INTRODUCTION
Bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae:
Scolytinae and Platypodinae) are commonly found in commercial, urban, and natural forests (Hulcr et al., 2022). Ambrosia beetles have been reported as potential pests, and their fungal symbionts act as plant pathogens (Olatinwo et al., 2021; Tarno et al., 2014; Ward & Riggins, 2023). This beetle causes economic damage, such as killing trees and degrading wood value for export commodities (Grousset et al., 2020). Several native and exotic
ambrosia beetle species have reportedly attacked tree species in several regions worldwide, such as in the USA and Europe (Galko et al., 2018; Lira- Noriega et al., 2018). More than 50 species are established outside their native range (Lantschner et al., 2020), including severe pests of trees in managed habitats and forest ecosystems (Boland, 2016; Hughes et al., 2017; Ranger, Tobin, et al., 2015). As a result, accurate information on the presence and population levels of certain ambrosia beetles is becoming increasingly crucial for forest ecosystem protection.
ARTICLE INFO Keywords:
Bark and ambrosia beetles Bottle trap
Mahogany
Multiple-funnel trap Xyleborini
Article History:
Received: August 30, 2023 Accepted: October 20, 2023
*) Corresponding author:
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Bark and ambrosia beetles are commonly found in forest ecosystems, and their fungal symbionts act as plant pathogens. Accurate information on the presence and population levels of bark and ambrosia beetles is becoming an increasingly crucial to protect the forest ecosystem. This study compared multiple-funnel and bottle traps to monitor the bark and ambrosia beetles in two types of mahogany forest. Multiple-funnel and bottle traps were made from transparent polyethylene terephthalate bottles and baited with 95% ethanol. Two different mahogany forest management (monoculture and polyculture with coffee plants) were used in this study. A total of 2,367 bark and ambrosia beetle specimens were trapped in this study. This research recorded ten genera of Scolytinae and one Platypodinae genus. Xyleborus spp., X. crassiusculus, and P. cavipennis are three predominated ambrosia beetles collected in mahogany monoculture and polyculture. Euplatypus parallelus was identified as a representative of Platypodinae. Results showed that multiple-funnel traps baited with ethanol are effective to catch individuals and several species of bark and ambrosia beetles in mahogany forests. The choice of multiple-funnel or bottle traps is an important consideration in trap-based programs for monitoring or detecting invasive species in forest ecosystems.
ISSN: 0126-0537
Cite this as: Setiawan, Y., Yahya, M. Q., Dendy, F., Hata, K., Wang, J., & Tarno, H. (2023). Comparison of two trap designs for monitoring the bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) in mahogany forests. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(3), 570-579.http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v45i3.4295
Comparison of Two Trap Designs for Monitoring the Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) in Mahogany Forests
Yogo Setiawan1), Minhajul Qowim Yahya1), Fuad Dendy1), Kunihiko Hata2), Jianguo Wang3), and Hagus Tarno1*)
1) Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
2) Laboratory of Forest Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Koorimoto, 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan
3) Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
In Indonesia, some economically disastrous species of ambrosia beetles have recently been reported, for example, Euplatypus parallelus (Fabricius, 1801), which is destroying Angsana tree (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) populations as urban trees in the city of Malang and Batu, East Java, Indonesia, since 2014 (Tarno et al., 2014). Despite the damage, neither the regional government nor the related agencies were able to respond appropriately toward the invasion of this species.
The beetle might invasively spread into the surrounding area and even the forest ecosystem.
Native Scolytinae in Java, particularly ambrosia beetles, such as Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky, 1866) cause economic damage in fruit orchards and ornamental nurseries in United States (Agnello et al., 2015; Ranger et al., 2016;
Ranger, Schultz, et al., 2015). Several studies indicated that both species have been found from several tree species in East Java i.e., teak (Tectona grandis L. f), Albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I.C. Nielsen), Clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry), Mango (Mangifera indica L.) and Pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese) (Tarno, Setiawan, Kusuma, et al., 2021; Tarno, Setiawan, Wang, et al., 2022). However, no report has confirmed the presence of this species in mahogany forests, especially in East Java.
