1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 6: Pediatrics: The Case of Baby’s Busted Belly Level III Franklin R. Huggins
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Use ageappropriate assessment parameters to recognize septic shock in a pediatric patient.
Design an evidencebased pharmacotherapy plan for the child in septic shock, including medications, dosing, and monitoring.
Determine the pediatric patient’s fluid and electrolyte requirements and make therapeutically sound recommendations for repletion.
Use appropriate metrics to monitor the progress of the sick child and adjust therapy as indicated.
Employ specific techniques to ensure that medications are deployed safely for pediatric patients.
Recommend ageappropriate vaccinations for children.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
Mother reports vomiting, poor feeding, and fever in her 15monthold adopted son.
HPI
David Williams is a 15monthold boy who weighs 5.6 kg. He presents today with his foster mother, who reports poor oral intake, vomiting, and fever for 1 day. The patient underwent reversal of a colostomy and placement of a gastrostomy tube 5 days ago and was discharged home with foster mother 2 days ago. Yesterday he had four episodes of vomiting and was unable to retain any of the Gtube feedings. The foster mother took him to the PCP where he was found to be lethargic, ill appearing, and febrile, which prompted his admission directly to the pediatric intensive care unit.
PMH
Vaginal delivery at 35 weeks’ gestation No prenatal care
Intrauterine growth restriction Birth hypoxia
Imperforate anus requiring colostomy on second day of life Single kidney
Bilateral undescended testes
Neonatal abstinence syndrome requiring a 12day morphine taper Colostomy reversal and gastrostomy tube placement 5 days PTA Failure to thrive
Immunizations: hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine administered at birth; DTaP, IPV, HepB, Hib, PCV13 administered 2 months PTA
FH
Unavailable
SH
The patient was referred to Child Protective Services at birth because of lack of prenatal care and prenatal drug exposure. He was lost to followup by them until 2 months ago when he presented to the PCP for the first time since birth with severe failure to thrive (weight and weightforheight below 1%
of expected). He was transferred to the custody of the current foster family at that time who, by report of the PCP, are appropriately attentive and have addressed the patient’s healthcare needs appropriately. Foster mother at bedside and appropriately concerned.
Current Meds
Omeprazole suspension 10 mg GT daily
Pediatric multivitamin with iron 1 mL GT daily
All
NKDA
ROS (as reported by foster mother)
ConstitutionalFoster mother affirms that the child, although normally nonverbal, is more lethargic and unresponsive than normal. The patient has not walked but rolls himself.
HEENT
Oral secretions well controlled. Denies history of rhinitis, allergies, or ear infections. The patient ordinarily tracks visually and responds to verbal cues.
Respiratory
Denies SOB, coughing Cardiovascular
Echocardiogram and ECG normal at birth Gastrointestinal
Gtube feeding dependent. Prior to Gtube placement oral feeds attempted with very limited success, usually less than an ounce per feeding, leading to failure to thrive. The patient tolerated continuous Gtube feeds of 30 kcal/oz formula at 25 mL/hr in the hospital on the day prior to discharge but vomited repeatedly at home leading to current admission. Stooled during previous admission but not at home.
Genitourinary
No wet diapers since yesterday. Follows with nephrology for single kidney. Evaluated by pediatric endocrinology for undescended testes and small penis who proposed a trial of βhCG. If fails, will require orchiopexy.
Physical Examination
G e nIll appearing, mottled child who is floppy, lethargic, and barely responsive to painful stimuli V S
BP 114/66, HR 148, RR 36, current temperature 40.2°C, O2 saturation 95%, height 69 cm, weight 5.6 kg Skin
Cool, pale, mottled, and dry HEENT
Eyes sunken, PERRLA, tympanic membranes normal, mucous membranes dry Neck/Lymph Nodes
Supple, nontender, no masses, no lymphadenopathy, no bruit, no JVD Chest
Tachypneic, clear to auscultation and percussion CV
Tachycardic, monitor shows NSR, no murmur, gallop or edema, no peripheral pulses, central pulses weak, capillary refill 6 seconds A b d
Soft, nondistended, no masses, (+) rebound tenderness globally, no bowel sounds appreciated. Gtube in place with no erythema or drainage. Surgical scar in LLQ.
Genit/Rect
Tanner stage I, bilateral undescended testes Ext
Flaccid, pale, cold extremities Neuro
Lethargic, responds to painful stimuli, cranial nerves intact, reflexes intact Laboratory Values
Na 135 mEq/L K 4.7 mEq/L Cl 101 mEq/L CO2 20 mEq/L BUN 39 mg/dL SCr 0.3 mg/dL Glu 53 mg/dL Calcium 7.6 mg/dL
Total protein 5.9 g/dL Albumin 2.1 g/dL Total bilirubin 0.7 mg/dL Alk phos 365 U/L ALT 192 U/L AST 521 U/L
WBC 1.6 × 103/mm3 Neutrophils 8%
Immature neutrophils 36%
Lymphocytes 51%
Monocytes 5%
Hgb 10.5 g/dL Hct 30%
Plt 62 × 103/mm3
Imaging
Radiograph abdomen two view: Nonspecific gaseous distention of stomach and loops of bowel in the lower abdomen and right upper quadrant.
No discernible evidence of free air. No acute osseous abnormalities. Gtube.
Ultrasound abdomen limited: Focused ultrasound of the left hemiabdomen identifies complicated extraluminal fluid in the upper abdomen, particularly the left upper quadrant. It is seen adjacent to the spleen and likely insinuating itself around the stomach. Internal debris and
septations are noted. Stoolfilled portions of the colon are seen in the left hemiabdomen. While there is no definite fluid collection or sonographic abnormality in the right hemiabdomen, the patient was very tender in the right hemiabdomen during realtime imaging.
Assessment
Critically ill child with sepsis and septic shock secondary to presumptive peritonitis, failure to thrive secondary to malnutrition, and underimmunization.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of septic shock?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of septic shock based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
2.c. How does the evidence supporting a diagnosis of septic shock in this patient differ from an adult patient?
