Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id
The Community's Dynamics Towards Clean Water Adequacy and Membrane Technology in Bojonegoro, Indonesia
Setiyo Yuli Handono1*, Yusuf Wibisono2, Wahyunanto Agung Nugroho2, Chusnul Arif3
1Department of Socio-Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, UB, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia
2Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, UB
3Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB Received: 13 March 2023; Revised: 6 May 2023; Accepted: 20 June 2023
ABSTRACT
Fresh and clean water is an essential source of life. It can be supplied from the oceans, rivers, lakes, streams, and marshes. Nowadays, clean water availability has become a problem in several areas. Several problems usually occur, including the local ecosystem and air conditions, so they cannot be used properly. It is one area vulnerable to clean water availability. Meanwhile, UNESCO declares the community's right to clean water is 60 liters per person daily. This situation is the basis of research problems with the aim of (1) analyzing the problems and obstacles of the Nganti community towards water needs, (2) community responses to these problems and technology, and (3) the Nganti community strategies for now and future.
The method used in this research was qualitative and descriptive. The key informants are the head of village, the head of the Clean Water Association, the head of Ngraho sub-district, the leader of community, and a survey of 40 Nganti-Ngraho residents. The data analysis used statistics descriptive and qualitative by using SMART method. The results show that the currently developed strategy was membrane technology, but the ultra-filtrated water was still turbid, requiring a more sophisticated membrane technology. The expected strategy is that local government institutions need to be directly involved to improve water quality.
Keywords: community dynamic; vulnerability; resilience; membrane technology How to cite:
Handono, S. Y., Wibisono, Y., Nugroho, W. A., & Arif, C. (2023). The Community ’ s Dynamics Towards Clean Water Adequacy and Membrane Technology in Bojonegoro, Indonesia. HABITAT, 34(2), 225–235. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.habitat.2023.034.2.20
1. Introduction
Water is essential for drinking, cooking, personal hygiene, washing, cleaning, agriculture, sanitation, etc (Harutyunyan, 2016). According to international human rights law, everyone has the right to adequate water and sanitation. This includes access to a safe, affordable and adequate supply of air and adequate sanitation. This is important for ensuring human survival, preventing death from dehydration and reducing water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) diseases. Sphere Project (2018) water management refers to the treatment of raw water and its distribution to consumers. Sanitation means the collection and treatment of wastewater into a safe product that can be released into the environment or used for other purposes.
Insufficient sanitation, limited water supplies, and poor hygiene can all contribute to the
spread of diarrhea and infectious diseases. Most public health problems, especially during crises, are caused by insufficient air quality and quantity.
2 Infectious diseases can be transmitted through direct contact between humans or from the environment (contamination of water, food, soil or insects). The availability of clean water is one of the supporting factors in increasing the community's ability to meet their daily needs and support people's welfare. UNESCO (2022) said humans need 60 liters clean water for per person daily. Several countries still need clean water problems in terms of quality and quantity.
Currently, water scarcity affects 88 developing countries.
Scarcity is also common in countries that have adequate water resources (Katsanou &
Karapanagioti, 2019; UNICEF, 2020). As many as 2.2 billion people, or a quarter of the world's population, lack safe water for consumption, while 4.2 billion people do not have sanitation services (United Nations, 2019; World Wildlife, 2022).
Lack of clean water supply will cause various
---
*Correspondence Author.
E-mail: [email protected]
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id problems in life. Some problems that are likely to
occur include disruption of food supplies, poor sanitation, hunger, and the emergence of various diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, and other water-borne diseases (Davenport et al., 2017;
Grace et al., 2015; World Wildlife, 2022).
Many strategies and technology must be developed to improve clean water quality and fulfill their needs. In some regencies, the strategy used filtration to separate chemical impurities and various pathogens (Ilyas et al., 2021; Olukowi et al., 2022; Pandey et al., 2014). This strategy is used because there is less groundwater and springs, so that the majority of water use today is surface water. Surface water is any open source of water originating from groundwater. This water flow will likely contain disease-causing microorganisms (Frontiers, 2022; Katsanou &
Karapanagioti, 2019; Minnesota, 2019; USEPA, 2022). The HWT (Household water treatment) method or household water management is another method used. This management seeks to improve water quality at the household level through methods such as boiling, filtering, and chlorination. Correct and regular application of HWT can reduce the risk of diseases such as diarrhea (Bruce et al., 2020; WHO, 2022; Wolf et al., 2018). World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, (World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2013) Many organizations chooses just one HWTS option to implement. This approach is often preferred and pre-selected by implementers or their funding organizations without input from the target community or evaluation of prevailing conditions. The implementer should decide which of her HWTS solutions to target based on the criteria presented (1) Effectiveness - How well does the technology work? (2) Appropriateness - How well the technology fits into people's daily lives. (3) Adoption - What do people think of the technology? (4) Cost - What are your household expenses? (5) Implementation – What does it take to bring technology into people's homes?
