ಕ್ಯಾರಿಯೋಫಿಲ್ - ಕ್ಯಾರಿಯೋಫಿಲ್ ಕ್ಯಾರಿಯೋಫಿಲ್ ಕ್ಯಾರಿಯೋಫಿಲ್ ಪ್ರಿಮುಲ್ ಪ್ಲಂಬಾಗಿನ್ ವಯೋಲ್ ವಿಯೋಲ್ ಪ್ರಿಮುಲ್ ಪ್ರಿಮುಲ್ ಪಾಲಿಗೂನ್ ಪ್ಲಾಂಟಜಿನ್ ಯುಫೋರ್ಬಿ ಯುಫೋರ್ಬಿ ಯುಫೋರ್ಬಿ ಮಾಲ್ವ್ ಮಾಲ್ವ್ ಮಾಲ್ವ್ ಮಾಲ್ವ್ ಮಾಲ್ವ್ ರೋಸ್ ಸೆಲಾಸ್ಟ್ರ್?. ಮೈರ್ಟ್ ಮೈರ್ಟ್ ಮೈರ್ಟ್ ಮೈರ್ಟ್ ಮೈರ್ಟ್ ಮೈರ್ಟ್ ಮೈರ್ಟ್ ಮಿರ್ಟ್ ರೋಸ್ ರೋಸ್. bij Saxifragaceae bij Saxifragaceae bij Saxifragaceae Ros. ಹೈಡ್ರೊಸ್ಟಾಚಿ ವಯೋಲ್ ವಯೋಲ್ ಅರಾಲಿ ಅರಳಿ ಮೈಸ್ ಮೈಸ್ ಮೈಸ್ ಡಿಪ್ಸಾಕ್ ಡಿಪ್ಸಾಕ್ ಡಿಪ್ಸಾಕ್ ಡಿಪ್ಸಾಕ್ ಸ್ಲೀರ್ ಸ್ಲೀರ್ ಸ್ಲೀರ್ ಸ್ಲೀರ್ ಸಪಿಂದ್ ಸಪಿಂದ್ ಸಪಿಂದ್ ಸಪಿಂದ್ ಸಪಿಂಡ್ ಸಪಿಂಡ್ ಜೆರಾನಿ.
EUPOMATIACEAE (Figure 1 Oc,d).-Shrubs or small trees; xylem vessel perforation plates scalariform with 20-100 bars; leaves simple, alternate, entire, exstipulate; flower solitary, terminal, bisexual, the parts perigynous; perianth (' bracts) calyptrate; stamens numerous (to -50), spiral, anthers adnate, the connective acuminate; Staminodes internal to the stamens petaloid and bearing food bodies eaten by beetles; pollen 2-3-sulculate, sometimes with an annular groove; pistils numerous (- 16), connate but free, incompletely closed, immersed in an urceolate receptacle, the stigmas penicillate, essentially sessile; ovulations several per pistil, bitegmic, crassinucellular, anatropous; fruit nuts (achenes?) enclosed in a fleshy receptacle which is apically truncate; embryo minute, 0.1 the length of the endosperm; endosperm abundant, ruminative.
RANWNCULALES
4-6-colporoidate (-colpate-colporoidate?); pistil 1, one-sided, the style subulate, stigmatic along one side over the entire length; ovary inferior, the ovule 1, apical, unitegmic, tenuinucellar, anatropic; fruit an achene or drupe; embryo linear, 0.9 to as long as the endosperm, the cotyledons 0.1-0.5 as long as the embryo; 12, free, the filaments considerably shorter than the pistil; anthers about as long as wide, dorsally fixed, dehiscent longitudinally; pollen 5-9-colporoidate; pistil 1, the carpels 3 or 5 (-6), the style 1, 5-rayed to the apex, or umbrella-shaped, or apically short three-lobed, the stigmas at the tips of the umbrella ribs or apically and papillose at the style arms; ovary 3 or 5(-6)- locular, the eggs numerous, axile, unitegmic or also bitegmic (?) (Darlingtonia), tenunucellar, anatropous; fruit a loculicidal capsule, the seeds small, numerous; embryo linear, straight, 0.1-0.8 the length of the endosperm; cotyledons not expanded, 0.2-0.5 of the length of the embryo;
NYMPHAEALES
PROTEACEAE (Figure 29c-f.-Trees and shrubs, rarely herbs; xylem vessel perforation plates typically simple, a few species with an occasional scalariform plate with few bars; leaves alternate, rarely verticillate or opposite, simple, entire, lobed, to deeply dissected, exstipulate;. Myricaceae is related to Betulaceae; both have members that develop blue-green or green color in the NHs layer of the Juglone test MYRICACEAE (Figure 3 1 a,b).-Aromatic trees and shrubs; xylem vessel perforation plates exclusively scalariform or sometimes also simple;.
