decreased after the Covid-19 pandemic.
Efforts to carry out the development of Muslim-friendly tourism which are being actively carried out by the government, Palembang City Government along with other stakeholders have also contributed to increasing the positive image and potential of halal tourism that they have. The values that exist in each actor, communication, trust and implementation of cooperation policies between actors who play a role are very important factors in the development of Muslim-friendly tourism in Palembang City to achieve the same goals or interests (Yuniningsih, 2018).
RESEARCH METHODS
This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method. Palembang City was chosen as the research location because Palembang City is located in South Sumatra Province. South Sumatra Province is one of the provinces in Indonesia that is participating in developing halal tourism potential. The data used are primary data from observations, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions as well as secondary data obtained from documentation, literature and scientific records. Determination of research subjects using purposive techniques and snowball techniques. This study uses the data analysis model from Miles and Huberman (in Sugiyono, 2011), namely interactive analysis by means of data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions and data validity using source
triangulation techniques, namely collecting similar data from several different data sources (Moleong , 2017).
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Palembang City is the capital of South Sumatra Province and has been designated as a National Tourism Strategic Area (KSPN) through Government Regulation No. 50 of 2011 concerning the National Tourism Development Master Plan for 2010 – 2025. Palembang City has 3 (three) tourist objects starting from nature tourism, cultural tourism and artificial tourism. Besides that, Palembang City also has halal tourism. Halal tourism is a new concept in tourism that complies with Islamic law, such as facilities and services provided directly by the government, community and employers so that the Muslim community who will enjoy the tour can enjoy it (Sina & Zaenuri, 2021).
The potential possessed by the province of South Sumatra can be turned into an opportunity to develop halal tourism, for example (Republika, 2017) Bait Al-Qur'an Akbar, Al-Munawar Village and then the Cheng Ho Sriwijaya Mosque which has become South Sumatra's leading halal tourism in the City of Palembang.
There are five actors who play a role in the development of halal tourism in Palembang City. The actor who plays this role will later form the pentahelix network model, namely:
Government
In the development of Muslim-friendly tourism in Palembang City, the government actors involved are the Palembang City Tourism and Culture Office, the Palembang City Planning, Research and Development Agency, the Trade and Industry Office of Tanjungpinang City, the Palembang City Cooperative and MSME Office, the Palembang City Health Office, the Palembang City Transportation, Palembang City Public Works and Spatial Planning Office, Tourism and Culture Office of South Sumatra
Province, Bank Indonesia, South Sumatra Province Transportation Service, Ministry of Religion of South Sumatra Province, Governor of South Sumatra, Palembang City DPRD, Mayor of Palembang, Bank Indonesia and Institute for the Study of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics of the Indonesian Ulema Council.
Business
In the development of Muslim-friendly tourism in Palembang City includes the National Islamic Finance Committee (KNKS), Palembang City Indonesian Hotel and Restaurant Association (PHRI), Palembang City Association of Indonesian Tours and Travel Agencies (ASITA), Palembang City Indonesian Tour Guide Association (HPI), and the Association of Indonesian Tour Guides (HPI) of South Sumatra Province. Academics
In Palembang City there are nine (9) tertiary institutions that have the potential to produce scientific knowledge, namely Satya Negara College of Administration, Palembang City, Palembang APRIN College of Economics, Palembang Tridianti University, Sriwijaya University, Ngeri Raden Fatah Islamic University, State Polytechnic Sriwijaya, Sjakhyakirti University, Bima Darma University, and the Youth Pledge School of Law.
Public
Community actors who have played a role in developing Muslim-friendly tourism in Palembang City are the Indonesian Ulema Council of South Sumatra Province, LPPOM MUI, Ahlul Quran Foundation (Al-Quran Al- Akbar Museum), Blogger Community, Photography and Al-Munawar Village.
Mass media
Mass media involved in tourism development in Palembang City TribunSumsel.com, Detik.com, Kompas.com, MNC Group (RCTI, MNNC, and Global Tv).
In the development of Muslim-friendly tourism in the city of Palembang there are factors that support (push and hinder) namely value, communication and trust factors. while the inhibiting factors are policy factors.
Value
Value factors consist of individual, organizational, professionalism, legality and public interest values which are supporting factors in the development of Muslim-friendly tourism in the city of Palembang.