Research efforts were also carried out to solve the availability of clean water. The research that has been carried out includes analysis related to the distribution of water sources and the problems faced in managing water supply.
Previous studies have explained the problems of water availability in Indonesia, such as climate change, inefficient water treatment, water storage, and government support (Fulazzaky, 2014; Irada Amalia & Agung Sugiri, 2014; Puspitasari, 2021).
Climate change in Indonesia is divided into 2 climates, dry and rainy. In the rainy season, Water will be plentiful. Meanwhile, during the dry season, water availability is minimal. There is drought in some areas, and this has been considered a disaster. The drought will affect the harvest for two growing seasons. It affects staple crops and food availability (Fulazzaky, 2014;
Puspitasari, 2021; USGS, 2018). Water storage must be the primary concern, especially in the dry season. Lack of adequate water storage can lead to competition and conflict among users (Fulazzaky, 2014). The role of government is essential for the sustainability of a program. However, government support and policy consistency in Indonesia need to be improved. The consistency of implementation shows that there is clarity from the government in implementing the program (Mustari, 2015; Nurdin & Rorimpandey, 2019).
Nganti Village, Ngraho, Bojonegoro Regency, is one of the villages affected by the clean water crisis. The distance from the Bengawan Solo river is around 5 km. During the dry season, the Bengawan Solo River dries up and causes several villages to have difficulties getting clean water. During the rainy season, the Bengawan Solo River overflows and causes several areas to flood. This flood has caused various clean water problems caused by several things, namely, 1) Water sources are disrupted due to changes in water quality, 2) Water becomes cloudy or salty, 3) Broken piping systems, 3) Damaged water treatment installation, and 4) Distribution systems are disrupted, or water in refuge areas is scarce.
The community's need for clean water must be fulfilled. However, the problems and challenges are whether the community's clean water needs have been met, and whether membrane technology can be an alternative solution. So, this research focuses on understanding the dynamics of the Nganti community toward the adequacy of clean water and membrane technology. The aims of the research were (a) to analyze the problems and challenges of the Nganti community regarding water needs, (b) the community's response to the problem and the response to technology, and (c) the current and future strategies of the Nganti community. Thus, this research hopefully contributes significantly to the community.
This study was carried out in the hope of providing solutions in Nganti Village using the SMART method approach. It is hoped that by
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id conducting this research, it will be possible to use
ultrafiltration technology in water treatment in water-scarce areas. Moreover, this will greatly benefit the community by improving access to safe drinking water. This study is a continuation of the application of simple membrane technology that still works as expected.
2. Theoretical Underpinning 2.1. Community Dynamic
The state of community is not a static life but constantly changing (dynamic). Various social changes, such as social structure, patterns of behavior, and systems of social interaction, including changes in values, norms, and cultural phenomena, constitute a dynamic in community (Tejokusumo, 2014). Dynamics is originally a pattern of behavior between individuals that influence each other. In other words, it can be interpreted as the behavior of one individual influencing another individual reciprocally. The dynamics show the interaction and interdependence between one group member and another on a reciprocal basis and between members and the group as a whole (ESCWA, 2020; Fauzan, 2020). As a result, the dynamics of community are a set of problems that occur because of the formation of social mobilization and social order in community.
Several factors, including the dissemination of information, capital, technology, ideology, bureaucracy, and actors, cause the occurrence of community dynamics (Goldstein et al., 2023;
Pohle et al., 2022; Yakovlev, 2014).
Dissemination of information includes the media influence and mechanisms in conveying messages or ideas. Capital includes human resources and financial capital. Technology is the convenience of the survival community that is rapidly changing according to the development of science. Ideology or religion, religious beliefs, or certain ideologies influence the process of social change.
