JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament TJT Toronto Journal of Theology.
PREFACE
My parents, Bob and LaDeane, have supported me through the coursework for the Master of Divinity and have continued to offer their prayers and encouragement to complete this lengthy Doctor of Philosophy program. He is indeed the obedient Son, the one who has fulfilled the Old Testament hope and.
INTRODUCTION
Dispensationalism as a system has more discontinuity given the belief that God's arrangements and relationship with man have been distinct from the past, present and future, resulting in an important distinction between Israel and the church, as OT promises and prophecies to national and ethnic Israel still awaiting fulfillment.3 While representatives of each system have been able to work together in terms of ministry, and both views share an understanding of the gospel, these two systems are nevertheless at odds on important issues such as hermeneutics, ecclesiality—especially the relationship between Israel and the church - and arguably the most identifiable area, eschatology with all the debates surrounding the rapture and the significance of the millennium. The essential differences can be reduced to how covenantalists and dispensationalists carry out the task of biblical theology in understanding the biblical covenants and in relation to how they relate the different stages of development or covenant changes that take place across the history of Scripture.4 More specifically and linked to biblical theology is the subject of typology.
The Importance of Typology in the Covenant- Dispensational Debate
Bock (Grand Rapids: Zondervan for a discussion of the relationship between the OT and the NT, typology, and the role of Israel in the millennium debate, which is a subset of the question of continuity and discontinuity. 11 For typology's connection to these crucial themes, see Leonhard Goppelt, Typos: The Typological Interpretation of the Old Testament in the New, trans.
Thesis
Johnston, ed., The Use of the Bible in Theology: Evangelical Options (Atlanta: John Knox, 1985); John Webster, "What Makes Theology Theological?" Journal of Analytic Theology. Gentry and Wellum, Kingdom through Covenant, offer another proposal by arguing that the Bible's epochal structure occurs along the covenants.
Overview and Structure of the Presentation
- evaluates the nature of typology and provides a proposal for theologically characterizing biblical typology. Can a distinction be discerned between
- interacts and synthesizes the main features of paedobaptist covenant theology
- serves as the cornerstone of the dissertation. In this chapter I seek to make a convincing case that before relating OT Israel to the church theologically,
- offers a summary of the study and briefly posits that the theological conclusions should move theologians to a via media of these two prominent biblio-
The study of the Israel-Christ-church relationship, built from a careful focus on typological patterns, will continue through the theological task outlined. There are some continuities and discontinuities between Israel and the church, drawn from the nature of the Israel-Christ typological relationship, but neither covenant theology nor dispensational theology captures all these features correctly.
THE CHALLENGES OF TYPOLOGY
See George Eldon Ladd, The Gospel of the Kingdom: Scriptural Studies in the Kingdom of God (Grand Rapids: . Eerdmans, 1959); George Eldon Ladd, The Presence of the Future: The Eschatology of Biblical Realism. Fourth and last, the elucidation of how types and typological patterns are identified, especially along the covenants, and a brief excursion into the subject of sensus plenior brings this theological proposition of the nature of typology to a close.
Typology and Allegory: Is There a Distinction?
Some typological patterns are completely annulled on the basis of the coming of Christ, while other typological relationships are transformed through the first coming of Jesus, but also possess actualization in the church age and await completion and culmination in the eschaton. The type-antitype relationship is not always a one-to-one correspondence as to the time of fulfillment; the text must dictate the nature of the fulfillment in Christ and the extent to which it extends into the new covenant age and the new heavens and new earth.
The Case for Figural Reading
Blurring the Distinction
1 (Nashville: Abingdon seems to agree with Wilken when he writes: "Paul's narrative examples and his use of the word ["allegorical" (Gal. 4:24)] gave the green light to future Christian allegorical interpreters of the Bible He still maintains a distinction: “Typology is a particular kind of the genus allegorical interpretation, a kind distinguished by its tendency to represent the latent meaning of a text as temporal after its manifest meaning.
Reaffirming the Allegory/Typology Distinction
Paul gives an allegorical interpretation of passages from the Old Testament, the meaning of which is not on the face of it allegorical.”17.
First, allegory and typology are distinct literary features. Before addressing the hermeneutical and interpretative issues associated with allegorizing or allegorical
Yoshikawa, “The Prototypical Use of the Noahic Flood in the New Testament” (Ph.D. diss., Trinity Evangelical Divinity School Anthony C. Beale, Handbook on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament: Exegese and Interpretation (Grand Rapids: Bakker.
