CHAPTER TWO THEORETICAL REVIEW
To help the writer do her thesis, this chapter has three parts there are previous study, the review of the theory used, and the theoretical framework. This part will discuss previous studies and how theory can apply in this paper. This chapter has function of helping the writer to guide new research finding.
2.1 Previous Studies
Efrilia and Setiawan (Efrilia & Setiawan, 2020) in their research entitled Khaled Hosseini's World View on Afghanistan Society Depicted In A Thousand Splendid Suns discusses Khaled Hosseini's point of view towards Afghanistan. The paper focused on the social facts influenced by Hosseini's point of view. Several narrative statements also portrayed how Taliban women difficult to get formal education except learning Quran, some quotations are also applied in this paper too as finding support. This study can contribute to give knowledge on the application of Goldman’s genetic structuralism, while the data material will apply different object, film.
Heaverly and Kasih (Heaverly & EWK, 2020) in the journal entitled Jane Austen's View on the Industrial Revolution in Pride and Prejudice applied genetic structuralism theory by Lucien Goldmann to analyze the novel. This paper discusses Jane Austen's point of view towards England when the industrial revolution occurs,
through Pride and Prejudice novel. Jane portrays the inheritance system as the wrong implementation such as early marriage and it causes an industrial revolution.
Using structuralism theory finally, the writer can conclude that Pride and Prejudice novel as the way Jane Austen's view her life when industrial revolution occurred.
Finally, this paper can contribute as the sample of how to analyze genetic structuralism study, and give more understanding on structuralism theory.
Nuzulia et.al (Nuzulia et al., 2019) in their journal article entitled The Analysis of Laskar Pelangi Movie by Andrea Hirta Using Theory Structuralism portrays value in Laskar Pelangi that appears inside the movie. The producer and director for Laskar Pelangi movie want to portray social things from the movie that contain several problems in our countries appears such as the right things, education, social reality, and stuff. To analyze the movie, the writer uses structuralism theory and qualitative methods to analyze the data. The writer also put several quotations from the novel as social facts that appear in our society. From their analysis, the writer concludes that this movie has several values that represent Indonesia's condition such as in the education field, humanity values, democracy, and morals. At last, the paper contribute the give more understanding on structuralism theory, while this study will focus on Goldman’s genetic structuralism in different object, film.
Lismalinda and Rizka (Lismalinda & Rizka, 2021) in their journal entitled Structure and Worldviews in 'Anna Karenina' Film: A Study of Genetic Structuralism tries to describe the world point of view of feminism-liberal. Based on the conclusion of the journal, that the social structure of the bourgeoisie was more dominant, society at that
time believed that it was Russian women who hindered the development of family material life in the material sphere. Anna views that how patriarchal system applies in society. Finally this paper can contribute to the sample of how to analyze genetic structuralism in the film. While the study is considered different as the object material applies different movie.
Priyono (Priyono, 2019) in his thesis entitled J.D Salinger's Worldview as Reflected in the Catcher in the Rye: A Genetic Structuralism Analysis tries to observe the point of view of JD Salinger. Based on several aspects, the writer concludes that the story contained in the novel describes America at that time.
Based on the social and cultural conditions in America, the author finally looks at the social structure and homology in the novel. At that time the social conditions in America were almost similar to the social and cultural conditions described in the novel, almost the entire storyline was also written based on the author's experience and what he saw around him, therefore through the theory of genetic structuralism it can be concluded that the homology between what is what happens in real life with what is told in the novel.
2.2 Sociological of Literature
This study applied sociological approach as the discussion focuses on the social background, changes and social development of a work. Additionally, the primary purpose of literary works is to entertain and educate the audience; in other words, audiences gain knowledge from the works (Efrilia & Setiawan, 2020). Sociology of literature depends on the existence of the social background, changes and social
development of the literary work itself. To comprehend the message contained within a literary works, audiences must correlate several factors (Efrilia & Setiawan, 2020). For this reason, the discussion of the sociology of literature will focus on three things: the sociology of the author, the social content of the work itself, and the influence of literature on society (Wellek & Warren, 1949). This is understandable because every writer is a member of society, it is very possible for a writer to learn things around him, including himself as a social being. Such as a biography which is the basic source, then this can be extended to various aspects such as the environment in which he lived and came from. This can encourage the writer to collect data about the social origin, family background, and social class position of the writer. The second point is the social content of literary works as a reflection of social reality in other words social content also retells the reality that occurs in society.