FAGACEAE (Figure 32c,d). -Trees and shrubs, the buds are late; xylem vascular perforation plates predominantly scalariform to simple; leaves alternate, very rarely whorl-shaped, lobed, toothed, serrated or entire, rarely with sessile resinous glands (Castanea japonica), stipular; plants monoecious, rarely dioecious (Nothofagus) or bisexual; 8 inflorescences, usually catkin-like spines or heads, 8 calyxes 4--6(-7)-lobed; corolla 0;. CASUARINACEAE (Figure 3 3c-e). - Trees and shrubs with longitudinally grooved, connected branches; xylem vascular perforation plates simple, sometimes also scalariform, with 2-30 rods; BARBEYACEAE (Figure 34c,d). -Trees; xylem vessel perforation plates simple, phloem sieve plates composite; leaves opposite, simple, whole, exstipulate; plants dioecious; inflorescence a short cyme; 8 calyxes of 3-4 almost free, valve-shaped sepals; petals 0; stamens, the filaments very short, anthers basifix, twice as long as wide, the connecting piece apically lightly produced; pollen 3-colpor(oid)ate;.
MORACEAE (Figure 35a-c).-Trees and shrubs, rarer herbs, leafy; xylem vessels perforated plates simple; leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple, toothed or entire, sometimes patchy, cystoliths often present, stipulate; monoecious or dioecious plants; inflorescences axillary, cymose or dense spikes, nettle or head, flowers small; sepals 4 (8-0), free or connate, sometimes fleshy in fruit; petals 0; stamens usually 4 (1-2), filaments bent or straight in bud; FABACEAE (Fig. 37a-e).-- Herbs7 shrubs, rarely trees or vines, latex (Galactia) very rarely present; xylem vessel perforation plate simple;. Mimosaceae (Fig. 38a-d).-Trees and shrubs, sometimes lianas, very rarely herbs; xylem vessels perforated plates simple; leaves alternate, very rarely opposite (Tetrapleura), mostly bipinnate, rarely single-pinnate, paripinnate, leaflets entire, very rarely ending in a tendril (E n t a d a ), sometimes reduced to phyllodes, rarely rakish winged, determinate or rarely excluded (some acacia ); inflorescence a head, spike or raceme; flowers bisexual or, more rarely, monoecious plants (Neptunia, Archidendron), small, actinomorphic, parts hypogynous or, more rarely, perigynous (Parkia); sepals small, partially adnate, rarely free, valvate or very rarely imbricate (Parkieae); petals 5 (3-6), usu-.
PAPAVERALES
Tree, usually resinous and mucilaginous; Boring plates of xylem vessels simple; cortical vascular bundles are characteristic of the young stem; leaves alternate, simple, entire, determinate; inflorescence panicle axillary or terminal, rarely cymose ( U p u n a and some Vatika); flowers bisexual, the parts hypogynous or subperigenous, the shadow rarely attached to the ovary; sepals 5, partially connate, the lobes imbricate or valvate, often 2-5 approximate and wing-shaped in fruit; petals 5, conspicuously twisted, free or shortly connate at the base, often hairy; stamens usually numerous (up to -40), sometimes 5, 10 or 15, often attached to base of petals, filaments short or elongated, usually connate, sometimes in tufts; anthers fixed or basified, the connective usually produced at the apex, dehiscing longitudinally or apically; pollen 3-colpate or r colporoidate; pistil 1, carpels 3 (2 only in Stemonoporus ), style simple or 3-lobed, a fleshy stylopodium often present, stigma small, apical; ovary 3-locular (rarely incomplete), ovules 2 per locule, axis, (rarely parietal?), bitegmic, crassinucellar, anatropous; fruit a nut, mostly I-seeded; embryo large, cotyledons distorted and crumpled, and enclosing the root, sometimes plano-convex, much broader than the radicle, 0.7 length of embryo; endosperm mostly 0. 12 (2)-locular, ovules 1 per locule, axis, unitegmic, thick integrity, tenuinucellar, anatropous or suborthotropic; fruit a berry, rarely a capsule; embryo straight, as long as endosperm; cotyledons thin, or thick and plano-convex, rarely conferruminate, 4.5-7.0 times as wide as radicle, 0.5-0.9 length of embryo; endosperm moderate or 0, fleshy or firm. 3.4-6.0 times as wide as radicle, 0.3-0.9 length of embryo; endosperm moderate or abundant, rarely scanty, fleshy.