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible therapeutic alternatives are available for treating pediatric septic shock?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance compliance, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
4.c. What pediatricspecific medication practices should be applied in this case to prevent adverse outcomes of medication therapy?
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects for the regimen you recommended?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate timeframes to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE
After initial stabilization, the patient was taken to the operating room for an exploratory laparotomy that revealed failure of the colostomy repair from 5 days ago. The abdomen was found to be filled with fluid, stool, and pus. The abdomen was extensively irrigated and cultures sent. The colostomy was recreated, and the patient returned to the ICU with the abdomen open to facilitate further surgical intervention.
Current medications:
Famotidine 2.8 mg IV Q 12 H (1 mg/kg/day)
Piperacillintazobactam 560 mg IV Q 8 H (300 mg/kg/day)
Acetaminophen 80 mg GT Q 6 H PRN fever >38°C or pain score 4–6 (14 mg/kg/dose) Morphine 0.6 mg IV Q 4 H PRN pain score 7–10 (0.1 mg/kg/dose)
TPN 10% dextrose + 2 g/kg/day amino acid IV Lipid emulsion 1 g/kg/day IV
On hospital day 2, the following laboratory results were obtained:
Na 141 mEq/L K 3.1 mEq/L Cl 108 mEq/L CO2 21 mEq/L BUN 31 mg/dL SCr 0.6 mg/dL Glu 140 mg/dL Calcium 8.0 mg/dL
Total protein 5.1 g/dL Albumin 1.7 g/dL Total bilirubin 0.8 mg/dL Alk phos 304 U/L ALT 239 U/L AST 600 U/L
WBC 1.4 × 103/mm3 Neutrophils 17%
Immature neutrophils 23%
Lymphocytes 53%
Monocytes 7%
Hgb 7.4 g/dL Hct 22%
Plt 37 × 103/mm3
Anaerobic Culture—Final
Source: Peritoneal cavity
Gram stain: many WBC, many gramnegative rods, few grampositive rods
Light growth Klebsiella pneumoniae
Light growth Proteus mirabilis
Light growth Bacteroides fragilis
Antimicrobial Susceptibility (mcg/mL)
Klebsiella Pneumoniae Proteus Mirabilis
Amikacin S ≤16 S ≤16
Ampicillin R >16 S ≤8
Ampicillin/Sulbactam S 8/4 S N/A
Aztreonam S ≤4 S ≤4
Cefazolin S ≤4 S 4
Cefepime S ≤2 S ≤2
Cefotaxime S ≤2 S ≤2
Ceftazidime S ≤1 S ≤1
Ceftriaxone S ≤1 S ≤1
Cefuroxime S ≤4 S ≤4
Ciprofloxacin S ≤1 S ≤1
Ertapenem S ≤0.5 S ≤0.5
Gentamicin S ≤1 S ≤1
Imipenem S ≤0.5 N/A N/A
Levofloxacin S ≤0.25 S ≤0.25
Meropenem S ≤1 S ≤1
Piperacillin/Tazobactam S ≤4 S ≤4
Tetracycline S ≤4 R >8
Tigecycline S ≤2 N/A N/A
Tobramycin S ≤1 S ≤1
Trimethoprim/Sulfa S ≤2/38 R >2/38
FOLLOWUP QUESTIONs
1 . What is the likely cause of the elevated liver enzymes, increasing creatinine, and cytopenia in this patient?
2 . Now that the patient is fully fluid resuscitated and hemodynamically stable, calculate the appropriate maintenance fluid rate.
3 . What changes should be made to the patient’s medication therapy based on the most recent results?
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Describe the challenges involved in managing parenteral nutrition in this patient.
2 . Write an evidencebased paper outlining the role of corticosteroid therapy in pediatric septic shock.
CLINICAL PEARL
Children remain normotensive until very late in shock making blood pressure an unreliable indicator of perfusion status. Clinicians should carefully evaluate children for other signs of shock such as tachycardia, decreased or weak pulses, altered mental status, oliguria, pale mottled skin, and slow capillary refill. If clinical signs of poor perfusion are present, appropriate fluid resuscitation and inotropic therapy should be initiated immediately.
Hypotension in a septic child is a sign of impending cardiovascular collapse and must be addressed emergently.
REFERENCES
Davis AL, Carcillo JA, Aneja RK, et al. American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for Hemodynamic Support of Pediatric and Neonatal Septic Shock. Crit Care Med 2017;45(6):1061–1093. [PubMed: 28509730]
Sterling SA, Miller WR, Pryor J, Puskarich MA, Jones AE. The impact of timing of antibiotics on outcomes in severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Crit Care Med 2015;43(9):1907–1915. [PubMed: 26121073]
Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intraabdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(2):133–164. [PubMed: 20034345]
American Academy of Pediatrics. Tables of Antibacterial Drug Dosages. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2018 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics 2018:914–932.
Ventura AM, Shieh HH, Bousso A, et al. Doubleblind prospective randomized controlled trial of dopamine versus epinephrine as firstline vasoactive drugs in pediatric septic shock. Crit Care Med 2015;43(11):2292–2302. [PubMed: 26323041]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger, United States, 2018. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/child/018yrschildcombinedschedule.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2018.
Levine SR, Cohen MR, Blanchard NR, et al. Guidelines for preventing medication errors in pediatrics. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2001;6:426–442.
Meyers RS. Pediatric fluid and electrolyte therapy. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2009;14(4):204–211. [PubMed: 23055905]
Schwartz GJ, Work DF. Measurement and estimation of GFR in children and adolescents. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4(11):1832–1843. [PubMed:
19820136]
Aronoff GR, Bennett WM, Berns JS, et al. Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians; 2007.
University of San Carlos.