Bureaucracy is related to specific government policies in building its power. Agents or actors, in general, are human resource capital, but specifically, it means the individual initiatives in
"looking for" a better life (Emsley, 2007; Giffoni et al., 2022; Rieger et al., 2016).
2.2. Community Empowerment
Community empowerment is a development process encouraging community initiatives to carry out social activities and improve situations and conditions. The urgency in
community empowerment includes providing enlightenment on changing people's mindsets, as well as changing attitudes and skills, fostering community participation and self-reliance, assisting in the funding of development financing sources, generating social support and legitimacy, and revitalizing local wisdom of community mutual cooperation that has been rooted in the system social community. Community empowerment goals are an institutional improvement, business improvement, income improvement, environmental improvement, life improvement, and community improvement (DPMD, 2019; Handono et al., 2020; Maryani &
Nainggolan, 2019).
Community empowerment in its application can involve many actors such as the agency, government, universities, non- governmental organizations, the press, political parties, donor agencies, civil community actors, women or by local community organizations.
However, the government's position has a strategic role in community empowerment. With the government role and help, empowerment can take place in a comprehensive and sustainable (Ajith et al., 2022; Cholisin, 2011; Hermawati et al., 2023; Sinharoy et al., 2023).
3. Research Method 3.1. Research Site
The research was conducted in Nganti Village, Ngraho District, Bojonegoro Regency.
Nganti Village is in the western region of Bojonegoro Regency, East Java Province. Nganti Village has a northern boundary, namely Tanggungan and Pandan Village. The southern boundary is the Margomulyo sub-district, the western boundary is Jumok Village, and the eastern boundary is Tambakrejo District. The population of Nganti Village is 2,413 people.
About 70% people work in the agricultural sector as farm laborers (Nganti, 2023). Many residents work in the agricultural sector due to the broad potential for agricultural land in Nganti Village. It is known that the land area for agriculture is around 443 Ha. The total land area is 9.36 km2, with 315 hectares of rice and 124 fields (Nganti, 2023).
3.2. Methodology
This research is action research. Action research is a form of self-reflective investigation carried out by participants in social situations to improve practice, to understand the practice and
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id its practitioners, and to improve the situation in
which the practice is carried out (Ivankova &
Wingo, 2018). Implementation of action research generally consists of 4 stages: Planning, Acting, Developing, and Reflecting.
Figure 1. Stages of Action Research in General Planning in action research is needed to plan research activities to be carried out. At the planning stage this was carried out by looking for problems related to water needs, responses to problems and technology in Nganti Village, gathering detailed information, searching related literature, and developing research ideas. The second stage is Acting. Acting is the activity of collecting field data on how much water is needed, responses to problems and technology in the chang Village after which data analysis is carried out based on the data that has been obtained. The third stage is Developing. This stage is the development of planning the implementation of the activities carried out. The final stage is Reflecting or evaluation. At this evaluation stage, researchers will evaluate the activities or processes that have been carried out in Nganti Village. Here is a schematic picture of the action in detail figure 2.
This action research was carried out in Nganti Village by implementing an ultrafiltration or membrane technology trial. This action research was conducted to help the people of Nganti Village obtain sufficient supplies and proper water conditions. Each solution offered will go through these 4 stages. At the end of each stage, an evaluation will be carried out to determine the success rate of the solutions.
Figure 2. Stage of Action Research The data analysis tool in this study is qualitative, employing a narrative, model approach. The purpose of qualitative data analysis is to examine the problems and challenges that the people of Nganti Village face in terms of water needs, the community's response to existing problems and responses to technology, and the Nganti Village community's current and future strategies. The results of this study may provide benefits and contributions to the people of Nganti Village, Bojonegoro, East Java.
3.2.1. Model Development
Figure 3. SMART Model of Community Dynamic
This study used the SMART model approach. This SMART model is used to achieve the proper and targeted solution. The SMART model comprises 5 structured steps; Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time- based. The following figure is the SMART model for analyzing the community dynamics of Nganti
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id Village, Ngraho District, Bojonegoro Regency,
East Java.
Community dynamics are measured using the SMART model. Special specifics in identifying problems related to water needs in Nganti Village, determining human resources for technology applications, and in determining the relevant methods or technologies to be used.
Measurable is a planned activity that allows it to be implemented. Achievement is the solution offered that allows it to be achieved. Realistic is any activity plan that is logical to implement, and Time bound is an activity that must have a span of time so that it can be completed properly (Asobee, 2021; Lawlor, 2012).
