BIOTROPIKA Journal of Tropical Biology
https://biotropika.ub.ac.id/
Vol. 11 | No. 1 | 2023 | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2023.011.01.06
MAMMALS AND BIRD CONSERVATION STRATEGIES THROUGH COMMUNITY- BASED WILDLIFE WATCHING ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN PERHUTANI
AREA, PONCOKUSUMO, MALANG DISTRICT, EAST JAVA
Ika Yuni Agustin1), Luchman Hakim1)*, Amin Setyo Leksono1)
ABSTRACT
Perhutani area in Poncokusumo is inhabited by endemic and protected mammals and birds.
However, the data on the species are still lacking while the wildlife is threatened by forest conversion and hunting activities. The objectives included identifying mammals and birds species in the Perhutani area in Poncokusumo, describing the local people and visitor's perception of the idea of developing wildlife-watching ecotourism and developing a strategy for mammals and birds conservation through wildlife-watching ecotourism based on the local community. A field survey was done through direct observation and species recognition through morphological characteristics. Interviews were conducted in community lives in Poncokusumo village. The results showed that the Perhutani forest in Poncokusumo has 13 species of mammals and 54 species of birds and is included in the category with very good quality fauna diversity. Local people and visitors' perceptions of mammals and birds vary, but most respondents support developing wildlife-watching ecotourism. From the SWOT analysis, crucial optional strategy are includes increasing opportunities and strengths factors to minimize weaknesses. Some weakness of tourism development was found related to the threats and weaknesses, including hunting rate, habitat degradation and local community knowledge and awareness to support conservation program. This suggested that involving the local community in the tourism industry was crucial. Mammals and bird conservation through wildlife watching ecotourism based on the community in the Perhutani area of Poncokusumo is possible to be applied.
Keywords: community, questionnaires, roaming, SWOT
INTRODUCTION
Wildlife watching ecotourism is wildlife tourism in their natural habitat, which activities include observing and photographing the wildlife, with educational functions as one of the main purposes [1]. The growth of wildlife tourism in the world reaches about 10% per year [2]. This wildlife tourism has a major economic role in developing countries with a fairly high rate of biodiversity, such as countries in Africa [3]. In Indonesia, the type of wildlife ecotourism that has developed is bird-based wildlife ecotourism or known as birdwatching. Mammal watching is not as popular as birdwatching but has become popular in the last few years [4]. Indonesia, one of the biodiversity hotspots, with 298 endemic mammal species and 525 endemic bird species, has a great opportunity to develop wildlife ecotourism [5], both mammal watching and birdwatching.
Community-based ecotourism refers to tourism activities carried out in local communities, involving local communities and tourism objects that become attractions from local culture and nature. The tourism concept is assumed to be sustainable tourism that improves the life quality and economy of the local people in the tourist destination and also conserves the ecological
surroundings [6, 7]. In Asia, the Mekong Sub- region has made the concept of community-based ecotourism as the main strategy for poverty alleviation and as an effort to protect biodiversity.
While in Indonesia, community-based ecotourism has been applied, for example, in Java and West Kalimantan [8, 9].
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (BTSNP) lists important bird areas categorized as A1, A2, and A3 and also home to Javan endemic mammals, namely the Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Javan langur (Trachyphitecus auratus) [10]. The adjacent forest of BTSNP belongs to Perhutani, a state-owned company located in the western part of the national park and is also inhabited by protected mammals and bird species. However, data on the species of mammals and birds in this area are still limited. On the other hand, wildlife is threatened by forest conversion and hunting activities. With the increasing pressure on wildlife, it is important to develop conservation strategies to conserve wildlife. Wildlife watching ecotourism through community-based might be a suitable strategy to conserve the mammals and birds in the Perhutani area in Poncokusumo. The objectives of our research include identifying mammals and birds species in the Perhutani area in
Submitted : December, 31 2021 Accepted : May, 16 2023
Authors affiliation:
1)Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
Correspondence email:
How to cite:
Agustin, IY, Hakim L, Leksono AS. 2023.
Mammals and bird conservation strategies through community-based wildlife watching ecotourism development in Perhutani area, Poncokusumo, Malang District, East Java. Journal of Tropical Biology 11 (1): 44-52.
Poncokusumo, describing the local people and visitor's perception of the idea of developing wildlife-watching ecotourism and developing a strategy for mammals and birds conservation through wildlife-watching ecotourism based on the local community.
METHODS
Study site. A mammal and bird survey was conducted along the Perhutani area of Poncokusumo, Malang Regency, East Java.