The UB forest as an educational forest (owned by Universitas Brawijaya) located in the slopes of Mount Arjuna, predominantly planted of pine stands (P. merkusii) and also a smaller area of mahogany stands (Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.).
Since the beginning of mahogany cultivation in UB Forest, no studies have been reported on bark and ambrosia beetle. A suitable monitoring system is required to estimate the targeted population to determine the trends of ambrosia beetles in forest ecosystems. Currently, early detection programs targeting potentially invasive ambrosia beetle species have typically used traps baited with an attractant such as ethanol (Reding et al., 2011;
Steininger et al., 2015) because ethanol is broadly attractive and often used for semi chemical study of ambrosia beetles (Gugliuzzo et al., 2021; Kelsey et al., 2013). In Indonesia, survey and detection of bark and ambrosia beetles are usually conducted with a bottle trap baited with ethanol (Tarno, Setiawan, Kusuma et al., 2021; Tarno, Setiawan, Putri et al., 2022). Bottle traps baited with ethanol also attract several species of Scolytinae beetles,
including Xylosandrus spp. and Xyleborus spp.
(Mazón et al., 2013; Setiawan et al., 2018).
Multiple-funnel traps also are used in detection programs of ambrosia beetles (Burbano et al., 2012; Kendra et al., 2020; Miller et al., 2018).
Previous study reported that multiple-funnel traps made from plastic bottle was effective to trap and capture ambrosia beetles than window flight trap, yellow sticky trap, and bottle trap in urban area (Angsana tree) in Malang and Batu, East Java (Tarno, Setiawan, Rahardjo, et al., 2021). Since the multiple-funnel trap from a plastic bottle has never been used to monitor ambrosia beetles in Indonesia’s forest ecosystems, our study aimed to compare the effectivity of bottle and multiple- funnel traps in monitoring and detection of bark and ambrosia beetles at mahogany forest at UB Forest.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Sites
This study was conducted in Universitas Brawijaya Forest (UB Forest), which is located in Karangploso, Malang District, East Java, on the slopes of Mount Arjuna at the coordinate of 7o49’300’’ – 7o51’363’’ S and 112o 34’378’’ – 112o 36’526’’ E (Fig. 1A). The UB forest predominantly was planted with pine (P. merkusii) and also a smaller area of mahogany (S. mahagoni) which located on the eastern edge and the linear patches border the protected forest with an area of approximately 50.41 ha. The mahogany trees are more than 40 years old. The experiment was carried at two different management of mahogany forest:
mahogany monoculture and mahogany polyculture with coffee plant (Coffea robusta L. Linden) (Fig.
2C and Fig. 2D). In this study, the coffee plants are mostly two years old.
Traps and Deployments
In this study, we used two trap designs: the multiple-funnel trap and the bottle trap. All of the traps were made from transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles (Fig. 2A and Fig. 2B).
A multiple-funnel trap was made using the upper sides (funnel-like) of ten transparent PET bottles (volume = 1.5 L). The funnels were stacked vertically (long = 1 m) and connected using ropes.
The multiple-funnel trap has a specimen container section at the bottom end of the trap and is
filled with 95% ethanol as bait (Tarno, Setiawan,
Rahardjo, et al., 2021). The traps were installed on mahogany trees at approximately one meter above the ground (Fig. 2A).
Remarks: (A) Study area with location of sampling plots in UB Forest, East Java, Indonesia and (B) sampling design by plot; Blue dots = mahogany monoculture, Yellow dots = mahogany polyculture, Black cross = Bottle traps, Black triangle = multiple-funnel traps
Fig. 1. Study location of bark and ambrosia beetle collection
Fig. 2. Traps deployed in mahogany tree in mahogany forest, UB Forest: (A) multiple-funnel trap, (B) bottle trap, (C) mahogany monoculture, and (D) mahogany polyculture with coffee plant
A B C
D
Bottle traps were also made from PET (volume of 1.5 L) and have the simplest design: a PET bottle was modified into one large window cut on the side (Setiawan et al., 2018). This trap consisted of a specimen container at the bottom, filled with a soap solution. The soap solution will kill bark and ambrosia beetles that fall on container specimens.