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2022824 4:36 A Your IP is 131.226.67.168
Chapter 6: Pediatrics: The Case of Baby’s Busted Belly Level III, Franklin R. Huggins
©2022 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
Page 1 / 8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 6: Pediatrics: The Case of Baby’s Busted Belly Level III Franklin R. Huggins
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Use ageappropriate assessment parameters to recognize septic shock in a pediatric patient.
Design an evidencebased pharmacotherapy plan for the child in septic shock, including medications, dosing, and monitoring.
Determine the pediatric patient’s fluid and electrolyte requirements and make therapeutically sound recommendations for repletion.
Use appropriate metrics to monitor the progress of the sick child and adjust therapy as indicated.
Employ specific techniques to ensure that medications are deployed safely for pediatric patients.
Recommend ageappropriate vaccinations for children.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
Mother reports vomiting, poor feeding, and fever in her 15monthold adopted son.
HPI
David Williams is a 15monthold boy who weighs 5.6 kg. He presents today with his foster mother, who reports poor oral intake, vomiting, and fever for 1 day. The patient underwent reversal of a colostomy and placement of a gastrostomy tube 5 days ago and was discharged home with foster mother 2 days ago. Yesterday he had four episodes of vomiting and was unable to retain any of the Gtube feedings. The foster mother took him to the PCP where he was found to be lethargic, ill appearing, and febrile, which prompted his admission directly to the pediatric intensive care unit.
PMH
Vaginal delivery at 35 weeks’ gestation No prenatal care
Intrauterine growth restriction Birth hypoxia
Imperforate anus requiring colostomy on second day of life Single kidney
Bilateral undescended testes
Neonatal abstinence syndrome requiring a 12day morphine taper Colostomy reversal and gastrostomy tube placement 5 days PTA Failure to thrive
Immunizations: hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine administered at birth; DTaP, IPV, HepB, Hib, PCV13 administered 2 months PTA
FH
Unavailable
SH
The patient was referred to Child Protective Services at birth because of lack of prenatal care and prenatal drug exposure. He was lost to followup by them until 2 months ago when he presented to the PCP for the first time since birth with severe failure to thrive (weight and weightforheight below 1%
of expected). He was transferred to the custody of the current foster family at that time who, by report of the PCP, are appropriately attentive and have addressed the patient’s healthcare needs appropriately. Foster mother at bedside and appropriately concerned.
Current Meds
Omeprazole suspension 10 mg GT daily
Pediatric multivitamin with iron 1 mL GT daily
All
NKDA
ROS (as reported by foster mother)
ConstitutionalFoster mother affirms that the child, although normally nonverbal, is more lethargic and unresponsive than normal. The patient has not walked but rolls himself.
HEENT
Oral secretions well controlled. Denies history of rhinitis, allergies, or ear infections. The patient ordinarily tracks visually and responds to verbal cues.
Respiratory
Denies SOB, coughing Cardiovascular
Echocardiogram and ECG normal at birth Gastrointestinal
Gtube feeding dependent. Prior to Gtube placement oral feeds attempted with very limited success, usually less than an ounce per feeding, leading to failure to thrive. The patient tolerated continuous Gtube feeds of 30 kcal/oz formula at 25 mL/hr in the hospital on the day prior to discharge but vomited repeatedly at home leading to current admission. Stooled during previous admission but not at home.
Genitourinary
No wet diapers since yesterday. Follows with nephrology for single kidney. Evaluated by pediatric endocrinology for undescended testes and small penis who proposed a trial of βhCG. If fails, will require orchiopexy.
Physical Examination
G e nIll appearing, mottled child who is floppy, lethargic, and barely responsive to painful stimuli V S
BP 114/66, HR 148, RR 36, current temperature 40.2°C, O2 saturation 95%, height 69 cm, weight 5.6 kg Skin
Cool, pale, mottled, and dry HEENT
Eyes sunken, PERRLA, tympanic membranes normal, mucous membranes dry Neck/Lymph Nodes
Supple, nontender, no masses, no lymphadenopathy, no bruit, no JVD Chest
Tachypneic, clear to auscultation and percussion CV
Tachycardic, monitor shows NSR, no murmur, gallop or edema, no peripheral pulses, central pulses weak, capillary refill 6 seconds A b d
Soft, nondistended, no masses, (+) rebound tenderness globally, no bowel sounds appreciated. Gtube in place with no erythema or drainage. Surgical scar in LLQ.
Genit/Rect
Tanner stage I, bilateral undescended testes Ext
Flaccid, pale, cold extremities Neuro
Lethargic, responds to painful stimuli, cranial nerves intact, reflexes intact Laboratory Values
Na 135 mEq/L K 4.7 mEq/L Cl 101 mEq/L CO2 20 mEq/L BUN 39 mg/dL SCr 0.3 mg/dL Glu 53 mg/dL Calcium 7.6 mg/dL
Total protein 5.9 g/dL Albumin 2.1 g/dL Total bilirubin 0.7 mg/dL Alk phos 365 U/L ALT 192 U/L AST 521 U/L
WBC 1.6 × 103/mm3 Neutrophils 8%
Immature neutrophils 36%
Lymphocytes 51%
Monocytes 5%
Hgb 10.5 g/dL Hct 30%
Plt 62 × 103/mm3
Imaging
Radiograph abdomen two view: Nonspecific gaseous distention of stomach and loops of bowel in the lower abdomen and right upper quadrant.
No discernible evidence of free air. No acute osseous abnormalities. Gtube.
Ultrasound abdomen limited: Focused ultrasound of the left hemiabdomen identifies complicated extraluminal fluid in the upper abdomen, particularly the left upper quadrant. It is seen adjacent to the spleen and likely insinuating itself around the stomach. Internal debris and
septations are noted. Stoolfilled portions of the colon are seen in the left hemiabdomen. While there is no definite fluid collection or sonographic abnormality in the right hemiabdomen, the patient was very tender in the right hemiabdomen during realtime imaging.
Assessment
Critically ill child with sepsis and septic shock secondary to presumptive peritonitis, failure to thrive secondary to malnutrition, and underimmunization.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of septic shock?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of septic shock based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
2.c. How does the evidence supporting a diagnosis of septic shock in this patient differ from an adult patient?