Geographically the area located on S8°02' 57.0";
E112° 50' 11.0" - S8°03'18.1"; E112° 51'22.2. The research area consists of a monoculture forest (Pinus merkusii), intercropping land and a mixed forest (Figure 1). Interview with local people was conducted in Poncokusumo village, Malang regency, East Java.
Wildlife observation. Wildlife observation was done through a direct survey along the forest road in the Perhutani forest area (Figure 1). The roaming method was used on mammalian and bird surveys. We walked around the area to study and record the species of mammals and birds, habitat type/ geographic position using GPS and also the number of each species. We also conducted a night survey to record nocturnal mammals or birds. We also conducted an informal interview with hunters we faced during the survey to understand their
motivation, the wildlife species they hunted, the location of the wildlife they hunted and the hunter domicile. We took the picture of hunted wildlife as long as the hunter allowed us.
Exploring local community perception. To explore the local people and the visitor's perceptions, we conducted a survey using questionnaires. We interviewed local people who already know the Perhutani area of Poncokusumo.
The questionnaires were prepared mainly about: 1) the local people and visitor's perception and knowledge toward wildlife, 2) the local people and visitor's perception towards the idea of developing ecotourism wildlife watching in the study area, and 3) demographic information of the respondents.
We interviewed 20 local people from Poncokusumo village (the nearest village to the study site) and 11 visitors to the Perhutani area.
The respondents were selected through purposive sampling. We interviewed them to understand their motivation, the wildlife species they hunted, the location, and the hunter's domicile.
SWOT aspects identification. In order to identify the aspect of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, we made direct observations on the phenomena in field studies and collected secondary data from the local administrative office. We also interviewed the local people to identify aspects related to strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
Figure 1. Observation point on track in Perhutani area, Poncokusumo
Data analysis. Inventory of mammal and bird species. Data from surveys of birds and mammals were presented in tabular form and described. The data includes mammal and bird species found, encounter hours, habitat type, and protection status.
Then, a Venn diagram was made [11] to analyze its composition throughout the research location. The coordinates of each encounter with animals were analyzed using the QGIS application, and the locations of the encounter were described. From this data, a recommendation for wildlife observation paths at the research site was proposed.
Interview data and SWOT analysis. The interview data were grouped and tabulated using Ms Ecxell, presented as tables or graphs, and described. Then from this data, internal and external factors were identified and classified to determine the recommendation of a mammal and bird conservation strategy with community-based wildlife ecotourism using a SWOT analysis
approach. An internal factor and external factor analysis (IFAS and EFAS) was done as a basis for SWOT. The SWOT analysis was constructed descriptively [12].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Diversity of mammals and bird species. We found 13 mammals and 54 bird species (Tables 1 and 2). One mammal species was identified from the hunters, namely binturong and sambar deer, while another was identified from its roar, Javan leopards. Other species were identified from direct encounters. For birds, two species of Gelatik and Anis Kuning were identified from the traps of bird seekers, while others birds species were identified from direct sightings during surveys. These resources were especially important for ecotourism development [13].
Table 1. List of mammals in observation track
No Taxa Local name No Taxa Local name
Cercopithecidae Mephitidae
1 Trachypithecus auratus Lutung Jawa 7 Mydaus javanensis Teledu sigung 2 Macaca fascicularis Monyet ekor panjang Sciuridae
Cervidae 8 Ratufa bicolor Jelarang
3 Muntiacus muntjak Kijang 9 Petaurista petaurista Tupai terbang
Felidae Suidae
4 Panthera pardus melas Macan Tutul Jawa 10 Sus scrofa Babi hutan
Herpestidae Sciuridae
5 Herpestes javanicus Garangan 11 Callosciurus notatus Tupai/bajing
Hystricidae Viverridae
6 Hystrix brachyura Landak Jawa 12 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Luwak 13 Arctictis binturong Binturong
Table 2. List of birds in observation track
No Taxa Local name No Taxa Local name
Accipitridae 29 Myophonus caeruleus Ciung batu siul
1 Ictinaetus malaiensis Elang hitam Nectariniidae