Second, complications arise with the notion of “figural reading,”
Therefore, the translation of typology as a technical term is to describe a unique literary phenomenon of Scripture that is divergent from allegory, because it accounts for the organic relationships between persons, events, institutions, and actions that occur in different phases of Scripture.
Carson, »Mystery and Fulfillment: Toward a More Comprehensive Paradigm of Paul's Understanding of the Old and the New«, v The Paradoxes of Paul, vol. Alexandrian Contexts,« v The Cambridge Companion to Allegory, 45, ugotavlja, da je za alegorista »vloga tolmača.
Fourth, appealing to the Patristics is not definitive in how to understand biblical typology and interpretation. The early church fathers have made a comeback
Muller, "Bible Interpretation in the Age of the Reformation: The View from the Middle Ages," in Bible Interpretation in the Age of the Reformation: Essays Presented to David C. In this way, rather than the focus being before the text. , discover and draw the reader.
The Hallmarks and Characteristics of Typology
This brief overview of allegory and typology indicates that Woollcombe is correct in stating that the similarities between allegory, typology and prophecy "are not so close as to justify ignoring the differences between them and using one of the terms to cover them all." cover. ”78 Maintaining this one.
The Traditional View of Typology
Some evangelicals who generally adhere to the postcritical neotypology perspective, with the exception of the critical view of the historicity of type and antitype, include R. Proponents of the traditional understanding of typology insist on the factuality of both type and antitype. antitype as the.
The historical correspondences of typology. Advocates of the traditional understanding of typology insist on the facticity of both the type and antitype as the
There is, therefore, in the presentation of the facts very often something that exceeds what actually happened. 40, states that "typology is essentially the tracing of the constant principles of God's work in history." Likewise, Baker, Two Testaments, One Bible, 180.
The debate on the prospective nature of typology. The debate with respect to the divine intent of the typological correspondences goes hand in hand with one of the
The debate about the divine purpose of typological correspondences goes hand in hand with one of the. France also speaks of the characteristics of the typology as incorporating multiple applications “of Old Testament passages which in themselves.
In the previous passage, Paul notes that Adam was a type of the one to come. This occurs in the OT itself as Melchizedek, the flood and the exodus are only a few examples of the typological patterns that the latter prophets develop from previous OT texts.
The Nature of Typological Fulfillment
The Passover foreshadows the supreme Passover Lamb (1 Cor 5:7).113 Jesus is the second Adam, the messianic Davidic king, and the new Moses, all of whom bring a greater realization of the OT type. The persons, events, institutions, and experiences typical of the OT were preparatory then, foreshadowing better and greater realities of redemption and salvation of the new covenant age.
Escalation and Fulfillment: The Christotelic and Eschatological
10) requires that all of the typological features of the previous covenants have been inaugurated or superseded since the new covenant is the goal and terminus of the OT
The new covenant is thus the climactic fulfillment of the covenants that God made with the patriarchs, the nation of Israel, and the dynasty of David. Beale and Mitchell Kim, God Dwells Among Us: Expanding Eden to the Ends of the Earth (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2014).
Typological Fulfillment: Continuity and Discontinuity
Further, if the OT Israel is truly a typological pattern, then it cannot have a direct relationship to the church as the inaugurated eschatological fulfillment that it is. As the eschatological people of God, the new covenant community—the church—has a different nature and structure from Israel like this.
Identifying Types: The Textual Warrant for Typology
132 For a discussion of the association of typology with the theme of "mystery," see Yoshikawa, "The Prototypical Use," 28–34; Gentry and Wellum, Kingdom through Covenant, 104-5; Lampe, "The Reasonableness of Typology," 29-30; A. Mystery and Fulfillment in Romans” (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Evangelical Theological Society, Lisle, IL, Nov.
Maximalist and Minimalist Approaches in Discerning Typological Relationships
Although I agree with his presentation of the development of biblical themes and his premise of the comprehensive nature of the fulfillment of God's promises in Christ, Goldsworthy's "macro-typology". For his discussion of typology, see Herman Witsius, The Economy of the Covenants between God and Man: Comprehending a Complete Body of Divinity, trans.