First, individual values are seen in the role of the Head of the Palembang City Tourism and Culture Office as the main driver of developing Muslim-friendly tourism in the City of Pelambang. Leadership is very important for a successful coordination. The nature of policy programs with multiple actors having different goals and roles requires stronger leadership and actor management. In addition, strong leadership is a very influential factor in contributing to society (Weerts and Sandmann in Longart, 2017).
Second, the organizational value in the development of Muslim-friendly tourism in Palembang City in terms of actor cooperation is manifested in the values of each organization and institution that supports tourism development. The South Sumatra Culture and Tourism Office and the Palembang City Culture and Tourism Office act as coordinators prioritizing their organizational values to create a conducive cooperative relationship between related actors. Actor groups can influence tourism development in various ways, namely supply and demand, regulation, tourism impact management, human resources and so on (Peric, 2014). Meanwhile, there are four factors that influence organizations, namely economic and social institutions, organizational arrangements, inter- organizational relationships and coordination structures between organizations and interest groups (Wang D and Ap J, 2013).
Third, the legality value that supports actor collaboration is based on Palembang City Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2020 concerning the Implementation of Tourism and Palembang City Regional Regulation Number 11 of 2020 concerning Preservation and Management of Cultural Heritage. The implementation of the intended policy reflects the legality of valid regulations and becomes a reference in implementing the development of tourism destinations in Palembang City.
Fourth, the value of professionalism in developing Muslim-friendly tourism in Palembang City is manifested in the ability and commitment of the actors involved in tourism development in Palembang City, each actor has carried out his duties and functions, namely the government as an actor that sets standards and policies to offer innovation incentives, business acts as a provider of economic resources and market potential to absorb new knowledge
such as innovation, academics have an important role through data-based research and studies to be able to help overcome problems that occur in tourism development so that they can be used as recommendations or policy suggestions in the future Today, the community plays a role as an implementer in an innovation policy and creates knowledge from a knowledge-based economy and the mass media has a role that is able to disseminate information to the public about the concept of tourism through the publication of activities carried out between actors in order to support and promote tourism in Palembang City. The value of professionalism is realized by each actor through the serious commitment of interest groups. In addition, the value of professionalism can be seen from the knowledge capabilities possessed by the actors involved to carry out their roles in accordance with their respective duties and functions, namely the government has the knowledge competence to make plans and implement strategies, and based on these competencies, they have a major influence in political decision-making (Komppula, 2016).
Communication
Quoted from Hijrah (2017) said that effective communication is one of the factors that build good cooperative relations, resolve differences of opinion and overcome conflicts that exist between actors involved in tourism development in Palembang City. The city of Palembang, together with other stakeholders, has started to develop Muslim-friendly tourism communications through a Muslim Visitor Guide which has been published in two languages, workshops for business people, market us each through festivals, and carry out promotions using social media. Thus, it was found that communication relations between actors involved in tourism development were seen to be communicating and maintaining good cooperative and coordinating relations.
Communication activities between actors in the form of exchanging information in tourism development in Palembang City are increasing because they are becoming interdependent on one another and they have to work together with each other to rise from the Covid-19 pandemic so that it can be concluded that the communication relationships that are established are dynamic
and harmonious between actors.
Communication is carried out through seminars, zoom meetings, group discussion forums on WhatsApp groups.
In the process of interaction, the communication factor has a very important role, because through communication there is a process of sharing information to build common meanings, set goals, and make decisions about tourism issues in Palembang City. In addition, the communication carried out discussed the tourism business plan from the local government to all tourism business actors such as hotels, restaurants, transportation services, local residents and others so as to create a better collaborative synergy among members of the tourism network to take advantage of the potential generated by tourism business in the framework of tourism development in Palembang City.
Trust
The trust factor is a supporting factor in the development of Muslim-friendly tourism in Palembang City, the relationship between several actors synergizes through their respective duties and roles according to their functions. It takes good coordination and communication between stakeholders to achieve the same goals or interests. The Palembang City Culture and Tourism Office raises trust with other actors. Trust arises because of coordination, synergy and command from the leading sector for the implementation of tourism from the local government, the Culture and Tourism Office of Palembang City and the tourism activist community. The success of actor networks depends on building partnerships and trust, interdependence, shared vision and goals and commitment among actors in a structured process (Waayers, 2012).