This trap was also baited with 95% ethanol, which is placed in a plastic ziplock and installed in the window part of the trap (Fig. 2B). This trap were attached to mahogany trees at approximately one meter above the ground (Setiawan et al., 2018).
Based on a volume and an average release rate for ethanol as bait was 3.8 g per day at 25°C, we replaced baits every seven days. In this study, the traps were deployed in eight plots, each containing 10 traps (five traps for multiple-funnel traps and five traps for bottle traps) (Fig. 1B). In total, we deployed 40 multiple-funnel traps and 40 bottle traps in this study. In each plot, the traps were 20 m apart within each trap (Fig. 1B). Bark and ambrosia beetles trapped were collected ten times at a seven-day interval. Beetle collections were conducted from February to April 2022.
Preservation and Identification
All the beetles trapped in each trap were collected and stored in 75% ethanol. The specimen was identified at the Plant Pest Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya. The bark and ambrosia beetles were identified based on morphological characters. The Olympus SZ51 stereomicroscope (Olympus Optical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used to determine the bark and ambrosia beetle species according to the available literature and Southeast Asian Ambrosia Beetle ID (Smith et al., 2019).
Data Analyses
The differences in the number of individual beetles and species captured in the multiple- funnel traps and bottle traps were analyzed using two-tailed t-tests. Normality was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The number of individuals and species captured was transformed to log (x + 1) to achieve normal distribution. In addition, the ggplot2 and dplyr packages were also applied to run related analyses. All statistical analysis was performed in R Studio statistical software (R Core Development Team, 2018).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bark and Ambrosia Beetle Communities in a Mahogany Forest
A total of 2,367 bark and ambrosia beetle specimens were trapped in this study, representing 11 genera and 14 species. In the mahogany monoculture site, more specimens were collected from multiple-funnel trap (686 individuals) than bottle trap (236 individual). Multiple-funnel trap also collected more specimen (1,172 individual) than bottle trap (273 individual) in mahogany polyculture.
In this study, 13 species of Scolytinae were trapped, including X. crassiusculus (Motschulsky, 1866), Xylosandrus morigerus (Blandford, 1894), Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff, 1875), Xyleborinus andrewesi (Blandford, 1896), Xyleborus spp., Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff, 1868), Debus adusticollis (Motschulsky, 1863), Debus shoreae (Stebbing, 1907), Premnobius cavipennis (Eichhoff, 1878), Arixyleborus sp., Hypothenemus spp., Scolytoplatypus sp., Eccoptopterus spinosus (Oliver, 1795), and one species of Platypodinae, namely E.
parallelus (Fabricius, 1801) (Table 1). In this study, Scolytinae showed the most abundance and diverse composed of 13 out of 14 species. This proportion is usual in tropical forest ecosystems in Indonesia (Tarno, Setiawan, Kusuma, et al., 2021). However, the plant surrounding the studied tree could also have influenced this phenomenon. In polyculture study sites, the mahogany tree is cultivated with coffee plants and is also a host plant for several species of bark and ambrosia beetles. For example, X. compactus and X. morigerus were collected only in mahogany polyculture with coffee plants, and these species are the most common ambrosia attacking coffee plants in Indonesia. Xylosandrus compactus (black twig borer) is considered a native species to East Asia and causes extensive damage to coffee throughout Indonesia, Hawaii (Burbano et al., 2012), Brazil (Túler et al., 2019), and Africa (Egonyu et al., 2016).
