This edition is an updated printing of the Complete TOEFL® Guide, Second Edition. The mini-lessons for this section cover the use of prepositions, one of the most difficult grammar skills.
Acknowledgements
Getting Started
Questions and Answers about TOEFL
The question types, number of items, and time limits for the institutional TOEFL are the same as the paper-based TOEFL. Results for institutional TOEFL tests are usually available sooner, often in about four weeks.
Twelve Keys to High Scores on TOEFL
Key #1: Increase your general knowledge of English
Key #2: Make the most of your preparation time
When you return, take five minutes to review what you studied before the break and preview what you will study next.
Key #4: Choose your test date carefully
Key #6: Organize your pre-exam time
Key #7: Use time wisely during the test
Key #8: Know how to mark your answer sheet
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Key #9: Improve your concentration
Key #10: Use the process of/~ii~to make the best guess
Key #11: Learn to control test anxiety
Key #12: Learn from taking practice test and official TOEFL exams
Guide to Listening Comprehension
About Listening Comprehension
You will only hear the conversations and questions once and will not be transcribed. Then fill in the space on your answer sheet that corresponds to the letter of the answer you selected.
PRINT DARI HAL 26-65
Instructions: This part of the test consists of several speeches, each of which is led by one speaker. After you hear each question, read the four possible answers and choose the one (A), (B), (C) or (D) that best answers the question based on what is directly stated or what can be inferred.
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Dialogs
About Dialogs
- LESSON 1
- Exercise 1
- LESSON 2
- Exercise 2.2
- LESSON 3
Questions about opinions These ask how one or both speakers think about a certain topic. Try to anticipate what the question will be by the format of the answer choices.
DIALOGS WITH HOMONYMS AND WORDS WITH MULTIPLE MEANINGS Two words are homonyfilS if they have the same pronunciation but are spelled differently and have
Exercise 3.3
LESSON 4
The first one has been made as an example.. came out of the mill. hours in a row short for. Decide which of the choices - (A), (B) or (C) - best answers the question about the dialogue and tick the appropriate answer.
LESSON 5
ANSWERING INFERENCE QUESTIONS ABOUT DIALOGS
- lESSON 6
- Exercise 6.1
- LESSON 7
- Suggestions
- Invitations
- Offers
- Requests
- Exercise 7.2
- LESSON 8
- Contradictions
- Assumptions
- Questions
- LESSON 9
The man's response: "I didn't really see it that way;' means that he disagreed with the woman's opinion that Cheryl's photographs were the best.The man's response, "I didn't really see it that way," means that he disagreed with the woman's opinion that Cheryl's photographs were the best.
ANSWERING QUESTIONS ABour ACTIVITIES, PLANS, TOPICS, AND PROBLEMS
- Questions About Activities
- Questions About Plans
- Questions About Topics
- Questions About Problems
- LESSON 10
- Causative Verbs
- Used to
- Exercise 10
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Decide which of the answer choices (A), (B), or (C) best answers the question and mark the appropriate blank box. According to the dialogue, the head of the department instructed her assistant to meet the woman. York means I once lived in New. noun I'm not used to driving a car. on the left side of the road. to drive on the left side. used to my new job. used to my new job.
About Extended Conversations
The Introductory Comments
- LESSON 11
- Exercise 11
- Conversation 1
- 9. (A) At an art gallery
- LESSON 12
- Exercise 12
- LESSON 13
- Exercise 13.1
- Exercise 13.2
The answers to these questions are often suggested in the first few lines of conversation. Which of the following best describes the situation in which the conversation is likely to take place. Which of the following best describes the situation in which the conversation is likely to take place' ____ ~ (A).
Mini-Talks
About Mini-Talks
The Introductory Comments
As we said, when a lunar eclipse occurs, the Earth moves between the Sun and the Moon. Therefore, the shadow of the Earth moves over the surface of the Moon and hides it. The speaker says "the shadow of the Earth moves over the Moon and hides it."
The Talks
LESSON 14
As in the other two parts of the Listening Comprehension section, you should preview the items in Part C and try to anticipate what the questions will be from the format of the answer choices. You may not be able to guess exactly what the questions will be, but you can guess what type of question will be asked. If you have some idea of what the question will be, you can focus your attention during the conversations.
Exercise 14
It's not too crowded on weeknights.. a) What does the speaker say about the Tangerine Cafe?.
LESSON 15
Exercise 15
LESSON 16
Exercise 16.2
Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences or dialog boxes with idioms from the list above. He has a completely different philosophy of business education than Dean Woodford had, so I'm sure we're in for some big changes." I think the food is slightly better at the Oak Room, but the service at Chez Michelle is better. ".
Mini-Lesson 1.11
34;I just heard on the news that Florida's orange crop was damaged by the hurricane last week and that orange juice prices are going to go up a lot:'. It may be necessary to change the verb forms in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct.
Guide to Structure and Written Expression
About Structure and Written Expression
Don't spend too much time working on difficult items; it's better to work on items you're likely to get right. If you fish before the time is called, go back and work on items you found difficult. Now start your preparation for Section 2 by taking the Sample Structure and Written Expression test.
Sample Structure and Written Expression Test
Martha Graham, one of the pioneers of modern dance, did not start dancing until she was twenty-one.