Identifying Types: Exegetical Criteria
Avoiding the extremes of the maximalists and minimalists naturally leads to the question of the criteria for recognizing types. For the OT sacrificial system, see Douglas Judisch, "Propitiation in the Language and Typology of the Old Testament," CTQ.
Typology and Sensus Plenior
Edward Glenny, "The Divine Meaning of Scripture: Explanations and Limitations," JETS rightly points out: "Typology by definition involves an extension of the concept found in the original affirmation (a pattern). Some scholars, such as France and Baker, places the literal meaning strictly after the grammatical-historical study of the human author's willing intention found in the original context.
Summary
THE HERMENEUTICS OF COVENANT THEOLOGY
For diskussion af Federal Vision and New Perspective on Paul fra en mainstream covenantalist, se Michael S. Kline, By Oath Consigned: A Reinterpretation of the Covenant Signs of Circumcision and Baptism (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1968), 16.
Covenant of Works
Hoekema and Murray dispute the expression of the "covenant of works", but approve of the concepts behind the covenant of works, such as recognizing Adam as a representative or federal head. Hodge's description indicates that the covenant of works is a conditional covenant of love and law.
The Perpetuity of the Covenant of Works
On the other hand, not all covenantalists are convinced of this view of the covenant of works. According to Letham then, the covenant of works is not permanent; rather, it remains the law of God, which was given in the covenant with Adam.
The Covenant of Works and the Mosaic Covenant
But the covenant at Sinai was not a renewal of the covenant of works; in it the law was subordinated to the covenant of grace.” See also Robertson, Christ of the Covenants, 172–75; and John M. This recognition significantly argues for a greater degree of discontinuity between the Old and New Testaments because the Mosaic covenant is no longer considered a manifestation of the covenant of grace.”
Covenant of Grace
In order to maintain the unity of the covenant of grace while also recognizing the various covenants throughout the OT and NT, covenantists make a fundamental distinction between the content and applications of the covenant of grace. Furthermore, the nature of the covenant of grace is distinguished in terms of internal and external aspects, which are often referred to as the "double aspect" of the covenant of grace.
The Substance and Administrations of the Covenant of Grace
Reformed Baptist covenant theologians differ among themselves on the subject of the administration of the covenant of grace. All the biblical covenants (with Adam after the Fall, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, the Younger) are but different administrations of the Covenant of Grace.
The Dual Aspect of the Covenant of Grace
For how British Puritans emphasized the conditional side of the covenant of grace, see Beeke and Jones, A Puritan Theology, 305-18. 45 For a discussion of how the infant baptismal doctrine of the covenant of grace relates to these areas of ecclesiology from a historical standpoint, see Denault, The Distinctiveness, 39-54.
Israel and the Church in Covenant Theology
Clowney, "The Biblical Theology of the Church," i The Church in the Bible and the World: An International Study, red. Derfor kan kirken glæde sig over håbet om Guds herlighed (Rom.
Covenant Theology and Typology
Historical Overview
Kloosterman, "The Use of Tipology in Post-Canonical Salvation History: An Orientation to Jonathan Edwards' A History of the Work of Redemption," MAJT Jonathan Edwards, Typological Writings, vol. Vir Fairbairn se reëls vir die identifisering van tipes, sien sy hoofstuk, "The Interpretation of Particular Types-Specific Principles and Directions," in Fairbairn, Typology of Scripture of die opsomming aangebied deur Ninow, Indicators of Typology, 29-30.
The Nature of Typology in Covenant Theology
Walker, “The Land in the Apostles’ Writings”, në The Land of Promise: Biblical, Theological, and Contemporary Perspectives, ed.
Israel-Church Relationship in Covenant Theology and in Typological Perspective
Biblical typology as taught by Christ’s apostles disallows the notion that the material types of the Old Covenant will be reintroduced into this history
Wright, The Climax of the Covenant: Christ and the Law in Pauline Theology (Minneapolis: Fortress. First, given the continuity between Israel and the Church within the framework of the covenant of grace, the land promise could not logically be maintained independently for national, ethnic Israel in the future.
THE HERMENEUTICS OF DISPENSATIONALISM
2For a historical overview of the Niagara Bible Conference and the Scofield Reference Bible, see Craig A. According to Ryrie, Dispensationalism, 22, "Only dispensationalism fits the correct concept of the progress of revelation."