4. Result and Discussion
4.1. Problems and Challenges of the Nganti Community towards Water Needs Problems and challenges to today's water needs are very diverse. Water availability is decreasing while the community's needs continue to increase. Moreover, if the condition of surface water has been polluted a lot, community will face vulnerability in fulfilling clean water. This condition happened in Nganti Village, Ngraho sub-district, Bojonegoro Regency. Based on the survey results, it is known that 70% of the water quality (household wells) in Nganti Village is yellow, smells, and not safe to drink. Whereas the average household need for clean water in Nganti Village is around 300-400 liters/per day. It is caused by several factors such as the climate, water treatment units, water storage areas, and government support for adequate water availability.
Figure 4. Illustration of the Problem and Challenge of the Nganti Village Community
Figure 4 illustrates the water problems in Nganti Village, Ngraho, Bojonegoro Regency.
Based on figure 4, it is known that there are 4 main problems in the water availability in Nganti Village. The problem is that water is scarce during the dry season. Drought occurs because of a prolonged drought and minimal groundwater wells. Besides, there is only one water treatment unit in Nganti Village, namely PAMSIMAS (Program Penyediaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat). The use of PAMSIMAS is considered to be less effective and efficient, so people no longer rely on its water availability.
The water quality in Nganti Village needs to be improved as well. About 70% of the water quality is not good. Then, to treat water, people usually only boil water to kill bacteria and viruses contained in the water and then use the water for consumption. It does not guarantee that water quality meets quality standards, so that a more efficient and effective water treatment unit is needed. Water treatment technology systems are one of the obstacles to improving water supply management in Nganti Village. The next problem is water storage. It is needed for resilience to water availability. However, ponds for collecting rainwater are not maintained due to the influence of local biophysical and socioeconomic parameters that influence water harvesting and water use processes (Mizyed, 2009). According to (Mbogo, 2014), the socioeconomic factors that influence the sustainability of rainwater reservoirs are household variables (gender, education, and age) and economic variables (wealth status, access to credit, social status) and perceptions of household members). The Bojonegoro Government is promoting rainwater reservoirs to address food security issues. Some critics downplay its role in severe land scarcity, extreme poverty, vulnerability to malaria, and the country's abundant rivers situation. The Bojonegoro Government has been involved in the installation of rainwater ponds since 2013. Therefore, many of the ponds in the Bojonegoro district have been dug by government the program called the "Thousand Embung Program" is listed in the annex to the Bojonegoro Regency (RPJMD Bojonegoro, 2018). Adequate water storage will help manage water, maintain water quality, or provide a clean water supply during an emergency condition (e.g., flood) (IWMI, 2021). However, water storage in Nganti Village is still limited. There needs to be a way to store enough water effectively to ensure a constant and sustainable water supply. Water storage commonly used in Nganti Village is in the form of water reservoirs and ponds.
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id Figure 5. Water Storage (Pond/Embung)
This water pond (embung) is filled during the rainy season and used during the dry season.
Water availability in this pond is enough to help the community meet water needs in the dry season.
However, still, its availability is also limited.
Another effort made is the use of reservoirs.
However, in Nganti Village, not all houses have reservoirs. Houses that do not have reservoirs will look for the nearest water source. The last problem is about government support in Nganti Village.
There is no sustainability after implementing the new water treatment innovation in the village. The government does not carry out periodic evaluations so there is no further progress to deal with water supply problems in Nganti Village.
4.2. Community Response in Nganti Village Response is a reply or reaction to a problem (Harasim, 2017; Koening et al., 2019). The response will be related to cognition (knowledge), affective (attitude), and psychomotor (action).
Each individual goes through a cognitive process to understand himself and his environment. Later on, this cognition process will lead to behavior.
The affective is the tendency to act, feel, think, and operate. The affective has a driving force or motivation that is evaluative. The last is psychomotor. It is the overall reaction that describes a person's choice of environment. This action occurs because there is a need that cannot be fulfilled (Liliweri, 2015; Naibaho, 2016).
Due to the problem of poor water quality in Nganti Village, 60% of the people prefer to take a bath and wash use in the water. Although some people still drink from wells. However, approximately 70% of people buy refill water for their drinking water needs. This is determined by the community's economic conditions. People with limited financial resources will continue to drink well water, despite the fact that it is harmful to their health.
