A study completed by Zhang et al. 2015) supports these findings, specifically that the greater stiffness of the shoe allows for greater impulse forces. There will be no significant differences between the calculated force development of the three footwear conditions. Studies, including one conducted by DeBiasio et al. 2013) have found differences between vertical jump heights for tennis shoes and different types of cleats.
The definition of power is the rate of work an individual performs (Rodgers et al., 1984). A common method of determining force is by measuring the rate of force development (RFD) (Dysterhelft et al., 2013). It was observed that jumps performed with a greater countermovement (greater squat depth) resulted in greater heights (Gheller et al., 2015).
Video analysis was used to compare the oscillation of the hamstrings during the vertical jump movement between the two conditions and less oscillation was found for the jumps made in the compression shorts (Doan et al., 2003). The conclusion reached by Laporta et al. minimalist shoes during training as a way to increase performance both in the vertical jump and in competition. It was hypothesized that this disparity was due to the participants performing all the jumps for all conditions in a single day (Harry et al., 2015).
This view is supported by a similar study completed by Butler et al. difference in landing effects between a bladed cleat and a cleat based on varying cleat stiffness. Performance was found to be higher when tested with tennis shoes on a court, and Kalva-Filho et al. 2013) attributed this to several factors. On grass, 35% more of the impact is absorbed than on a track, reducing the elastic energy and efficiency available to the individual (Kalva-Filho et al., 2013).
METHODS METHODS
Subjects were asked to participate in a three-hour test session, which began with taking the individual's anthropometric measurements, including height and weight. Subjects were provided with the mandatory clothing worn throughout the duration of the testing procedure, consisting of shorts and a compression shirt, as well as socks. The researchers laced the shoes before giving them to the subjects to eliminate potential variability, and the subjects were instructed to lace the shoes with the ankle in a maximal dorsiflexion position.
Retroreflective markers were placed on the lower body of the test subject after a dynamic warm-up. This study was normalized based on the individual's weight rather than height; thus subjects were recruited in an effort to remain as homogeneous as possible in terms of height. For ten minutes the subject sat with their feet in the socks alone in order to standardize the time between all trials.
Variables measured and calculated for the CMVJ include vertical jump height, ground reaction force, normalized ground reaction force, and rate of force development. The Vertec was first adjusted for each participant to allow accurate measurement of individual maximum height values. The body positioning instructions for the jumps were then explained to the subjects, and the correct starting position was assumed for each trial.
This involved starting with feet flat and shoulder width apart on the force plate and arms in a normal athletic position comfortable for the individual. After this position assumption, each trial was performed by the subject slightly bending the knees and giving a comfortable arm swing while executing the maximum vertical jump in order to knock as many paddles on the Vertec out of extension as possible. The Vertec was placed next to the subject so that the foils were directly above the initial start position for the jump trials.
All jump tests were performed on this force plate, which measures the individual's ground reaction forces (Fz). The four variables examined were calculated based on the maximum height of the countermovement jump at a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz. The ground reaction force (Fz) was measured and then used to calculate the normalized ground reaction force (nFz) by dividing by the weight, in kilograms, of the subject of interest.
The rate of force development (RFD) was defined as the slope of the ground reaction force curve at the beginning of. Concentric force production occurs when the vertical force factor of the ground reaction force curve exceeds body weight (N), otherwise seen as the moment when the subject pushes off the ground to perform the jump, and eccentric.
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
While the difference in data was attributed to small variability in the procedure, it should be noted that conflicting results were present. 2008) tested pin force production using several pins with different plugs. Their findings showed that a grass shoe with a cushioned sole produced less force than any other shoe. These force production values are consistent with data collected by DeBiasio et al. 2013) in the forward and vertical jump test, as trials performed with pins resulted in the greatest force production.
It has been confirmed that the pin pattern on the pins affects force production in relation to translational forces, but it is imperative to comment that the study could not confirm similar effects for vertical forces (Kent (C) et al., 2015). Both the abnormalities in our data with respect to the tennis shoe trials and the expected responses compared to the stud trials can be rationalized by several limitations and delimitations of the study. The configuration of the studs on the soccer cleats and soccer cleats may not have been composed of an exact pattern that would have produced any statistically significant differences in the force production data.
This theory was hypothesized as a limitation in the study by Queen et al. 2008) and is common in our study due to the use of only two types of clamps. 2015) overcame this factor by using nineteen different configurations and still found no significant differences in the data, it is still possible that our data could have caused those differences with an extension to the number of clamps implemented, which was not was not possible due to cost constraints. By deliberately selecting only recreationally educated men aged 18-30, we excluded a large part of the population that includes women, both educated and uneducated, professionally educated men, and men outside that age category.
This exclusivity allowed us to closely examine a portion of the population on a small scale while staying within budget and time constraints. In the future, such a study would benefit from increasing the number of breech conditions to account for the large amount of variation that exists in breech configurations, including pin location, placement, and number. In conclusion, this study has shown that the effects of stud configuration in American football and soccer cleats are statistically similar when measured as variables of ground reaction force, normalized ground reaction force, rate of force development, or height. of vertical jump.
While the literature has generally shown at least an increase in force production for kicks compared to running shoes, in this case the results were not supportive of this theory. Overall, it appears that when testing the vertical force output of the clamps, the configuration of the clamps has no effect. Rotational injuries of the lower limb: an analysis of frictional torque between different types of soccer pitch and shoe outsole.