The Essential Tenets of Dispensationalism
- Progressive revelation from the NT does not interpret OT passages in a way that cancels the original authorial intent of the OT writers as determined by historical-
- There is both spiritual unity in salvation between Jews and Gentiles and a future role for Israel as a nation
- The nation Israel will be saved, restored with a unique identity, and function in a future millennial kingdom upon the earth
- There are multiple senses of “seed of Abraham”; thus, the church’s identification as “seed of Abraham” does not cancel God’s promises to the believing Jewish “seed
Some of the features of dispensationalism offered by these prominent exponents are not unique to the system. A Theological Evaluation (Nashville: BiH, 2010); Michael Vlach, “The Eschatology of Paul's Letters,” in The Return of Christ: A Premillennial Perspective, ed.
Modern Forms or Expressions of Dispensationalism Over the past thirty years and up into the contemporary discussion of
In chapters 5 and 6 I demonstrate that national Israel is indeed a type of Christ and derived from the church, and that therefore there is no future role for national Israel in God's plan. The sharp distinction between Israel and the church, along with the other essential points, will also be undermined by my analysis.
The Hermeneutical Divide of Revised and Progressive Dispensationalism
In addition to Feinberg, the treatment of the NT is the use of the OT or the relationship between. On the rebuilding of the temple prophesied in Ezekiel 40-48, see Jerry Hullinger, "The Realization of Ezekiel's Temple," in Dispensationalism Tomorrow & Beyond, 375-95.
The Kingdom and Inaugurated Eschatology in Dispensational
Saucy differs from other progressives in terms of the nature of the kingdom's presence. Differences with Ladd's form of consecrated eschatology are pointed out in Bock, “The Reign of the Lord.
The Israel-Church Relationship in Dispensational Perspectives
Christ's second coming, the presence of the church is a parenthesis or intercalation in connection with God's program with Israel.67 Mappes and House write,. That OT prophecies are fulfilled in the reality of the church is a common theme of NT teaching.”.
Dispensational Understandings of the Covenants
The same redeemed Jews and Gentiles will be ruled and governed by Jesus Christ according to their different nationalities. The national identities and political promises of Israel and the Gentiles in the last evangelical period testify on the other hand to this aspect of redemption. 80.
The Abrahamic Covenant
Fruchtenbaum, "The Land Covenant," in Progressive Dispensationalism: An Analysis of the Movement, 85-98, and the discussion of the land covenant in Harless, How Firm a Foundation, 131-49. Despite this first fulfillment wrought in Christ, Bock, “covenants still argue that a second feature or trace of the Abrahamic covenant is the prominent role for the ethnic nation of Israel, and Saucy, The Case for Progressive Dispensationalism, 57 , 58, also finds the.
The Davidic Covenant
Beyond this general agreement, dispensationalists diverge regarding the fulfillment of the Davidic covenant. Progressive dispensationalists, on the other hand, understand that the Davidic covenant has an inaugural fulfillment when the Davidic dynasty (house) culminates in Christ.
The New Covenant
-21; the three visions in Stallard, ed., Dispensational Understanding of the New Covenant; and Fruchtenbaum, Israelology, 354-69. Johnson, "The Church Has an Indirect Relationship to the New Covenant," in Dispensational Understanding of the New Covenant, 164-75, and Rodney J.
The Nature of Typology in Dispensational Theology
Typological Perspectives within Traditional or Revised Dispensationalism
127Zuck, Basic Bible Interpretation is clearest in stating the type as a shadow and a form of prophecy with the antitype as the exalting fulfillment of the type. If the coming of the antitype consists in the completion and fulfillment of the type, then Israel is not a type, because unconditional promises to Israel must be fulfilled and the NT still confirms Israel's future, so Feinberg, "Systems of Discontinuity," 79-83; Vlach, Has the Church Replaced Israel?, 104-7, and Michael J.
Typological Perspectives within Progressive Dispensationalism
The prophetic character of the text lies in this 'need to be fulfilled' feature of the pattern."137 The second category under typological-prophetic is typological-prophetic. 143Craig Blaising, "Typology and the Nature of the Church" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Evangelical Theological Society, San Diego, November 19, 2014).
Summary of the Dispensational Views on Typology
However, the inclusion of the church in Israel's promises does not negate the original context and original recipients, as the future fulfillment awaits national Israel. These observations strongly suggest that the dispensational notions of typology are not properly drawn from the text of Scripture, but are shaped by their commitments to ethnic, national Israel.146.