Third, the influence of literature on society can be defined as the extent of the social impact on the audience who enjoys the literary work.
Literature is a social institution, where language is used as a medium language, a social creation (Wellek & Warren, 1949). It means that literature represents life while most of life is social reality, the relationship between literature and society is usually discussed with De Bonald's expression that literature is an expression of society, although not all writers express their reality completely. On his memoir, Swingwood stated that sociology is the scientific and objective study of people in society, the study of social institutions and processes. Sociology tries to answer questions about how society is, perhaps how it works, and why society survive (Laurenson & Swingewood, 1972). As previously explained, the sociology of
literature is an approach to understanding, analyzing a work by paying attention to social aspects. So from the point of view of the sociology of literature, literature is something that can be understood its existence and its relation to aspects of society.
Literature is calculated as a cultural phenomenon and a product of society, which means that in creating a literary work it cannot be separated from the society in which they live, so that what is described is a form of reality that occurs in society.
Sociology and literary works have a very close relationship, this can happen because literary works and the phenomena that occur have a mutualistic relationship. A work that is created is the result of the reciprocal relationship between the work itself and sociology, sociology of literature plays an important role in understanding social situations, political issues and world views. There are three classifications of the sociological approach.
The first is the sociology of authors which contains social status, political ideology, and all things related to the author. Laurenson and Swingwood explain that this approach has a relationship with the author's social experience and the author's response to the system that has been created by the environment in which he lives.
the author will produce a work that is inspired by events that occur in the community where he lives (Laurenson & Swingewood, 1972) As previously explained that the author is a member of the community, it means the things he can learn around will be the inspiration to create a work. The main source of an author is a biography of his own life, but his research can be extended to the background of the author, family and social class position also determine the author to make a literary work.
Second, the most popular perspective adopts the documentary aspect of literature, arguing that it provides a mirror to the age (Laurenson & Swingewood, 1972).
Sociology which contains the literary work itself contains implied meanings and aims to be expanded. From the quotation above, it can be concluded that the things implied in literary and public relations works are social documents, as evidence of the occurrence of social reality. In this perspective, literature is also concluded as a direct reflection of various social structures
Third, this asks the author to explore how a literary work can be accepted by certain people at certain historical moments (Laurenson & Swingewood, 1972). Sociology which contains about the audience and social influence on society. In this perspective, sociology readers try to understand how a literary work can be accepted by society in certain events. This can be seen from the response of readers in the sociology of literature in terms of literature as a social creature that functions as an expression of exploring the reader's imaginary.
From the three Laurenson & Swingewood perspectives above, it can be concluded that the author uses the first perspective, which is to view literary works as the sociology of the author which aims to analyze the author's sociology in the form of his views. Thus it can be said that the sociology of literature studies the relationship between the author, literature, and society. Sociology of literary works studies the social content, impact, and impact and purpose of literary works.
2.3 Genetic Structuralism
Genetic structuralism is a theory created by Lucien Goldmann, a French philosopher and sociologist. According to Goldmann, genetic structuralism asserts that structures, being a universal aspect of all human thought, sensibility, or behaviour, could in no instance replace man as a historical subject (Goldmann, 1980). It can be concluded that the background and real-life that occurs can affect the making of literary works.
Literary works must have links and relationships with historical subjects, not with subjects outside history (Goldmann, 1980). It means that literary works have a close relationship with historical background.
Goldmann in (Heaverly & EWK, 2020) emphasizes a point about the sociological approach that places importance on social phenomena. There is a relationship between literary works and scope. The similarity between the structure of literary works and the society in which the author lives can be interpreted that the creation of literary works cannot be separated from the interference of social and historical conditions.
According to Goldmann, besides being absolute, literary works are also inseparable from extrinsic elements. Indirectly, Goldmann concluded that literature is a representation of the past. Goldmann also concludes that the theory of genetic structuralism has two main frameworks: the relationship between literary elements and other elements is the same, and the relationship between the two elements is interconnected. Therefore, most writers suggest a collective worldview, namely a view that is not reality but a reflection expressed imaginatively (Endraswara, 2011).