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible therapeutic alternatives are available for treating pediatric septic shock?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance compliance, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
4.c. What pediatricspecific medication practices should be applied in this case to prevent adverse outcomes of medication therapy?
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects for the regimen you recommended?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate timeframes to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE
After initial stabilization, the patient was taken to the operating room for an exploratory laparotomy that revealed failure of the colostomy repair from 5 days ago. The abdomen was found to be filled with fluid, stool, and pus. The abdomen was extensively irrigated and cultures sent. The colostomy was recreated, and the patient returned to the ICU with the abdomen open to facilitate further surgical intervention.
Current medications:
Famotidine 2.8 mg IV Q 12 H (1 mg/kg/day)
Piperacillintazobactam 560 mg IV Q 8 H (300 mg/kg/day)
Acetaminophen 80 mg GT Q 6 H PRN fever >38°C or pain score 4–6 (14 mg/kg/dose) Morphine 0.6 mg IV Q 4 H PRN pain score 7–10 (0.1 mg/kg/dose)
TPN 10% dextrose + 2 g/kg/day amino acid IV Lipid emulsion 1 g/kg/day IV
On hospital day 2, the following laboratory results were obtained:
Na 141 mEq/L K 3.1 mEq/L Cl 108 mEq/L CO2 21 mEq/L BUN 31 mg/dL SCr 0.6 mg/dL Glu 140 mg/dL Calcium 8.0 mg/dL
Total protein 5.1 g/dL Albumin 1.7 g/dL Total bilirubin 0.8 mg/dL Alk phos 304 U/L ALT 239 U/L AST 600 U/L
WBC 1.4 × 103/mm3 Neutrophils 17%
Immature neutrophils 23%
Lymphocytes 53%
Monocytes 7%
Hgb 7.4 g/dL Hct 22%
Plt 37 × 103/mm3
Anaerobic Culture—Final
Source: Peritoneal cavity
Gram stain: many WBC, many gramnegative rods, few grampositive rods
Light growth Klebsiella pneumoniae
Light growth Proteus mirabilis
Light growth Bacteroides fragilis
Antimicrobial Susceptibility (mcg/mL)
Klebsiella Pneumoniae Proteus Mirabilis
Amikacin S ≤16 S ≤16
Ampicillin R >16 S ≤8
Ampicillin/Sulbactam S 8/4 S N/A
Aztreonam S ≤4 S ≤4
Cefazolin S ≤4 S 4
Cefepime S ≤2 S ≤2
Cefotaxime S ≤2 S ≤2
Ceftazidime S ≤1 S ≤1
Ceftriaxone S ≤1 S ≤1
Cefuroxime S ≤4 S ≤4
Ciprofloxacin S ≤1 S ≤1
Ertapenem S ≤0.5 S ≤0.5
Gentamicin S ≤1 S ≤1
Imipenem S ≤0.5 N/A N/A
Levofloxacin S ≤0.25 S ≤0.25
Meropenem S ≤1 S ≤1
Piperacillin/Tazobactam S ≤4 S ≤4
Tetracycline S ≤4 R >8
Tigecycline S ≤2 N/A N/A
Tobramycin S ≤1 S ≤1
Trimethoprim/Sulfa S ≤2/38 R >2/38
FOLLOWUP QUESTIONs
1 . What is the likely cause of the elevated liver enzymes, increasing creatinine, and cytopenia in this patient?
2 . Now that the patient is fully fluid resuscitated and hemodynamically stable, calculate the appropriate maintenance fluid rate.
3 . What changes should be made to the patient’s medication therapy based on the most recent results?
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Describe the challenges involved in managing parenteral nutrition in this patient.
2 . Write an evidencebased paper outlining the role of corticosteroid therapy in pediatric septic shock.
CLINICAL PEARL
Children remain normotensive until very late in shock making blood pressure an unreliable indicator of perfusion status. Clinicians should carefully evaluate children for other signs of shock such as tachycardia, decreased or weak pulses, altered mental status, oliguria, pale mottled skin, and slow capillary refill. If clinical signs of poor perfusion are present, appropriate fluid resuscitation and inotropic therapy should be initiated immediately.
Hypotension in a septic child is a sign of impending cardiovascular collapse and must be addressed emergently.
REFERENCES
Davis AL, Carcillo JA, Aneja RK, et al. American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for Hemodynamic Support of Pediatric and Neonatal Septic Shock. Crit Care Med 2017;45(6):1061–1093. [PubMed: 28509730]
Sterling SA, Miller WR, Pryor J, Puskarich MA, Jones AE. The impact of timing of antibiotics on outcomes in severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Crit Care Med 2015;43(9):1907–1915. [PubMed: 26121073]
Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intraabdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(2):133–164. [PubMed: 20034345]
American Academy of Pediatrics. Tables of Antibacterial Drug Dosages. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2018 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics 2018:914–932.
Ventura AM, Shieh HH, Bousso A, et al. Doubleblind prospective randomized controlled trial of dopamine versus epinephrine as firstline vasoactive drugs in pediatric septic shock. Crit Care Med 2015;43(11):2292–2302. [PubMed: 26323041]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger, United States, 2018. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/child/018yrschildcombinedschedule.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2018.
Levine SR, Cohen MR, Blanchard NR, et al. Guidelines for preventing medication errors in pediatrics. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2001;6:426–442.
Meyers RS. Pediatric fluid and electrolyte therapy. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2009;14(4):204–211. [PubMed: 23055905]
Schwartz GJ, Work DF. Measurement and estimation of GFR in children and adolescents. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4(11):1832–1843. [PubMed:
19820136]
University of San Carlos.
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2022824 4:36 A Your IP is 131.226.67.168
Chapter 6: Pediatrics: The Case of Baby’s Busted Belly Level III, Franklin R. Huggins
©2022 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
Page 2 / 8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 6: Pediatrics: The Case of Baby’s Busted Belly Level III Franklin R. Huggins
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Use ageappropriate assessment parameters to recognize septic shock in a pediatric patient.