The response made by the community is positive. The community plays an active role in solving existing problems. According to (Baggett et al., 2008; Das et al., 2019; Rautanen & White,
2013), one of response indicators is the desire to act and participate actively. Low water quality also encourages people to look for water sources and build water storage areas such as reservoirs and ponds. The community is looking for an adequate depth for making wells using the geoelectric method that is detecting potential measurements, currents, and electromagnetic fields that occur due to injection or naturally occurring. The community of Nganti Village have succeeded in finding four water sources. The four sources were obtained from two sources in Nganti Village and two sources in Jumok Village.
However, apparently, these water sources are less effective to use. The pond (embung) availability is limited. Not all houses also have reservoirs. It turns out that well water still has a high salt content and is dangerous if used for daily needs or agriculture and livestock.
All this time, the community of Nganti Village have used water pumps for household well water. Nevertheless, the water produced from these wells still has a high dissolved substance content. During the dry season, the well also tend to dry up. This results in water scarcity, and the community's water needs are not fulfilled. Water scarcity is a main socio-economic constraint. The technology applied to improve water quality is membrane technology. Membrane technology can improve some water quality tests for use or consumption. Requirements of Secretary of Health Regulation 2010 No. 492 Concerning Drinking Water Quality Requirements (Permenkes No. 492/Th.2010, 2010). As a result, the water is not suitable for drinking, cooking, or washing.
1. Physical Requirements, It is water that does not contain impurities such as turbidity, color, taste and smell.
2. Chemical requirements, Drinking water should be free of toxic chemicals that affect health, aesthetics and economy.
3. Bacteriological requirements, Water is free of germs such as bacteria, protozoa, viruses, insects and fungi.
5. Radioactivity requirements, Drinking water that does not contain harmful alpha and beta rays.
The community response of Nganti Village to technology is also excellent. The whole community agrees to the procurement of membrane technology.
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id 4.3. Current and Future Strategies for Water
Availability in Nganti Village
The problem of clean water availability in Nganti Village must be solved with the right implementation strategy. The SMART model approach is one of the expected strategies to solve the water problem in Nganti Village.
Figure 6. SMART Model for Nganti Village The strategy begins by identifying the problem, resources, and technology used specifically. From the results of the analysis SMART Model it was found problem. The problem in Nganti Village is the inadequate availability of clean water. There are several conditions that cause a lack of water availability in Nganti Village, namely low water quality, yellow well water, the high content of detergents and metals in artesian water sources makes it unusable for drinking, cooking and toileting. Water scarcity occurs during the dry season—inadequate water management unit. Water storage is only in ponds and reservoirs, so its availability is limited.
Several actors who should be involved in solving problems in Nganti Village are the district and village governments, Public Works (PU), Tirta (water) Services (“Perum Jasa Tirta”), universities, NGOs, PT/CV, and the community.
Based on these findings the exact location Alternative technology carried out to improve water quality is by using membrane technology.
Membrane technology functions as a separator, concentration, and purification of a mixture of molecules. Membrane technology is a selective and semi-permeable thin layer between two phases; the concentrated phase and the permeate phase. The concentrated phase is the retained substance, while the permeate phase is the substance that passes through the membrane's pores (Ady & Viandari, 2016; Elma, 2016). The application of membrane technology does not
require chemicals that can add new environmental problems. This technology is a water treatment filtration unit. An indicator of achievement in applying membrane technology is that people can get good water quality. The water is odorless, colorless, and not mixed with harmful molecular substances.
The application of simple membrane technology in Nganti Village is still in the trial stage. Research continues to be carried out to test the water quality of the ultrafiltration process.
Nevertheless, until now, the water quality is still not feasible. Initially, the water resulting from the ultrafiltration of membrane technology was clear, but within 2 days, the water turned yellow again.
Based on the lab test results, the content of solutes (Magnesium and Natrium) is still above the standard of drinking water quality standards. The following figure is the result of ultrafiltration water in Nganti Village.
Figure 7. Ultrafiltration Water
This condition told that the government's role is urgently needed to improve water quality in Nganti Village. The sustainability of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is influenced by adequate project financing, operation and maintenance costs, and financial contributions.