Goldman asserts that literary work is a structure but a structure that is not static (Faruk, 2015). Literary works result from ongoing historical processes, the manufacturing process, and the fusion process enjoyed by the community from the origin of the literary work. As the basis of the theory put forward, Goldman developed an interrelated theory called genetic structuralism which is a form of a valid statement with reality. The statement can be absolute if it contains a description of a systematic order of life, which is based on reality, systematic ideas about how to understand or know reality (Faruk, 2015).
Genetic structuralism has a broader meaning in the development of the human sciences in general. Goldmann stated that humans would not be replaced as historical subjects in terms of structure, including the structure of human thought, behaviour, and emotions (Goldmann, 1980) . However, genetic structuralism still prioritizes structural aspects. Both internal and external structures are still considered essential for understanding literary works. Based on the opinions of several experts regarding genetic structuralism, it can be concluded that genetic structuralism is a theory that refers to literary works as a dynamic structure and results from the creation of human intellectual initiatives based on the creative process. The results of human thoughts are formed based on social relations between humans concerning society's social environment with certain social conditions. Various events that occur in the social environment affect the unity of the structure of the literary work itself. Lucien Goldmann initiated the genetic- structuralism theory, consisting of human facts, collective subjects, and world views.
2.3.1 Human Fact
The first basic principle of genetic structuralism is that human facts must be related to the behavior of a subject in order to be understood (Goldmann, 1980). It's mean that literature such as phenomena that's come because of human actions. Literary work doesn't appear anyway but it needs human intervention inside, actually, it's not much different from the other human fact that created by humans with certain aims.
2.3.2 Collective Subjects
Literature is also valued as a human fact, as explained earlier. Literary works are not phenomena that occur naturally, but literary works are the result of human activities as subjects. Goldmann calls this level intrasubjective, it is at this level that history is created. In fact, it is through the collective subject of history that it becomes possible (Goldmann, 1980).
As explained earlier, if a thing is said to be an individual fact, then the subject is also the individual itself. As well as social facts, the subject must also be social facts themselves. It also applies to social facts, if there is something called a social fact then the subject must be a trans-individual subject. The subject of trans-individual is not just an independent trans-individual, but unity and collectivity. Thus it can be concluded that social facts are the result of a collective subject activity, as Goldmann says as the subject of a great literary work. According to Goldmann, a great literary work is a literary work that reveals everything about the universe and the human groups that live in it.
2.3.3 World View
Goldmann argues that the homologous relationship between the structure of literature and the structure of society is that both are the same structural result. Goldmann stated in (Heaverly & EWK, 2020) indicate that a world view is based on historical and social facts. However, the relationship between the two structures cannot be assumed directly but can be understood through a worldview. The author's worldview is essential to the establishment of the story (Samanik, 2020). Thus, the worldview is one form of aspiration that can develop through collective subjects and cause social reactions to particular communities. Through a world view, literature can show values that have elements of life. Some studies also noted the importance of studying the writer’s life to reveal the message in literary work (Kasih, 2018;
Kasih, Adi, and Saktiningrum, 2019). These values are authentic in a literary work, where these values govern the world. Indeed, employing this concept and that of totality, the concept of worldview is also given a concrete historical basis (Goldmann, 1980).
According to Goldmann, the world view is a perspective that is a coherent and integrated concern with natural human-to-human relationships (Endraswara, 2013) from this statement, it can be concluded that a world view is a form of conscious human assumptions. Not only the relationship between humans but also the relationship between humans and nature, Goldmann argues that analyzing the world view that comes from literary works can be in the form of experiences or opinions of the author of the story that took place at that time and was seen in the literary work.
2.4 William Kamkwamba
William Kamkwamba lived in a village in Malawi at a time when the country was suffering from drought and famine (Mabro, 2009). William lives in Malawi, the country's largest corn producer. As long as the rainfall is consistent and the season is stable every year, they will grow corn and tobacco. Unfortunately, the rain that fell was very heavy and erratic, causing crop failure and flooding. After the flood subsided, no more rain fell, causing drought and crop failure. At that time the William family only harvested five sacks of wheat, and the five sacks of wheat had to be years until the next harvest season (Gwamanda, 2020).