Design an evidencebased pharmacotherapy plan for the child in septic shock, including medications, dosing, and monitoring.
Determine the pediatric patient’s fluid and electrolyte requirements and make therapeutically sound recommendations for repletion.
Use appropriate metrics to monitor the progress of the sick child and adjust therapy as indicated.
Employ specific techniques to ensure that medications are deployed safely for pediatric patients.
Recommend ageappropriate vaccinations for children.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
Mother reports vomiting, poor feeding, and fever in her 15monthold adopted son.
HPI
David Williams is a 15monthold boy who weighs 5.6 kg. He presents today with his foster mother, who reports poor oral intake, vomiting, and fever for 1 day. The patient underwent reversal of a colostomy and placement of a gastrostomy tube 5 days ago and was discharged home with foster mother 2 days ago. Yesterday he had four episodes of vomiting and was unable to retain any of the Gtube feedings. The foster mother took him to the PCP where he was found to be lethargic, ill appearing, and febrile, which prompted his admission directly to the pediatric intensive care unit.
PMH
Vaginal delivery at 35 weeks’ gestation No prenatal care
Intrauterine growth restriction Birth hypoxia
Imperforate anus requiring colostomy on second day of life Single kidney
Bilateral undescended testes
Neonatal abstinence syndrome requiring a 12day morphine taper Colostomy reversal and gastrostomy tube placement 5 days PTA Failure to thrive
Immunizations: hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine administered at birth; DTaP, IPV, HepB, Hib, PCV13 administered 2 months PTA
FH
Unavailable
SH
The patient was referred to Child Protective Services at birth because of lack of prenatal care and prenatal drug exposure. He was lost to followup by them until 2 months ago when he presented to the PCP for the first time since birth with severe failure to thrive (weight and weightforheight below 1%
of expected). He was transferred to the custody of the current foster family at that time who, by report of the PCP, are appropriately attentive and have addressed the patient’s healthcare needs appropriately. Foster mother at bedside and appropriately concerned.
Current Meds
Omeprazole suspension 10 mg GT daily
Pediatric multivitamin with iron 1 mL GT daily
All
NKDA
ROS (as reported by foster mother)
ConstitutionalFoster mother affirms that the child, although normally nonverbal, is more lethargic and unresponsive than normal. The patient has not walked but rolls himself.
HEENT
Oral secretions well controlled. Denies history of rhinitis, allergies, or ear infections. The patient ordinarily tracks visually and responds to verbal cues.
Respiratory
Denies SOB, coughing Cardiovascular
Echocardiogram and ECG normal at birth Gastrointestinal
Gtube feeding dependent. Prior to Gtube placement oral feeds attempted with very limited success, usually less than an ounce per feeding, leading to failure to thrive. The patient tolerated continuous Gtube feeds of 30 kcal/oz formula at 25 mL/hr in the hospital on the day prior to discharge but vomited repeatedly at home leading to current admission. Stooled during previous admission but not at home.
Genitourinary
No wet diapers since yesterday. Follows with nephrology for single kidney. Evaluated by pediatric endocrinology for undescended testes and small penis who proposed a trial of βhCG. If fails, will require orchiopexy.
Physical Examination
G e nIll appearing, mottled child who is floppy, lethargic, and barely responsive to painful stimuli V S
BP 114/66, HR 148, RR 36, current temperature 40.2°C, O2 saturation 95%, height 69 cm, weight 5.6 kg Skin
Cool, pale, mottled, and dry HEENT
Eyes sunken, PERRLA, tympanic membranes normal, mucous membranes dry Neck/Lymph Nodes
Supple, nontender, no masses, no lymphadenopathy, no bruit, no JVD Chest
Tachypneic, clear to auscultation and percussion CV
Tachycardic, monitor shows NSR, no murmur, gallop or edema, no peripheral pulses, central pulses weak, capillary refill 6 seconds A b d
Soft, nondistended, no masses, (+) rebound tenderness globally, no bowel sounds appreciated. Gtube in place with no erythema or drainage. Surgical scar in LLQ.
Genit/Rect
Tanner stage I, bilateral undescended testes Ext
Flaccid, pale, cold extremities Neuro
Lethargic, responds to painful stimuli, cranial nerves intact, reflexes intact Laboratory Values
Na 135 mEq/L K 4.7 mEq/L Cl 101 mEq/L CO2 20 mEq/L BUN 39 mg/dL SCr 0.3 mg/dL Glu 53 mg/dL Calcium 7.6 mg/dL
Total protein 5.9 g/dL Albumin 2.1 g/dL Total bilirubin 0.7 mg/dL Alk phos 365 U/L ALT 192 U/L AST 521 U/L
WBC 1.6 × 103/mm3 Neutrophils 8%
Immature neutrophils 36%
Lymphocytes 51%
Monocytes 5%
Hgb 10.5 g/dL Hct 30%
Plt 62 × 103/mm3
Imaging
Radiograph abdomen two view: Nonspecific gaseous distention of stomach and loops of bowel in the lower abdomen and right upper quadrant.
No discernible evidence of free air. No acute osseous abnormalities. Gtube.
Ultrasound abdomen limited: Focused ultrasound of the left hemiabdomen identifies complicated extraluminal fluid in the upper abdomen, particularly the left upper quadrant. It is seen adjacent to the spleen and likely insinuating itself around the stomach. Internal debris and
septations are noted. Stoolfilled portions of the colon are seen in the left hemiabdomen. While there is no definite fluid collection or sonographic abnormality in the right hemiabdomen, the patient was very tender in the right hemiabdomen during realtime imaging.
Assessment
Critically ill child with sepsis and septic shock secondary to presumptive peritonitis, failure to thrive secondary to malnutrition, and underimmunization.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of septic shock?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of septic shock based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
2.c. How does the evidence supporting a diagnosis of septic shock in this patient differ from an adult patient?