(Daniel et al., 2021). The government must be responsible for 4 main points, namely 1) Planning and budgeting; 2) Coordination with district, regional, and village governments; 3) Policy implementation; 4) Monitoring (Jiménez et al., 2014). Some of the government's obligations or duties, based on regulation number 17 - year 2019 - article 10 include formulating policies, implementing patterns of water resource management, guaranteeing water supplies, developing water supply systems, providing technical assistance, and developing technology in the field of water resources (UU RI No.17, 2019).
Thus, the village and regional governments are responsible for improving water quality and water availability in Nganti Village. This improvement cannot be made individually or only through Non-
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The village
and regional governments must be directly involved in improving the water quality in Nganti Village. The government can help with project funding, maintenance, and acquiring more sophisticated membrane technology. Given the high cost of manufacturing membrane technology, this assistance is critical. If this solution is implemented, it will undoubtedly be beneficial to the community of Nganti Village.
5. Conclusion
The water source in Nganti Village is quite potential. Water sources owned by Nganti Village include shallow water, pond water, and deep water sources. Some of these water sources can be utilized for the needs of the village community, including animal husbandry and agriculture.
However, the problem is that several air sources in Nganti Village experience problems such as relatively high solute content, and the air looks cloudy. This water is only suitable for bathing and not suitable for drinking and cooking. From these problems, the Government of Bojonegoro uses the SMART model approach to help problems and provide solutions that seem to play a role in the dynamics of meeting clean water needs. Based on this approach, it is clear that government support is needed to overcome the problem of shortage of clean water. However, it has not produced good water for the residents of Nganti Village, Ngraho District, Bojonegoro Regency. Government support can be in the form of funding to acquire more sophisticated membrane technology. The government's role is very important to maintain the air quality improvement program in Nganti Village in the long term.
6. Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Universitas Brawijaya Institute of Research and Community Services (LPPM-UB), scheme Doktor Mengabdi 2023 (DM2023) program, grant number Nomor:
614.30/UN10.C20/2023.
Reference
Ady, J., & Viandari, E. (2016). Studi Mikroskopik Membran Berpori Tio 2 Berbasis Polymethyl Methacrylate sebagai Template. Jurnal Ilmiah Sains, 16(1).
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35799/jis.
16.1.2016.12250
Ajith, V., Reshma, A. S., Mohan, R., & Vinodini Ramesh, M. (2022). Empowering communities in addressing drinking water challenges using a systematic, participatory and adaptive approach and sustainable PPP model. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 185(August), 121970.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121 970
Asobee, M. S. (2021). An Investigation on the Role of Coaching in Strategic Leadership Development in the Academia. Open Journal of Leadership, 10(02), 47–59.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojl.2021.102004 Baggett, S., Jefferson, B., & Jeffrey, P. (2008).
Just how different are stakeholder group opinions on water management issues?
Desalination, 218(1–3), 132–141.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.08.025 Bruce, A., Brown, C., Avello, P., Beane, G.,
Bristow, J., Ellis, L., Fisher, S., St. George Freeman, S., Jiménez, A., Leten, J., Matthews, N., Romano, O., Ruiz-Apilanez, I., Saikia, P., Shouler, M., & Simkins, P.
(2020). Human dimensions of urban water resilience: Perspectives from Cape Town, Kingston upon Hull, Mexico City and Miami. In Water Security (Vol. 9). Elsevier B.V.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasec.2020.1000 60
Cholisin. (2011). Pemberdayaan Masyarakat.
Daniel, D., Djohan, D., Machairas, I., Pande, S., Arifin, A., Al Djono, T. P., & Rietveld, L.
(2021). Financial, institutional, environmental, technical, and social (FIETS) aspects of water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions in indigenous - rural Indonesia. BMC Public Health, 21(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11800- x
Das, R., Laishram, B., & Jawed, M. (2019). Public participation in urban water supply projects – The case of South-West Guwahati, India.
Water Research, 165.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.1149 89
Davenport, F., Grace, K., Funk, C., & Shukla, S.
(2017). Child health outcomes in sub- Saharan Africa: A comparison of changes in climate and socio-economic factors.
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id Global Environmental Change, 46, 72–87.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.0 4.009
DPMD. (2019). Esensi dan Urgensi Pemberdayaan Masyarakat.
https://pemberdayaan.kulonprogokab.go.id /detil/820/esensi-dan-urgensi-
pemberdayaan-masyarakat
Elma, M. (2016). Proses Pemisahan Menggunakan Teknologi Membran (Pertama). Lambung Mangkurat University Press.