2 Nisaetus bartelsi Elang jawa 30 Arachnothera robusta Pijantung besar
Alcedinidae Paridae
3 Halycon cyaniventris Cekakak Jawa 31 Parus cinereus Gelatik batu kelabu
Alophoixus Pellorneidae
4 Alophoixus bres Empuloh janggut 32 Turdinus macrodactylus Berencet besar
Apodidae 33 Malacocincla sepiarium Pelanduk Semak
5 Collocalia linchi Walet linchi Phasianidae
Campephagidae 34 Gallus varius Ayam hutan hijau
6 Pericrocotus miniatus Sepah Gunung 35 Gallus gallus Ayam hutan merah
Cettidae 36 Arborophila javanica Puyuh gonggong jawa
7 Horornis vulcanius Ceret gunung Phylloscopidae
Cisticolidae 37 Seicercus grammiceps Cikrak muda
8 Orthotomus sepium Cinenen Jawa Picidae
Columbidae 38 Dendrocopos analis Caladi ulam
9 Spilopelia chinensis Tekukur biasa Pittidae
10 Macropygia ruficeps Uncal Kouran 39 Hydrornis guajanus Paok pancawarna 11 Ptilinopus melanospilus Walik kembang Psittacidae
12 Ptilinopus porphyreus Walik kepala ungu 40 Loriculus pusillus Serindit jawa
Cuculidae Pycnonotidae
No Taxa Local name No Taxa Local name 13 Centropus bengalensis Bubut alang-alang 41 Ixos virescens Brinji gunung 14 Rhipidura euryura Kadalan birah 42 Pycnonotus bimaculatus Cucak gunung 15 Culculus saturatus Kangkok ranting 43 Pycnonotus aurigaster Kutilang
16 Surniculus lugubris Kedasi hitam 44 Pynonotus analis Merbah cerukcuk 17 Cacomantis merulinus Wiwik Kelabu Rhipiduridae
18 Cacomantis sepulcralis Wiwik uncuing 45 Rhipidura euryura Kipasan bukit
Dicaediae Sittidae
19 Dicaeum sanguinolentum Cabai gunung 46 Sitta frontalis Munguk beledu
Dicruridae 47 Sitta azurea Munguk loreng
20 Dicrurus leucophaeus Srigunting kelabu Sturnidae
Falconidae 48 Aplonis panayensis Perling
21 Microhierax fringillarius Alap-alap capung Trogonidae
22 Falco moluccensis Alap-alap sapi 49 Harpactes oreskios Luntur harimau
Laniidae Turdidae
23 Lanius schach Bentet kelabu 50 Turdus poliocephalus Anis gunung
Megalaimidae 51 Turdus obscurus Anis Kuning
24 Psilopogon australis Takur tenggeret 52 Turnix suscitator Gemak loreng 25 Psilopogon armillaris Takur tohtor Vangidae
26 Psilopogon javensis Takur Tulung tumpuk 53 Tephrodornis virgatus Jinjing Petulak
Muscicapidae Zosteropidae
27 Brachypteryx leucophris Cingcoang coklat 54 Lophozosterops javanicus Opior Jawa 28 Eumyias indigo Sikatan ninon
Rare, endangered and unique wildlife is one of the categories of wildlife ecotourism [14]. 13 mammal species (Table 1) have been identified in the Perhutani area of Poncokusumo. There were one species categorized as critically endangered, namely the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and two species that are categorized as vulnerable, namely the Javan Langur (Trachyphitecus auratus) and Binturong (Arctictis binturong). Javan Langur (T. auratus) and Javan Leopard (P. pardus melas) are endemic and listed as protected. Meanwhile, Binturong (A.binturong) is not endemic but is registered as a protected species by the Indonesian roles, as stated in Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan
Kehutanan No
P.20/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/6/2018 Tahun 2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi .
Figure 2. The percentage ratio of protected and non protected wildlife in Indonesia
From Figure 3, we get one species of bird that is included in the endangered category, namely the Javan Eagle and five species of birds that are included in the near threatened category, namely Takur Tulung Tumpuk, Berencet Besar, Serindit Jawa, Brinji Mountain, and Cucak Gunung.
Figure 3. Status of birds species recorded in field studies according to IUCN status
Birds are crucial in ecosystem services. Birds contribute to many aspects of global and regional food webs, supporting ecosystem balances. Bird criteria for birdwatching are migrants, raptors, parrots, endemic and nocturnal [15]. From the survey, it was found that one species of migratory bird, namely Turdus obscurus (Anis Kuning), and raptors, including Ictinaetus malaiensis (Black Eagle) and Nisaetus bartelsi (Javan Eagle). During the night survey, we did not encounter any nocturnal bird species in the study area. For
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Avians Mammals
Percentage
Protected Not protected
LC 84%
NT 9%
VU 4%
EN 2%
CR 1%
endemic bird species, four endemic bird species were found in Java, namely the Javan Eagle (N.
bartelsi), Takur Tulung Tumpuk (Psilopogon javensis), Javanese Barking Quail, and Kipasan Bukit (Rhipidura euryura). In addition, to endemic Java, several species are also included in the Java Bali endemic (EJB) category, Java Bali Lombok endemic (EJBL), Java Sumatra endemic (ESJ), and Sumatra Java Bali endemic (ESJB) (Figure 4). In addition, birds that have a high conservation status category are categorized as attractive birds for birdwatchers [15].