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible therapeutic alternatives are available for treating pediatric septic shock?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance compliance, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
4.c. What pediatricspecific medication practices should be applied in this case to prevent adverse outcomes of medication therapy?
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects for the regimen you recommended?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate timeframes to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE
After initial stabilization, the patient was taken to the operating room for an exploratory laparotomy that revealed failure of the colostomy repair from 5 days ago. The abdomen was found to be filled with fluid, stool, and pus. The abdomen was extensively irrigated and cultures sent. The colostomy was recreated, and the patient returned to the ICU with the abdomen open to facilitate further surgical intervention.
Current medications:
Famotidine 2.8 mg IV Q 12 H (1 mg/kg/day)
Piperacillintazobactam 560 mg IV Q 8 H (300 mg/kg/day)
Acetaminophen 80 mg GT Q 6 H PRN fever >38°C or pain score 4–6 (14 mg/kg/dose) Morphine 0.6 mg IV Q 4 H PRN pain score 7–10 (0.1 mg/kg/dose)
TPN 10% dextrose + 2 g/kg/day amino acid IV Lipid emulsion 1 g/kg/day IV
On hospital day 2, the following laboratory results were obtained:
Na 141 mEq/L K 3.1 mEq/L Cl 108 mEq/L CO2 21 mEq/L BUN 31 mg/dL SCr 0.6 mg/dL Glu 140 mg/dL Calcium 8.0 mg/dL
Total protein 5.1 g/dL Albumin 1.7 g/dL Total bilirubin 0.8 mg/dL Alk phos 304 U/L ALT 239 U/L AST 600 U/L
WBC 1.4 × 103/mm3 Neutrophils 17%
Immature neutrophils 23%
Lymphocytes 53%
Monocytes 7%
Hgb 7.4 g/dL Hct 22%
Plt 37 × 103/mm3
Anaerobic Culture—Final
Source: Peritoneal cavity
Gram stain: many WBC, many gramnegative rods, few grampositive rods
Light growth Klebsiella pneumoniae
Light growth Proteus mirabilis
Light growth Bacteroides fragilis
Antimicrobial Susceptibility (mcg/mL)
Klebsiella Pneumoniae Proteus Mirabilis
Amikacin S ≤16 S ≤16
Ampicillin R >16 S ≤8
Ampicillin/Sulbactam S 8/4 S N/A
Aztreonam S ≤4 S ≤4
Cefazolin S ≤4 S 4
Cefepime S ≤2 S ≤2
Cefotaxime S ≤2 S ≤2
Ceftazidime S ≤1 S ≤1
Ceftriaxone S ≤1 S ≤1
Cefuroxime S ≤4 S ≤4
Ciprofloxacin S ≤1 S ≤1
Ertapenem S ≤0.5 S ≤0.5
Gentamicin S ≤1 S ≤1
Imipenem S ≤0.5 N/A N/A
Levofloxacin S ≤0.25 S ≤0.25
Meropenem S ≤1 S ≤1
Piperacillin/Tazobactam S ≤4 S ≤4
Tetracycline S ≤4 R >8
Tigecycline S ≤2 N/A N/A
Tobramycin S ≤1 S ≤1
Trimethoprim/Sulfa S ≤2/38 R >2/38
FOLLOWUP QUESTIONs
1 . What is the likely cause of the elevated liver enzymes, increasing creatinine, and cytopenia in this patient?
2 . Now that the patient is fully fluid resuscitated and hemodynamically stable, calculate the appropriate maintenance fluid rate.
3 . What changes should be made to the patient’s medication therapy based on the most recent results?
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Describe the challenges involved in managing parenteral nutrition in this patient.
2 . Write an evidencebased paper outlining the role of corticosteroid therapy in pediatric septic shock.
CLINICAL PEARL
Children remain normotensive until very late in shock making blood pressure an unreliable indicator of perfusion status. Clinicians should carefully evaluate children for other signs of shock such as tachycardia, decreased or weak pulses, altered mental status, oliguria, pale mottled skin, and slow capillary refill. If clinical signs of poor perfusion are present, appropriate fluid resuscitation and inotropic therapy should be initiated immediately.
Hypotension in a septic child is a sign of impending cardiovascular collapse and must be addressed emergently.
REFERENCES
Davis AL, Carcillo JA, Aneja RK, et al. American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for Hemodynamic Support of Pediatric and Neonatal Septic Shock. Crit Care Med 2017;45(6):1061–1093. [PubMed: 28509730]
Sterling SA, Miller WR, Pryor J, Puskarich MA, Jones AE. The impact of timing of antibiotics on outcomes in severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Crit Care Med 2015;43(9):1907–1915. [PubMed: 26121073]
Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intraabdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(2):133–164. [PubMed: 20034345]
American Academy of Pediatrics. Tables of Antibacterial Drug Dosages. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2018 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics 2018:914–932.
Ventura AM, Shieh HH, Bousso A, et al. Doubleblind prospective randomized controlled trial of dopamine versus epinephrine as firstline vasoactive drugs in pediatric septic shock. Crit Care Med 2015;43(11):2292–2302. [PubMed: 26323041]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger, United States, 2018. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/child/018yrschildcombinedschedule.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2018.
Levine SR, Cohen MR, Blanchard NR, et al. Guidelines for preventing medication errors in pediatrics. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2001;6:426–442.
Meyers RS. Pediatric fluid and electrolyte therapy. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2009;14(4):204–211. [PubMed: 23055905]
Schwartz GJ, Work DF. Measurement and estimation of GFR in children and adolescents. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4(11):1832–1843. [PubMed:
19820136]
Aronoff GR, Bennett WM, Berns JS, et al. Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians; 2007.
University of San Carlos.
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2022824 4:36 A Your IP is 131.226.67.168
Chapter 6: Pediatrics: The Case of Baby’s Busted Belly Level III, Franklin R. Huggins
©2022 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
Page 3 / 8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 6: Pediatrics: The Case of Baby’s Busted Belly Level III Franklin R. Huggins
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Use ageappropriate assessment parameters to recognize septic shock in a pediatric patient.
