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Characteristics of Solar Cells Polymer Asphalt and Rice Husk Ash
Inong Oskar1, Ferdianto Tangdililing2 Universitas Atma Jaya Makassar E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Asphalt is a complex compound which main composition consists of Hydrocarbons (compound consisting of the element carbon (C) and the element hydrogen (H)) and atoms of Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S), and Oxygen (O) in a number small. The amount of the elements contained in bitumen are as follows: Carbon (82-88%), Hydrogen (8-11%), Sulfur (0-6%), Oxygen (0-1.5%), Nitrogen (0-1%) and based on SNI 03-3644-1994 testing standards asphalt contains positive ions; Meanwhile, the chemical composition in rice husk ash contains 72.28% SiO2. The aim of this recearch is to determine the characteristics of solar panels made from polymer asphalt and rice husk ash with the addition of electrolytes from nitric acid (HNO3) and to measure how much voltage can be generated. The results showed that the solar panels made from polymer asphalt and rice husk ash with the addition of nitric acid have complex characteristics, where asphalt polymer, rice husk ash and nitric acid which have the potential to be developed and used as a solar power plant. The results of this study indicate that the resulting voltage is 1,232 V at an intensity of 2874 ~ 2892 Lux and a temperature of 42ºC. The magnitude of the increase in voltage starts from 1,057 ~ 1,232 V and the electric current obtained is 0.1A when receiving sunlight. When compared with the total of each material, the voltage increase to 77% or 0.279 V.
Keywords: Characteristics, Polymer Asphalt, Rice Husk Ash, Solar Cells.
INTRODUCTION
It is undeniable that energy is the backbone of the world economy. Indonesia is a relatively high energy producer and user in line with population growth. The share of energy use in 2012 was the industrial sector 34.8%, followed by households with 30.7%, transportation 28.8%, commercial 3.3%, and others 2.4% [1]. The potential for solar energy in Indonesia is very large, namely around 4.8 KWh / m2 or equivalent to 112,000 GWp, but only 10 MWp has been utilized. Currently, the government has issued a road map for solar energy utilization, which measures the PLTS installed until 2025 at 0.87 GW or around 50 MWp / year. This number is an illustration of a large enough market potential in the development of solar energy in the future [2]. Electrical energy can be generated by converting sunlight through a
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process known as photovoltaic (PV). The photo shows the light and the voltaic tax to the voltage [3]. Currently the development of PLTS (Solar Power Plant) in Indonesia has a fairly strong basis from a policy aspect [4]. However, at the implementation stage, the existing potential has not been optimally utilized. Changes in the use of non-renewable energy sources towards renewable energy sources need to be done recently. One of the abundant and renewable energy sources in nature is sunlight, this sunlight can be used as electricity using solar cells [5]. Several studies reveal that changing sunlight, especially the intensity of the sun with solar cells can be made a source of electrical energy for human consumption [6].
Asphalt is a complex compound with the main composition composed of Hydrocarbons (compound consisting of the element carbon (C) and the element hydrogen (H)) and atoms of Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S), and Oxygen (O) in small quantities, where the amount of the elements contained in bitumen bitumen is as follows: Carbon (82-88%), Hydrogen (8-11%), Sulfur (0-6%), Oxygen (0-1.5%), and Nitrogen (0-1%) [7]; whereas the chemical composition of rice husk ash contained 72.28% SiO2 [8]. As an illustration, silicon is the eighth most element in the universe in terms of mass, but it is very rarely found in pure form in nature and is most widely distributed in dust and sand in various forms such as silicon dioxide or silicates
Polymer asphalt (plastomer and elastomer) is hard asphalt modified with polymer [3]. Polymer asphalt is a material resulting from modification between natural polymers or synthetic polymers with asphalt, modified asphalt polymers have been developed over the last few decades which are intended for asphalting, but for solar panels (photovoltaic) so far it still requires studies and appropriate technology for develop it further. Asphalt is a hydro-carbon material that is sticky (adhesive), brownish black, resistant to water, and visoelastic. Asphalt, often also called bitumen, is a binder in the asphalt mixture which is used as a surface layer for flexible pavement layers. Based on the SNI 03-3644-1994 test standards asphalt contains positive ions [9].
As an agricultural country, Indonesia produces large amounts of biomass. One of the agricultural wastes is rice husk, the weight of the husk produced is 22% of the weight of milled dry rice [10]. In addition, the potential for natural resources (natural resources) such as asphal and rice husk ash waste, which compositionally contains energy, has the potential to be used as solar power plant which has not been utilized effectively. Rice husk ash is a waste of biomass, where biomass is a very potential primary energy source in Indonesia, which is generated from its natural wealth in the form of tropical forest vegetation. The potential size of solid biomass waste throughout Indonesia is 49,807.43 MW [11].