Policy Resources
The source of this policy is existing regulations that accommodate relations between actors or networks that are formed in order to realize common goals. This tourism development policy factor is government authority or policy which involves many aspects. However, in the development of Muslim-friendly tourism in Palembang City, the policy aspect is one of the inhibiting factors in the cooperative relationship between the
actors involved. The development of Muslim- friendly tourism in Palembang City has not been supported by regulations governing the implementation of Muslim-friendly tourism.
The absence of regulations related to Muslim- friendly tourism at the national and local levels is an obstacle for tourism industry players to implement this tourism concept. This is also one of the causes of not optimal cooperative relations among the actors involved in the development of tourism tourism in the city of Palembang. In addition, the absence of regulations regarding Muslim-friendly or halal tourism has also caused the direction of tourism development in Palembang City to not have clear objectives. Collaboration among the actors involved is manifested in several collaborative relationships, but overall there is no unified commitment among all actors to
work together in synergy in tourism development in Palembang City.
In addition to the factors previously mentioned, the development of Muslim- friendly tourism in Palembang City faces several obstacles, namely the lack of integration of activity centers and shopping facilities such as markets or halal food centers, not yet optimal information facilities regarding halal tourism in Palembang City and interpretation of attractions. tourism and management of the potential of halal tourism products in Palembang City, and the low level of government and business support for Sapta Pesona Tourism in Palembang City.
From the results of the research above, when summarized in one table, it can be analyzed as follows:
Table 2 Summary of Supporting Factors in the Development of Muslim Friendly Tourism in Palembang City
No Factors Description Support
Factors
Obstacle Factors 1 Value Individual value is the role of the Head of the Palembang
City Tourism and Culture Office as the main driver of Muslim-friendly tourism development.
✓ Organizational value is the cooperative relationship
between the actors of each organization and institution that supports tourism development.
✓ The legality value is the Regional Regulation of the City of
Palembang Number 4 of 2020 concerning the Implementation of Tourism and the Regional Regulation of the City of Palembang Number 11 of 2020 concerning the Preservation and Management of Cultural Heritage.
✓
The value of professionalism is the ability and commitment of the actors involved in tourism development in Palembang City.
✓ 2 Communication The City of Palembang along with other stakeholders have
started to develop Muslim-friendly tourism communications through the Muslim Visitor Guide which has been published in two languages, workshops for business people, market us each through festivals, and carry out promotions using social media.
✓
3 Trust The Culture and Tourism Office of Palembang City is the leading sector for organizing tourism. The relationship between actors synergizes through each other's duties and roles according to their functions.
✓ 4 Regulator
Source
The development of Muslim-friendly tourism in Palembang City has not been supported by regulations governing the implementation of Muslim-friendly tourism
✓ 5 Other Factors Activity centers and shopping facilities have not been
integrated yet, information and interpretation facilities for tourist attractions and tourism product potential management in Palembang City are not yet optimal, and
✓
Figure 3 The Relationship Between Supporting Factors Sources: Research Data Processed, 2022
From Figure 3 above, it can be concluded that there are three supporting factors in the development of Muslim-friendly tourism, namely values, communication and trust which are mutually supportive and integrated, while the inhibiting factors are policy sources and other factors such as not yet integrated activity centers and shopping facilities. the optimal means of information and interpretation of tourist attractions and the management of potential tourism products in Palembang City, and the low support of Sapta Pesona Wisata in Palembang City.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results and discussion above, it can be concluded that the development of Muslim-friendly tourism in Palembang City consists of 3 (three) supporting factors and 1 (one) inhibiting factor. The first supporting factor is the value consisting of individual, organizational, professional, legality and public interest values. Second, in the communication between the City of Palembang in collaboration with other stakeholders, it was found that communication relations between actors involved in tourism development were seen as communicating and maintaining good cooperative and coordinating relations. Third, the trust factor, namely good coordination and communication between stakeholders to achieve common goals or interests between the Palembang City Government, the Palembang City Culture and Tourism Office and other stakeholders. Whereas the inhibiting factors in
the development of Muslim-friendly tourism in Palembang City are sources of policies that involve many aspects, one of which is that there are no regulations related to Muslim-friendly tourism at the regional level and the cooperative relations between the actors involved are not yet optimal.
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