Figure 4. Venn diagram showing bird endemicity by region
Data interviews. The demographic data of the respondent can be seen in Table 3. Totally 95% of respondents agreed that wildlife species occurred in the Perhutani area, 70% of respondents agreed that some species were protected, and 0% of respondents did not agree that some of the species were endemic. This is because the respondents only know the forest around their area. They never visited another forest area outside their district.
Totally 90% of respondents agree to conserve/preserve wildlife. However, from further interviews, some respondents said the importance of preserving wildlife should be sustained so they could still go hunting and benefit from it.
The percentage 76.5% are male, while 23.5%
are female (Figure 5). Most of the respondents from visitors (70.6%) are entrepreneurs, while the others are students (29.4%). 76.5% of respondents have come from the subdistrict of Poncokusumo, and 23.5% of respondents come from other districts and cities (Banyuwangi, Jember, and Tuban).
Figure 5. Demographic data of the respondent from local people
From Table 5, it can be seen that 100 % of the visitor respondents were aware of the existence of wild animals in the area. Then, regarding the status of wildlife protection in the Perhutani Pocokusumo area, 76.5 % of respondents answered that the status of these wildlife species was protected or not, 11.8 % said they did not know, and 11.8 % stated that all animal species were protected by law.
Birds and mammals have important functions in ecosystem services, one of which is pest control, seed dispersal, and predators [16, 17, 18].
Perceptions of visitors regarding the function of wild animals are shown in Table 5. About 35.3%
of respondents answered that the function of wild animals is as seed dispersers and predators of pests.
This indicates that the respondent understands the function of wildlife in the ecosystem. Meanwhile, 35.3% answered as game animals. This indicates the importance of raising awareness among visitors about wildlife conservation. A total of 29.4% of respondents answered its function as an object to be seen (tourism). This indicates that the development of wildlife ecotourism has the opportunity to be developed.
Table 3. Demographic data of the respondent from local people
Respondent number
Occupation Age Education
Farmer Others 20-40 40-50 >50 Elementary Middle school High school
20 20 - 7 8 5 6 12 2
0 20 40 60 80 100 Male
Female
<17 17-35 Worker Student Elementary Middle school High school College District residents Non-local
SexAgeJobEducationAddress
Respondents Demography (%)
Table 4. Local people's knowledge and perception toward wildlife in the Perhutani area of Poncokusumo
No Statement Percentage of agrees (%)
1 Wildlife has occurred in the Perhutani Poncokusumo area 95
2 The number of wildlife species is protected by Indonesian law 70
3 Endemic wildlife occurs in the Perhutani area 0
4 Protecting wildlife is essential 90
Table 5. Visitors' perception and knowledge about wildlife in the Perhutani area
No Question Answer Percentage
(%) 1 Knowing the presence of mammals and birds in
the area of Perhutani KPH Poncokusumo
a. Understand 100.0
b. Not understand 0
2 Knowing the status of wildlife protection in the area of Perhutani KPH Poncokusumo
a. Not understand 11.8
b. There are protected species and
there are unprotected species 76.5 c. All types of wildlife are protected 11.8
3 Wildlife function a. Ecological function (seed
disperser/pest predator) 35.3
b. To eat/hunt 35.3
c. To see / tourist attraction 29.4
All respondents in this study agreed with the concept of wildlife ecotourism and expected to be involved (Table 5). These data support community- based tourism development, in which local people are involved in the tourism business. A tourism program will be able to contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and the environment as long as the tourism involves the community and is profitable [19].
The respondents of visitors mostly understand the concept of wildlife-watching tourism. When they were asked about agree or not agree that wildlife ecotourism might develop in the Perhutani area, around 94.1% answered agree, and 5.9 said not agree. Respondents who are not interested and do not agree with the development of wildlife ecotourism in the area because the area is too far from the main road and has inadequate facilities.
Meanwhile, respondents who agreed were motivated to see and document wildlife in this area.
From direct observation and the results of in- depth interviews, it is known that several aspects become obstacles to developing this ecotourism.
These constraints consist of facilities and infrastructure, the level of hunting, and habitat degradation. The road access to the location is still poor. The dirt road is relatively narrow and can only be passed by one motorbike. During the rainy season, the trail is very slippery and muddy. Some points in the trail are quite steep.