Design an evidencebased pharmacotherapy plan for the child in septic shock, including medications, dosing, and monitoring.
Determine the pediatric patient’s fluid and electrolyte requirements and make therapeutically sound recommendations for repletion.
Use appropriate metrics to monitor the progress of the sick child and adjust therapy as indicated.
Employ specific techniques to ensure that medications are deployed safely for pediatric patients.
Recommend ageappropriate vaccinations for children.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
Mother reports vomiting, poor feeding, and fever in her 15monthold adopted son.
HPI
David Williams is a 15monthold boy who weighs 5.6 kg. He presents today with his foster mother, who reports poor oral intake, vomiting, and fever for 1 day. The patient underwent reversal of a colostomy and placement of a gastrostomy tube 5 days ago and was discharged home with foster mother 2 days ago. Yesterday he had four episodes of vomiting and was unable to retain any of the Gtube feedings. The foster mother took him to the PCP where he was found to be lethargic, ill appearing, and febrile, which prompted his admission directly to the pediatric intensive care unit.
PMH
Vaginal delivery at 35 weeks’ gestation No prenatal care
Intrauterine growth restriction Birth hypoxia
Imperforate anus requiring colostomy on second day of life Single kidney
Bilateral undescended testes
Neonatal abstinence syndrome requiring a 12day morphine taper Colostomy reversal and gastrostomy tube placement 5 days PTA Failure to thrive
Immunizations: hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine administered at birth; DTaP, IPV, HepB, Hib, PCV13 administered 2 months PTA
FH
Unavailable
SH
The patient was referred to Child Protective Services at birth because of lack of prenatal care and prenatal drug exposure. He was lost to followup by them until 2 months ago when he presented to the PCP for the first time since birth with severe failure to thrive (weight and weightforheight below 1%
of expected). He was transferred to the custody of the current foster family at that time who, by report of the PCP, are appropriately attentive and have addressed the patient’s healthcare needs appropriately. Foster mother at bedside and appropriately concerned.
Current Meds
Omeprazole suspension 10 mg GT daily
Pediatric multivitamin with iron 1 mL GT daily
All
NKDA
ROS (as reported by foster mother)
ConstitutionalFoster mother affirms that the child, although normally nonverbal, is more lethargic and unresponsive than normal. The patient has not walked but rolls himself.
HEENT
Oral secretions well controlled. Denies history of rhinitis, allergies, or ear infections. The patient ordinarily tracks visually and responds to verbal cues.
Respiratory
Denies SOB, coughing Cardiovascular
Echocardiogram and ECG normal at birth Gastrointestinal
Gtube feeding dependent. Prior to Gtube placement oral feeds attempted with very limited success, usually less than an ounce per feeding, leading to failure to thrive. The patient tolerated continuous Gtube feeds of 30 kcal/oz formula at 25 mL/hr in the hospital on the day prior to discharge but vomited repeatedly at home leading to current admission. Stooled during previous admission but not at home.
Genitourinary
No wet diapers since yesterday. Follows with nephrology for single kidney. Evaluated by pediatric endocrinology for undescended testes and small penis who proposed a trial of βhCG. If fails, will require orchiopexy.
Physical Examination
G e nIll appearing, mottled child who is floppy, lethargic, and barely responsive to painful stimuli V S
BP 114/66, HR 148, RR 36, current temperature 40.2°C, O2 saturation 95%, height 69 cm, weight 5.6 kg Skin
Cool, pale, mottled, and dry HEENT
Eyes sunken, PERRLA, tympanic membranes normal, mucous membranes dry Neck/Lymph Nodes
Supple, nontender, no masses, no lymphadenopathy, no bruit, no JVD Chest
Tachypneic, clear to auscultation and percussion CV
Tachycardic, monitor shows NSR, no murmur, gallop or edema, no peripheral pulses, central pulses weak, capillary refill 6 seconds A b d
Soft, nondistended, no masses, (+) rebound tenderness globally, no bowel sounds appreciated. Gtube in place with no erythema or drainage. Surgical scar in LLQ.
Genit/Rect
Tanner stage I, bilateral undescended testes Ext
Flaccid, pale, cold extremities Neuro
Lethargic, responds to painful stimuli, cranial nerves intact, reflexes intact Laboratory Values
Na 135 mEq/L K 4.7 mEq/L Cl 101 mEq/L CO2 20 mEq/L BUN 39 mg/dL SCr 0.3 mg/dL Glu 53 mg/dL Calcium 7.6 mg/dL
Total protein 5.9 g/dL Albumin 2.1 g/dL Total bilirubin 0.7 mg/dL Alk phos 365 U/L ALT 192 U/L AST 521 U/L
WBC 1.6 × 103/mm3 Neutrophils 8%
Immature neutrophils 36%
Lymphocytes 51%
Monocytes 5%
Hgb 10.5 g/dL Hct 30%
Plt 62 × 103/mm3
Imaging
Radiograph abdomen two view: Nonspecific gaseous distention of stomach and loops of bowel in the lower abdomen and right upper quadrant.
No discernible evidence of free air. No acute osseous abnormalities. Gtube.
Ultrasound abdomen limited: Focused ultrasound of the left hemiabdomen identifies complicated extraluminal fluid in the upper abdomen, particularly the left upper quadrant. It is seen adjacent to the spleen and likely insinuating itself around the stomach. Internal debris and
septations are noted. Stoolfilled portions of the colon are seen in the left hemiabdomen. While there is no definite fluid collection or sonographic abnormality in the right hemiabdomen, the patient was very tender in the right hemiabdomen during realtime imaging.
Assessment
Critically ill child with sepsis and septic shock secondary to presumptive peritonitis, failure to thrive secondary to malnutrition, and underimmunization.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of septic shock?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of septic shock based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
2.c. How does the evidence supporting a diagnosis of septic shock in this patient differ from an adult patient?