Polymer solar cells have been considered an attractive and promising approach to solving energy and environmental problems, due to their light weight, low cost, flexibility, fast energy payback times and high roll-to-roll production. The conservation of energy resources is carried out by using natural resources that
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cannot be renewed as efficiently as possible, and by developing the use of energy conversion techniques through the use of alternative energy to meet increasingly high energy needs. One way is to convert solar cells into electrical energy, where we know that solar cells are a technology that converts sunlight into electrical energy [12]. With the addition of nitric acid (HNO3) as an electrolyte in the manufacture of solar panels made from asphalt and rice husk ash, it is expected that nitric acid will function as an electricity conductor, where the electric current is carried by the movement of ions [13].
The purpose of this research is to test solar panels made from asphalt and rice husk ash with the addition of electrolytes from nitric acid (HNO3) and to measure how much voltage can be generated.
Research Methods
This research is an experimental study, with asphal as the base material, rice husk ash, nitric acid, platinum coil. Supporting materials include gasoline, fox glue, silicon glue, glass. Research equipment includes tools kit set, multitester, luxmeter, digital scale, thermocouple, thermogun, measuring cup, blender, sieve, furnace, drum, brush, press tool, cutter, ruler, camera and computer. The research was conducted in October-November 2020 at the Atma Jaya University Integrated Laboratory, Makassar.
Asphal used is PEN 60/70. Where asphalt is poured above a temperature of 70ºC, then liquid asphalt is mixed with enough gasoline and smeared on the glass surface while sticking the platinum coil on the glass surface and testing how much voltage is generated. The asphalt layer is less than 1 mm thick. Rice husk ash obtained from a 600ºC furnace for 2 hours, blended and sieved using a 200 mesh sieve. Carry out a voltage test from rice swab ash. Measure votase from nitric acid and fox glue. Next, mix rice husk ash, nitric acid and fox glue with a ratio of 1: 1: 1, the mixing is done manually to get a homogeneous mixture. Positioning the platinum coil in the mixture: rice husk ash, nitric acid and fox glue is then pressed at a pressure of 2 MPa with a thickness of less than 1 mm which produces a new gel from rice husk ash-nitric acid-fox glue. After printing is complete, cut and apply the gel according to the size of the prepared glass.
Glue two glass plates consisting of asphalt and gel slabs (a mixture of rice husk ash, nitric acid and fox glue) with silicon glue to produce solar panels.
Furthermore, conducting direct testing in the sun, collecting data / documentation and analyzing the characteristics of solar panels made from polymer asphalt and rice husk ash.
535 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of electrical potential testing from material PEN 60/70 asphalt, rice husk ash, nitric acid and fox glue using a stainless steel as the cathode and anode.
The test results are as in table 1 below:
Table.1 Electrical potentials test results No. Material Electrical Potentials (Eº) Volt 1. Asphalt PEN 60/70 0.0
2. Rice husk ash 0.301 3. Nitric acid, 68 % 0.650
4. Fox Glue 0.080
The test results of solar panels made from polymer asphalt and rice husk ash are shown in table 2 below:
Table. 2 Test results of solar panels made from polymer asphalt, rice husk ash and nitric acid
No. time Temperatur Light Intensity Electrical Potentials (Eº)
(menit) (ºC) (Lux) Volt
1 0 26.9 458 1.057
2 10 26.9 468 1.058
3 20 26.9 488 1.064
4 30 26.9 518 1.069
5 40 26.9 518 1.065
6 50 27 589 1.066
7 60 27.10 596 1.075
8 70 27.20 886 1.075
9 80 27.20 897 1.132
10 90 27.27 922 1.162
11 100 27.32 958 1.172
12 110 27.37 1128 1.173
13 120 27.42 1440 1.173
14 130 27.3 1576 1.178
15 140 27.3 1438 1.177
16 150 38 1440 1.183
17 160 28.6 1576 1.184
18 170 29.2 1538 1.184
19 180 30 1620 1.191
20 190 30.8 1605 1.191
21 200 31.6 2651 1.216
22 210 32.4 2550 1.224
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23 220 33.2 6229 1.226
24 230 37.1 2843 1.228
25 240 39.3 2860 1.230
26 250 40.6 2874 1.232
27 260 42 2892 1.232
From the table. 2 above, it was found that the characteristics of solar panels made from polymer asphalt, rice husk ash and nitric acid, the voltage will continue to increase with the increase in light intensity. This is because of the electromagnetic waves carried by sunlight.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Picture. 1 Prototype of polymer asphalt solar panel with dimensions 310x200x6 mm;
(a) Polymer asphalt on glass slabs; (b) Span of stainless steel wire; (c) and (d) Retrieval of data on polymer solar panels
The magnitude of the increase in voltage starts from 1.057 ~ 1.232 V and the electric current obtained is 0.1A when receiving sunlight. When compared with the total stress increase in each single material, the stress increase is 77% or 0.279 V.
CONCLUSION
Polymer asphalt, rice husk ash and nitric acid have the potential to be developed and used as a solar power plant. The results of this study indicate that the resulting voltage is 1.232 V at an intensity of 2874 ~ 2892 Lux and a temperature of 42ºC. The magnitude of the increase in voltage starts from 1.057 ~ 1.232 V and the electric current obtained is 0.1A when receiving sunlight. When compared with the total stress increase in each single material, the stress increase is 77% or 0.2 Volt.
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