Maize is the staple food in most Malawian households, at that time the local government made special steps for, in times of emergency, farmers could seek help and get rations from the provincial warehouse. Unfortunately, this time there was nothing left because the provincial department had sold out its wheat to pay off government debts to other countries (Gwamanda, 2020). There was nothing left for the peasants, nor did William's parents have any other choice. They decided to make the five sacks of wheat last for a year, by eating one meal per day. William was forced to leave school at the age of fourteen because his parents were unable to afford to pay school fees, besides that William was also needed to help his parents grow tobacco and corn. When everyone prayed and asked for rain because of the drought that hit Malawi, William began to think about finding a solution.
Due to there was no lighting in the Malawi area at that time, most Malawians had to go to bed around 19.00 this was what aroused William's curiosity. He started picking
up a broken radio and fiddling with it to find out how the radio worked. Another day, William invented the bicycle dynamo and began to find out how the dynamo worked to make the light turn on.
'Using Energy’ is the first book that William borrowed and changed his life, William noticed how wind and windmills can work and generate power as described in the memoir. William began to collect scrap metal, pipes, broken bicycles, and wooden poles to build a windmill. During the three months, William built the windmill, few people said that William was crazy but William kept trying to prove it. When some friends supported William, they helped William to dig a wellbore hole. When the construction was completed, the windmill pumped two tanks and flowed to provide nutrients to plants and clean water for the community.
2.4 Elements of Novel
Since every line of the story is influenced by the author's world view, critical elements such as life experiences, setting, plot, and other elements are presented based on the author's experiences (Samanik, 2020). This study elaborates elements of novel in literary works as the analysis focuses on the structure of a literary works. The elements in literary works are usually found in character, plot, theme, setting, and point of view. For complete explanation, it can be explained as follows:
2.5.1 Character
Character is recognized as the center of the story in literary works. Character represents the general traits of a person or a group (Klarer, 2004). In a literary work
character can be recognized into many kinds of traits. In literary works, a character with one dominant trait is called a flat character, while a character with a more complex nature is called a round character (Klarer, 2004). Usually, flat characters do not have a tendency to mobilize the storyline, while round characters are characters that are important to understand. As described earlier, round characters are complex and multidimensional. Round characters have a very important role to develop the story plot, and usually the readers can feel their personality, motivation, habits, behavior in round character.
2.5.2 Setting
Settings are those that indicate the location, time, and social environment (Klarer, 2004). The setting that shows the place and time usually explains the place and when the incident took place and how the character plays a role and socializes with other characters in the literary work. In an epic story, the setting will fuse with the plot, theme, character, and style so that the reader is not aware of the location of the setting.
2.5.3 Point of View
A point of view is a perspective or narrative perspective that characterizes the way a text presents people, events, and settings (Klarer, 2004). The way the writer chooses the point of view can make the audience feel about the events in the story. Point of view is a technique of how a story is told, how the audience sees characters and roles.
- The omniscient point of view. In this point of view, the author positions himself as
omniscient over everything in a story such as the character's feelings, what each character thinks. The author can see the character's behavior from various angles.
- The first point of view. Usually the writer will be one of the characters in the story and use "I" to position himself in the first person
- The third person point of view. Usually the author will put himself as a narrator, in this point of view the author will use "she", "he", "it" as a pronoun
- Central intelligence. The story will be told through one character, and usually the character has a relationship with an omniscient narrator
- The scenic. In this section the narrator positions himself as an outsider, and the story will be conveyed through dialogue.
2.5.4 Plot
A plot is a sequence of developments in a story (Rainsford, 2014). There are five important parts of the plot which are:
1. Exposition (introduction): It begins the story to introduce the characters and setting.
2. Rising Action: This section is the beginning of how conflicts arise in the story. Some conflicts that arise will be faced by the characters in the story. While the protagonist will be faced with internal and external conflicts.
3. Climax: It is the turning point of the story called the climax of the story. It has several situations and an effect that each character must accept
4. Falling action: This section is the section where the problem that occurs will gradually be resolved
5. Resolution (Conclusion): This part is the final part of a story
2.5.5 Theme
(Indriani et al., 2019) “According to Nicholas, theme in literature is an important subject experience of our public and private life such as love, death, marriage, hope, despair, and so on”. It means that the theme is a main message, and a meaning that has a literary character is created.