EPACRIDACEAE (Figure 7 1 a$).-Shrubs and small trees; Perforation plates of xylem vessels exclusively scalar, sometimes with more than 20 rods, either simple or both; leaves alternate or rarely opposite, simple, coriaceous, entire or rarely crenate (Wittsteinia), exstipulate; inflorescence mostly raceme; flowers usually bisexual, sometimes monoecious plants; sepals 5 (4), free, persistent; petals 5 (4), connate, rarely free (L y sinema) or calyptrate, sheathing or valvate; stamens 5 (4), rarely only 2 fertile, hypogynous or epipetalous, alternate with corolla lobes; anthers rarely connate, fixed, dehiscent longitudinally with 1 (2) slits; pollen in tetrads or r single, 3-colporate; disk usually present, surrounding base of ovary; pistil 1, carpels 5 (2- l o ), style 1, oblong, stigma capitate, apical; ovary superior, rarely inferior (Wittsteinia), 1-1 O-locular, ovules l-several per locule, axis, unitegmic, tenuinucellar, anatropous; fruit a loculicidal capsule or drupe with 10-1 pyrene; embryo linear, terete, straight, 0.9 length of endosperm; cotyledons no.
BALANOPHORALES
IRVINGIACEAE (Figure 75b,c).-Trees; xylem vessel perforation plates simple; leaves alternate, simple, entire, coriaceous, the stipules large; inflorescences axillary and terminal panicles; flowers bisexual, small, the parts hypogynous; sepals 5, free or shortly connate; petals 5, free; stamens 10, the filaments free, elongated; anthers about as long as wide, sub-basifixed, dehiscing longitudinally; pollen 3-colporate; disk conspicuous, cu-pular, surrounding the base of the ovary; pistil 1, the carpels 5 , 4, o r 2, style 1, short, the stigma apical, pointed; ovary 5 , 4 or 2-locular, the ovules 1 per locule, axillary-subapical, bitegmic, anatropous; fruit 1, 5 or 4 drupes or broad winged samara; embryo straight, as long as the endosperm; cotyledons broad, flat, 0.3 the length of the embryo; endosperm slender o r 0. 14 per locule, axillary, rarely apical, bitegmic, crassinucellar or tenuinucellar, anatropous; fruit a locicidal, rarely septicidal capsule, schizocarp, samara, drupe or berry; seeds often with a colored aril, the embryo rather large, rarely small (Perrottia), straight, or the radicle very slightly curved, up to 0.9 the length of the endosperm;. Distribution: Cosmopolitan except arctic and cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere; mainly tropical and subtropical.
Distribution: Cosmopolitan except part of the Arctic; most common in tropical and subtropical regions. ERYTHROPALACEAE (Figure 77e).—Scanding shrubs or lianas, sometimes with tendrils; xylem container perforation plates simple; leaves alternate, simple, entire, exstipulate; inflorescences axillary, cymose, lax; flowers bisexual, the parts usually perigynous; sepals 5, basally connate; petals 5, free, valvate; stamens 5, opposite the petals, the filaments short, inserted at the base of the petals; anthers small, about as long as wide; pollen 3-coils; disc large, partially enclosing the ovary; pistil 1, carpels 3, style 1, short, stigmas 3, apical; ovary semi-inferior, at first 3-locular, becoming unilocular, the ovules 3-2, apical, unitegmic, tenuinucellular, anatropous;. 2-5-locular, the eggs usually 2 per locule, sub-apical, unitegmic, crassinucellular or tenuinucellular, anatropous; fruit usually a drupe, rarely a sam- ara, seeded 1; embryo usually small, straight or arcuate, 0.2 the length of the endosperm; cotyledons sometimes foliaceous or folded, rarely thick, 2-9 times wider than the radicle, 0.8 the length of the embryo; endosperm mostly present, rarely 0, sometimes abundant.
PHYTOLACCACEAE (Figure 8 1 d,e).-Herbs, shrubs, rarely trees or shrubs; Boring plates of xylem vessels simple; abnormal secondary thickening of the stem occurs in some species; 1, often quite large; embryo straight, 0.8 length of endosperm, cotyledons 0.2-0.5 length of embryo, twice as wide as radicle; endosperm copious, horned. 1 O-locular, septa rarely incomplete in upper part of ovary, ovules 2 (1 -several) per locule, axis, very rarely parietal, bitegmic, crassinucellar, anatropous or semi-anatropous;.
BARRINGTONIACEAE (Figure 98a).-Trees, rarely shrubs; xylem vessel perforation plates simple, rarely with an occasional scalariform plate; vascular bundles in the cortex; leaves simple, alternate, entire or toothed, exstipulate; inflorescence axillary or terminal raceme or corymb; flowers bisexual, the parts epigynous; calyx lobed, overlapping; petals 4(5) o r 0 (Foetida), free; Stamens numerous Filaments filiform, elongated, basally connate, rarely free; anthers small, about as long as wide, basifixed; pollen 3-colpate (syncolpate), 3- colporoidate; disk intrastaminal; pistil 1, leaf 2-4, style 1, filiform, often very long, stigma apical; ovary inferior, rarely semi-inferior, 2-4-locular, the eggs 1 -several per locule, axile; fruit a fibrous berry, drupe or dry, 4-winged and indehiscent; embryo whole or divided, 0.9 the length of the endosperm; cotyledons 1.5 times wider than the radicle, 0.5 the length of the embryo; endosperm abundant.