Emsley, J. (2007). Better Looking, Better Living, Better Loving: How Chemistry can Help You Achieve Life’s Goals. In Books and Media (Vol. 10, Issue 6, p. 51). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1369- 7021(07)70133-5
ESCWA. (2020). social dynamics.
https://archive.unescwa.org/social-
dynamics#:~:text=Title English%3A- ,social dynamics,interactions and group level behaviors.
Fauzan, M. (2020). Dinamika Masyarakat.
Frontiers. (2022). Microorganisms Floating
Through the Air.
https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389 /frym.2022.629355
Fulazzaky, M. A. (2014). Challenges of integrated water resources management in Indonesia.
Water (Switzerland), 6(7), 2000–2020.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w6072000
Giffoni, E., Jude, S., Smith, H. M., & Pollard, S.
J. T. (2022). Real-life resilience: Exploring the organisational environment of international water utilities. Utilities Policy, 79.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2022.101394 Goldstein, J. E., Neimark, B., Garvey, B., &
Phelps, J. (2023). Unlocking “lock-in” and path dependency: A review across disciplines and socio-environmental contexts. World Development, 161.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.10 6116
Grace, K., Davenport, F., Hanson, H., Funk, C., &
Shukla, S. (2015). Linking climate change and health outcomes: Examining the relationship between temperature, precipitation and birth weight in Africa.
Global Environmental Change, 35, 125–
137.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.0 6.010
Handono, S. Y., Hidayat, K., & Purnomo, M.
(2020). Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Pertanian (Pertama). UB Press (Universitas
Brawijaya Press).
https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LAcP EAAAQBAJ&printsec=copyright&redir_e sc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Harasim, L. (2017). Learning Theory and online technology (second). Routledge.
Harutyunyan, N. (2016). Public Perception of Water Price and Service Quality: An Empirical Analysis of Household Water Delivery in Armenia. Armenian Journal of Economics, 2(June 2015).
Hermawati, W., Ririh, K. R., Ariyani, L., Helmi, R. L., & Rosaira, I. (2023). Sustainable and green energy development to support women’s empowerment in rural areas of Indonesia: Case of micro-hydro power implementation. Energy for Sustainable Development, 73(January), 218–231.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2023.02.001 Ilyas, I., Tan, V., & Kaleka, M. (2021).
Penjernihan Air Metode Filtrasi untuk Meningkatkan Kesehatan Masyarakat RT Pu’uzeze Kelurahan Rukun Lima Nusa Tenggara Timur. Warta Pengabdian, 15(1), 46.
https://doi.org/10.19184/wrtp.v15i1.19849 Irada Amalia, B., & Agung Sugiri, dan. (2014).
Ketersediaan Air Bersih Dan Perubahan Iklim: Studi Krisis Air Di Kedungkarang Kabupaten Demak. Jurnal Teknik PWK, 3(2), 295–302. http://ejournal- s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/pwk
Ivankova, N., & Wingo, N. (2018). Applying Mixed Methods in Action Research:
Methodological Potentials and Advantages.
American Behavioral Scientist, 62(7), 978–
997.
https://doi.org/10.1177/000276421877267 3
IWMI. (2021). Storing water: A new integrated approach for resilient development.
Katsanou, K., & Karapanagioti, H. K. (2019).
Surface water and groundwater sources for
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id drinking water. Handbook of
Environmental Chemistry, 67(April 2022), 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_140 Koening, T. L., Spano, R., & Thompson, J. B.
(2019). Human Behaviour theory for social work practice.
Lawlor, K. B. (2012). Smart Goals: How the Application of Smart Goals can Contribute to Achievement of Student Learning Outcomes. Journal of Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning, 39, 259–267.
Liliweri, A. (2015). Komunikasi Antar Personal.
Kencana.
Maryani, D., & Nainggolan, R. R. E. (2019).
Pemberdayaan Masyarakat. Deepublish Publisher.
https://books.google.co.id/books?id=67nH DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&sourc e=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage
&q&f=false
Mbogo, E. M. (2014). Factors Influencing Adoption of Rain Water Harvesting Technologies Among Households in Mbeere South Subcounty, Kenya. East African Journal of Sustainable Development, 23(5), 79–91.
Minnesota. (2019). Bacteria , Viruses , and Parasites in Drinking Water.