The hunting rate in this area is quite high. Every time researchers visit this area, researchers meet with hunters or bird netters. Bird hunters and netters did not only come from the surrounding villages but also from outside the sub-district.
Some of the motivations for hunting are hobbies or sales. The types of animals that were hunted
include Muntiacus muntjak and Sus scrofa.
Songbirds are bird species that are the target to be caught or plucked. This hunting activity can be an obstacle to implementing wildlife ecotourism in this area because the activities reduce the availability of wildlife, which is one of the main attractions of this type of ecotourism.
From the statements of the farmers and directly encountered in the field, several types of wildlife eat the farmer's crops. To deal with it, sometimes farmers ask hunters to trap or shoot wildlife considered pests/crop raiders. Wildlife species considered by farmers to be pests are wild boars, long-tailed monkeys and porcupines. The assumption that wild boar, several primates species and hedgehogs are crop riders or pests by farmers also applies in several places in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, such as Sumatra and Bawean Island [20, 21]. Another form of conflict with wildlife is the descent of Javan leopards into agricultural areas. In 2010, a Javan leopard was caught by villagers and forestry officials for frequently eating livestock [22].
The natural scenery at several observation points is quite beautiful. From the top of the hill, we can also freely observe the raptors that often fly, such as the Javan Eagle, falcon, and black eagle both types of raptors often fly or perch on several dead trees in this place. On the border between the intercropping area and mixed forest, local people had also made a bamboo hut so visitors could take selfies. From this area, a Javan leopard roar was heard. We also hear the sound of a deer screeching, a wild boar or a Javan langur call. According to visitors and farmers, Javan leopards often come to this place in certain seasons. A group of Javan langur is also often seen on the site.
Based on data collected from the field, mammalian and bird surveys, local people and visitors towards wildlife and wildlife watching ecotourism, obstacles and opportunity in developing wildlife watching tourism, four major strengths, five weaknesses, four opportunities, and four threats were identified (Figure 6).
Figure 6. SWOT diagram used in research
An internal strategic factors matrix analysis found the IFAS value was -0.05, and for the external strategy factors matrix (EFAS) was -0.3.
(Figure 7). It can be seen that the point of intersection was located at quadrant III. This position indicates that the strategy should be able to increase opportunities and strengths factors to minimize weaknesses. Efforts to conserve mammals and birds in the Perhutani area can be carried out by developing existing wildlife resources. However, other factors such as human resource capacity and socio-economic aspects are also important to improve to support conservation efforts so that they can be achieved.
Figure 7. Diagram showing the results of the SWOT assessment
In order to minimize weaknesses and threats as barriers to tourism development, this study recommends some aspects related to the integration of wildlife into tourism in Perhutani of Poncokusumo district, namely:
1. Conduct awareness activities on wildlife and forest conservation more attractively and effectively and introduce local people to wildlife ecotourism. This is important to do, considering that many people still do not understand wildlife conservation. A good perception of wildlife can support wildlife conservation efforts.
2. Find alternative hobbies for hunters, for example, introducing them to wildlife photography in the wild or holding a wildlife photo competition in the Perhutani area.
3. Identify alternative jobs for hunters, such as making local wildlife research guides and starting a jungle-tracking tour business. The involvement of local communities, especially hunters, in research activities can make them more concerned and appreciate wildlife. In addition to getting alternative income, hunters and researchers can also exchange knowledge with each other. It is also hoped that this will increase the local community's interpretation skills of the wildlife in their area because interpretation is one of the main skills needed for ecotourism development.
4. Reforestation and improvement of wildlife habitat through planting tree species that are economically beneficial for farmers (e.g.
planting fruit trees: durian/avocado/others).
Besides that, they also plant vegetation which is a source of animal food and also as a cover tree.
This is expected to reduce the wildlife conflict between local people and wildlife.
Joint security and patrols between the community and officers. Increased patrols can suppress hunting activities so that the presence of wild animals is maintained and will later be able to motivate tourists to come and be involved with wildlife ecotourism in the Perhutani Poncokusumo area.
CONCLUSION
This study confirms that the Perhutani area in Poncokusumo has potential wildlife resources to support wildlife-watching ecotourism. The area has endemic and unique mammals and also attractive bird species. Most local people and visitors support the idea of developing wildlife- watching ecotourism. Some weaknesses of tourism development were found related to the threats and weaknesses aspects, including hunting rate, habitat
degradation and local community knowledge and awareness to support conservation programs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank all local guides and respondents in Poncokusumo village. We also thank our friends AM Sahroni, A Arifianto, A Aninnas, A Nurrofik, and M Fathoni (Universitas Brawijaya) for helping in field observation and wildlife identification.
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