Written Expression
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The first recorded use of natural gas to light street lights was in the city of Frederick. A museum in Denver, Colorado, tells about black cowboys and his role in the history of. Chestnuts were once the most common tree in the eastern United States, but almost of them.
About Structure
Introduction
LESSON 17
- Clauses
- Missing Subjects, Verbs, Objects, and Complements
- Clauses with There and It
The verb missing in an independent clause can be a single verb (need, was, took, had, walked) or a verb phrase consisting of one or more auxiliary verbs and a main verb (will need, was, must take, would have had, walked). It is important to be punctual for appointments. with the verb to be + adjective + infinitive). It was David who did most of the work. with the verb to be + noun + relative clause).
Exercise 17
Usually political cartoons on the editorial page of a newspaper. two major art museums, the Fogg and the Sadler. On the moon air because the moon's gravitational field is too weak to hold an atmosphere. The Glass Mountains in northwestern Oklahoma with plaster spots gleaming in the sunlight.
LESSON 18
The adjective-sentence marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the subject of the second original sentence. Choice (B) is not appropriate because the subject they is not needed in the adjective clause; the marker that serves as the subject of the clause. Choice (C) is incorrect because there is no marker to add the adjective clause to the main clause.
Exercise 18
There are six species of flamingos, all _ _ _ _ have long legs, long necks and beaks that curve sharply downwards. Seals look clumsy on land, moving short distances faster than most humans can run.
LESSON 19
Aerodynamics is the study of the forces on an object as it moves through the atmosphere. Elfreth'sAlJey in Philadelphia is the oldest residential street in the United States, dating back to 1728. The Massachusetts State House, in 1798, was the most prominent building in the United States at the time.
LESSON 20
Exercise 20
Joseph Henry, first director of the Smithsonian Institute, was President Lincoln's adviser on scientific matters. Norman Weiner, mathematician and logician, had an important role in the development of the computer.
LESSON 21
- Full Adverb Clauses
- Reduced Adverb Clauses
- Prepositional Phrases with the Same Meaning as Adverb Clauses
In structural elements, any part of a full adverb—the marker, the subject, the verb, and so on. may be missing from the stem. In structural elements, any part of a full subordinate clause—the marker, the subject, the verb, and so on—can be missing from the stem. In choice (A), the subordinate clause lacks a subject and is not a correct reduction because it contains a verb.
Exercise 21
In choice (B), despite cannot be used with an adjective (only with a noun phrase or pronoun). C) does not specify a verb for the subordinate clause and is not a correct reduction because it contains a subject. Choice (B), a noun, could only be used with because of In (D), because of is followed by an adjective; to be correct, it must be followed by a noun phrase or a pronoun.
LESSON 22
Choice (C) is incorrect because Why is not the appropriate noun phrase marker in this sentence; the noun clause is based on a statement, not on a. Choice (D) is incorrect because it forms an adverbial clause, but the main clause lacks a subject. Choice (B) incorrectly follows question word order. C) is wrong because how is in the wrong position.
Exercise 22
In the correct answer, the noun phrase itself (That malaria was caused by breathing in unclean air) is the subject of the verb was in the main clause. A basic question psychologists have tried to answer is A) do people learn. B) how people learn (C) people learn how (D) how people learn. The migration of monarch butterflies is _ _ _ (C) Wnat does the migration of monarch butterflies _ _ _ (D) The migration of monarch butterflies which is 7.
LESSON 23
Exercise 23
One of the oldest large suspension bridges still standing today is the George Washington Bridge between ~ewYork City and Fort Lee, New Jersey. The vacuum milking machine was invented. clothes are cleaned in liquids other than water. hookjubiiee, who was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for the life of her great-grandmother, Margaret Walker. A deep tissue massage is a type of massage therapy on one part of the body, such as the lower back.
LESSON 24
All of the response options for a structural item involving word order contain more or less the same words, but they are arranged in four different orders. It is sometimes easy to eliminate distractors in word order by making sure they "fit" with the rest of the sentence. A special type of word order problem involves “ersions~ This type of sentence uses question word order, even though the sentence is not a question.
Exercise 24
Across the Chesapeake Bay from the rest of the state whose farms produce beans, tomatoes.
LESSON 25
LESSON 26
After a noun phrase like the first woman, an infinitive is used as an adjective phrase.
Exercise 26
LESSON 27
Exercise 27
Walt Disney made many technical advances in the use of sound, color and in animated films. Barbara Jordan was the first woman in the South to win election to the House of Representatives, as a congresswoman from Texas from 1973 to 1979. Photographers' choice of camera depends on what kind of photos they want to take, how much control they want to overexpose, and how much they want to spend .
LESSON 28
Exercise 28
LESSON 29
Choice (A) creates a relative clause, which is not appropriate in this sentence; also, the choice is missing the word se. Choice (B) is missing both the verb and the word than. C) incorrectly uses as instead of than.
Exercise 29
LESSON 30
There is a contrast in this sentence; the car's role as a toy in its early days contrasts with its later role as a force for social change.
Exercise 30
In 1923, Jean Toomer wrote a book called Cane, which combined fiction and poetry to describe the black experience in the United States. Demographers believe that most metropolitan areas will continue to grow in population and area in the future. Most crabs live in the sea, some live in fresh water, and a few have strayed onto land.
LESSON 31
Exercise 31