Most of the collected ambrosia beetle was Xyleborus spp., making up 31.39% of the total number of individuals captured by both trap types, followed by P. cavipennis (21.34%), and X. crassiusculus (20.29%) (Table 1). Xyleborus is a genus reported to be distributed throughout the world (more than 400 known species), and the most complex ambrosia beetles from the Xyleborini tribe (Smith & Hulcr,
2015). Xyleborus is a generalist ambrosia beetle with more than 200 host tree species. Some species of Xyleborus are major invasive forest pests, such as X. affinis and X. glabratus (Hughes et al., 2015;
Lin et al., 2021). The second dominant ambrosia beetle in this study, X. crassiusculus, was reported in several studies to attack host trees in different ecosystems, including forests, urban areas, and orchards (Cavaletto et al., 2021; Tarno, Setiawan, Rahardjo, et al., 2021; Thube et al., 2022). This species is native to subtropical Asia and has been established in several other countries worldwide (Covre et al., 2021; Lantschner et al., 2020;
Setiawan et al., 2018). Premnobius cavipennis was also reported as most frequently ambrosia beetle associated with Eucalyptus plantations and caused economic damage in Brazil (Flechtmann et al., 2000). Genera belonging to Scolytinae such as Xylosandrus, Premnobius and Xyleborus was reported contains several important invasive species worldwide (Bateman et al., 2017; Ranger et al., 2016; Rassati et al., 2016). Additionally, one species of the Platypodinae subfamily, E. parallelus,
was also collected in our study. Euplatypus paralelus is native species of ambrosia beetles to South and Central America and introduced to Southeast Asia (Beaver, 2013). This species is also reported to attack Agsana trees in urban area (Tarno et al., 2014) and has also been collected in forest and orchard ecosystems in Indonesia (Tarno, Setiawan, Kusuma, et al., 2021; Tarno, Setiawan, Wang, et al., 2022). This species is polyphagous and is reported to infest over 82 host tree species (Gümüş & Ergün, 2015).
In this study, the multi-funnel trap proved more efficient than the bottle trap in collecting specimens in both monoculture and polyculture sites of mahogany. The species distribution suggests that the surrounding vegetation, particularly the combination of mahogany and coffee plants, may influence the diversity of beetles. In this study, the most common ambrosia beetle was from the Xyleborus genus. The study also collected E. parallelus, a polyphagous beetle native to Central and South America that has become established in Southeast Asia and infests numerous tree species.
Table 1. Species composition and abundance of bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytinae and Platypodinae) collected in polyculture and monoculture mahogany forests using multiple-funnel and bottle traps
Subfamily and species Mahogany monoculture Mahogany polyculture
% Total specimens Bottle trap Multiple-
Funnel Trap Bottle trap Multiple- Funnel Trap Scolytinae
Xylosandrus crassiusculus 164 34 192 88 20.19
Xylosandrus morigerus - - 22 32 2.28
Xylosandrus compactus - - 2 51 2.24
Xyleborinus andrewesi - 107 1 199 12.97
Xyleborus spp. 17 312 10 404 31.39
Euwallacea fornicatus - - 2 - 0.08
Debus adusticollis 21 7 22 - 2.11
Debus shoreae - 1 - - 0.04
Premnobius cavipennis 23 182 8 292 21.34
Arixyleborus sp. 1 5 1 2 0.38
Hypothenemus spp. - 12 6 16 1.44
Scolytoplatypus sp. 1 3 4 1 0.38
Eccoptopterus spinosus 5 4 1 34 1.86
Platypodinae
Euplatypus parallelus 4 19 2 53 3.30
Total 236 686 273 1,172 100.00
Effectiveness of Multiple-Funnel Trap and Bottle Trap in Monitoring of Ambrosia Beetles in a Mahogany Forest
Our findings demonstrate that the multiple- funnel trap was the more effective trap for capturing individual bark and ambrosia beetles in mahogany monoculture (t = -7.55, p < 0.001) and polyculture (t = -10.26, p < 0.001) on weekly samples (Fig.