Mustari, N. (2015). Pemahaman Kebijakan Publik( Formulasi,Implementasi dan Evaluasi Kebijakan Publik). Kebijakan Publik Deliberatif, 1, 286.
Naibaho, M. (2016). Respon Masyarakat Terhadap Pesan Komunikasi Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional Pada BPS Kota Pematangsiantar.
https://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/simbolika/a rticle/view/215/165
Nganti, P. D. (2023). Grafik Data Demografi Berdasar Populasi Per Wilayah.
https://nganti-bjn.desa.id/first/wilayah Nurdin, I., & Rorimpandey, M. C. (2019).
Implementasi Kebijakan Program Pembangunan Infrastruktur Pedesaan (Ppip) Di Desa Lopana Satu Kecamatan Amurang Timur Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan. TRANSFORMASI: Jurnal Manajemen Pemerintahan, 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.33701/jt.v11i1.630 Olukowi, O. M., Xie, Y., Zhou, Z., Adebayo, I. O.,
& Zhang, Y. (2022). Performance improvement and mechanism of composite PAC/PDMDAAC coagulant via enhanced coagulation coupled with rapid sand filtration in the treatment of micro-polluted surface water. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(5).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.108450 Pandey, P. K., Kass, P. H., Soupir, M. L., Biswas,
S., & Singh, V. P. (2014). Contamination of water resources by pathogenic bacteria.
AMB Express, 4(1), 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-014-0051-x Permenkes No. 492/Th.2010. (2010). Persyaratan Kualitas Air Minum. In Peraturan Mentri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Issue 492).
Pohle, A., Villani, E., & Grimaldi, R. (2022).
Personnel motivation in knowledge transfer offices: The role of university-level and organizational-level antecedents.
Technological Forecasting and Social
Change, 181.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121 765
Puspitasari, S. N. (2021). Analisis Studi Kasus Krisis Ketersediaan Air Musim. Journal of Research and Education Chemistry, 3(2), 86–95.
Rautanen, S. L., & White, P. (2013). Using Every Drop – Experiences of Good Local Water Governance and Multiple-use Water Services for Food Security in Far-western Nepal. Aquatic Procedia, 1, 120–129.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro.2013.07.01 0
Rieger, K., Holm, R. H., & Sheridan, H. (2016).
Access to groundwater and link to the impact on quality of life: A look at the past, present and future public health needs in Mzimba District, Malawi. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 2–3, 117–129.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2016.07.002 Sinharoy, S. S., McManus, S., Conrad, A., Patrick,
M., & Caruso, B. A. (2023). The Agency, Resources, and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-related Empowerment (ARISE) Scales: Development and validation of measures of women’s empowerment in urban sanitation for low- and middle-
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id income countries. World Development, 164,
106183.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.10 6183
Sphere. (2018). The Sphere Handbook Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response (Fourth).
www.practicalactionpublishing.org/sphere Tejokusumo, B. (2014). Dinamika Masyarakat
Sebagai Sumber Belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial. Geodukasi, 3(1), 38–43.
UNESCO. (2022). Water.
https://www.unesco.org/en/search?categor y=Unesco.org&text=water
UNICEF. (2020). Water Scarcity.
https://www.unicef.org/wash/water- scarcity
United Nations. (2019). Water-related Challenges. https://www.un.org/en/global- issues/water
USEPA. (2022). Water Quality Topics:
Pathogens.
https://www.epa.gov/wqclr/water-quality- topics-pathogens
USGS. (2018). Drought Impacts to Crops in the
U.S. Caribbean.
https://www.usgs.gov/programs/climate- adaptation-science-centers/drought- impacts-crops-us-caribbean
UU RI No.17. (2019). Sumber Daya Air. In Openwork.
https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300210286- 003
WHO. (2022). Water Sanitation and Health.
Wolf, J., Hunter, P. R., Freeman, M. C., Cumming, O., Clasen, T., Bartram, J., Higgins, J. P. T., Johnston, R., Medlicott, K., Boisson, S., & Prüss-Ustün, A. (2018).
Impact of drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta-analysis and meta-regression. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 23(5), 508–525.
https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13051
World Wildlife. (2022). Water Scarcity.
https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/wate r-scarcity
Yakovlev, A. (2014). Russian modernization:
Between the need for new players and the fear of losing control of rent sources.
Journal of Eurasian Studies, 5(1), 10–20.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2013.09.004