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible therapeutic alternatives are available for treating pediatric septic shock?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance compliance, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
4.c. What pediatricspecific medication practices should be applied in this case to prevent adverse outcomes of medication therapy?
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects for the regimen you recommended?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate timeframes to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE
After initial stabilization, the patient was taken to the operating room for an exploratory laparotomy that revealed failure of the colostomy repair from 5 days ago. The abdomen was found to be filled with fluid, stool, and pus. The abdomen was extensively irrigated and cultures sent. The colostomy was recreated, and the patient returned to the ICU with the abdomen open to facilitate further surgical intervention.
Current medications:
Famotidine 2.8 mg IV Q 12 H (1 mg/kg/day)
Piperacillintazobactam 560 mg IV Q 8 H (300 mg/kg/day)
Acetaminophen 80 mg GT Q 6 H PRN fever >38°C or pain score 4–6 (14 mg/kg/dose) Morphine 0.6 mg IV Q 4 H PRN pain score 7–10 (0.1 mg/kg/dose)
TPN 10% dextrose + 2 g/kg/day amino acid IV Lipid emulsion 1 g/kg/day IV
On hospital day 2, the following laboratory results were obtained:
Na 141 mEq/L K 3.1 mEq/L Cl 108 mEq/L CO2 21 mEq/L BUN 31 mg/dL SCr 0.6 mg/dL Glu 140 mg/dL Calcium 8.0 mg/dL
Total protein 5.1 g/dL Albumin 1.7 g/dL Total bilirubin 0.8 mg/dL Alk phos 304 U/L ALT 239 U/L AST 600 U/L
WBC 1.4 × 103/mm3 Neutrophils 17%
Immature neutrophils 23%
Lymphocytes 53%
Monocytes 7%
Hgb 7.4 g/dL Hct 22%
Plt 37 × 103/mm3
Anaerobic Culture—Final
Source: Peritoneal cavity
Gram stain: many WBC, many gramnegative rods, few grampositive rods
Light growth Klebsiella pneumoniae
Light growth Proteus mirabilis
Light growth Bacteroides fragilis
Antimicrobial Susceptibility (mcg/mL)
Klebsiella Pneumoniae Proteus Mirabilis
Amikacin S ≤16 S ≤16
Ampicillin R >16 S ≤8
Ampicillin/Sulbactam S 8/4 S N/A
Aztreonam S ≤4 S ≤4
Cefazolin S ≤4 S 4
Cefepime S ≤2 S ≤2
Cefotaxime S ≤2 S ≤2
Ceftazidime S ≤1 S ≤1
Ceftriaxone S ≤1 S ≤1
Cefuroxime S ≤4 S ≤4
Ciprofloxacin S ≤1 S ≤1
Ertapenem S ≤0.5 S ≤0.5
Gentamicin S ≤1 S ≤1
Imipenem S ≤0.5 N/A N/A
Levofloxacin S ≤0.25 S ≤0.25
Meropenem S ≤1 S ≤1
Piperacillin/Tazobactam S ≤4 S ≤4
Tetracycline S ≤4 R >8
Tigecycline S ≤2 N/A N/A
Tobramycin S ≤1 S ≤1
Trimethoprim/Sulfa S ≤2/38 R >2/38
FOLLOWUP QUESTIONs
1 . What is the likely cause of the elevated liver enzymes, increasing creatinine, and cytopenia in this patient?
2 . Now that the patient is fully fluid resuscitated and hemodynamically stable, calculate the appropriate maintenance fluid rate.
3 . What changes should be made to the patient’s medication therapy based on the most recent results?
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Describe the challenges involved in managing parenteral nutrition in this patient.
2 . Write an evidencebased paper outlining the role of corticosteroid therapy in pediatric septic shock.
CLINICAL PEARL
Children remain normotensive until very late in shock making blood pressure an unreliable indicator of perfusion status. Clinicians should carefully evaluate children for other signs of shock such as tachycardia, decreased or weak pulses, altered mental status, oliguria, pale mottled skin, and slow capillary refill. If clinical signs of poor perfusion are present, appropriate fluid resuscitation and inotropic therapy should be initiated immediately.
Hypotension in a septic child is a sign of impending cardiovascular collapse and must be addressed emergently.
REFERENCES
Davis AL, Carcillo JA, Aneja RK, et al. American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for Hemodynamic Support of Pediatric and Neonatal Septic Shock. Crit Care Med 2017;45(6):1061–1093. [PubMed: 28509730]
Sterling SA, Miller WR, Pryor J, Puskarich MA, Jones AE. The impact of timing of antibiotics on outcomes in severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Crit Care Med 2015;43(9):1907–1915. [PubMed: 26121073]
Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intraabdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(2):133–164. [PubMed: 20034345]
American Academy of Pediatrics. Tables of Antibacterial Drug Dosages. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2018 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics 2018:914–932.
Ventura AM, Shieh HH, Bousso A, et al. Doubleblind prospective randomized controlled trial of dopamine versus epinephrine as firstline vasoactive drugs in pediatric septic shock. Crit Care Med 2015;43(11):2292–2302. [PubMed: 26323041]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger, United States, 2018. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/child/018yrschildcombinedschedule.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2018.
Levine SR, Cohen MR, Blanchard NR, et al. Guidelines for preventing medication errors in pediatrics. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2001;6:426–442.
Meyers RS. Pediatric fluid and electrolyte therapy. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2009;14(4):204–211. [PubMed: 23055905]
Schwartz GJ, Work DF. Measurement and estimation of GFR in children and adolescents. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4(11):1832–1843. [PubMed:
19820136]
Aronoff GR, Bennett WM, Berns JS, et al. Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians; 2007.
University of San Carlos.
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2022824 4:36 A Your IP is 131.226.67.168
Chapter 6: Pediatrics: The Case of Baby’s Busted Belly Level III, Franklin R. Huggins
©2022 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
Page 4 / 8