3A and Fig. 3B). Multiple-funnel trap also caught
more species of ambrosia beetles in mahogany monoculture (t = -4.87, p < 0.001) and polyculture (t = -7.99, p < 0.001) on weekly samples (Fig. 3B).
In this study, more individuals of bark and ambrosia beetles were collected at both sites using multiple- funnel traps on weekly samples (Fig. 4A). However, the multiple-funnel trap showed more collected number of species in mahogany polyculture on weekly samples (Fig. 4B).
Remarks: An asterisk above the bars represents significant differences between traps (p ≤ 0.001) based on analysis of a two-tailed t-test (df = 19)
Fig. 3. A number of individuals (A) and species richness (B) of bark and ambrosia beetles were collected in a mahogany forest using two traps on weekly samples
Remarks: BTP = bottle trap in mahogany polyculture; BTM = bottle trap in mahogany monoculture; FTP = multiple- funnel trap in mahogany polyculture; FTM = multiple-funnel trap in mahogany monoculture; W = weeks, and the numbers (1–10) indicate number of week beetles collected
Fig. 4. Weekly abundance (A) and richness (B) of bark and ambrosia beetle community in mahogany forest in UB Forest
This study compares bottle and multiple- funnel traps baited with ethanol for trapping ambrosia beetles in mahogany forests. The multiple-funnel trap in this study proved effective in attracting more individual and number of species of bark and ambrosia beetle in the studied area.
This also supports the reports stated that multiple- funnel traps catch more abundance individuals of ambrosia beetles in urban area than bottle trap (Tarno, Setiawan, Rahardjo, et al., 2021).
The number of species collected was also in accordance with Miller et al. (2018) when evaluating funnel traps in Georgia, Indiana, and Virginia. In our study, both traps were attracted by ethanol, so the ambrosia beetles attracted and falled into the collecting container. When baited with attractants, multiple-funnel trap can caught up to thousands of ambrosia beetles Eastern United States (Miller et al., 2018). As reported in previous studies, the ambrosia beetle species in the Xyleborini tribe are attracted to ethanol bait. Ethanol is the most attractive semiochemicals for many Xyleborini such as some species of Xylosandrus spp. (Gugliuzzo et al., 2021). Other studies also reported that ethanol can attract females and males of E. parallelus (Platypodinae) (Rainho et al., 2021).
In addition, multiple-funnel trap was designed as an intercept trap. The funnel trap was intended for the ambrosia beetle to hit the underside of a funnel and bounce through all the funnels during its fall collecting jar (Flechtmann et al., 2000). In our study, the multiple-funnel trap consists of ten funnels longer than the bottle trap. Miller & Crowe (2009) reported that the length of the funnel trap can affect the capture of Scolytinae beetles in slash pine stands in Northern Florida. The bottle trap was the least effective design tested in our studied area.
This type is designed as a flight impact trap, and ambrosia beetles are trapped as they bounce off the bottle wall, fall through the collecting container, and have one window for ambrosia beetles entering the traps. Unlike the multiple-funnel trap, which has three sides, each funnel allows the ambrosia beetle to enter the trap. Steininger et al. (2015) reported that the clear bottle trap with one window had the lowest abundance of ambrosia beetles collected than the brown bottle with one window and the clear bottle with two windows.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, multiple-funnel traps baited with ethanol effectively catch individuals and several species of bark and ambrosia beetles in monoculture and polyculture mahogany forests.
The Scolytinae subfamily is predominant in tropical forests, such as mahogany forests in Indonesia. In our study, it was also reported that X. crassiusculus, Xyleborus spp., and P. cavipennis are the dominant species. In addition, choosing multiple-funnel or bottle traps is an essential consideration in trap- based programs for monitoring or detecting invasive species in forest ecosystems.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was supported by the One Belt One Road: Innovative Talents Foreign Experts Program with Project ID: DL2022022001L from 2022 to 2023, People’s Republic of China. In addition, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya also provided laboratorial facilities to conduct this research.
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