AUGUST-2021 Volume 8 NO. 2 (66-74) journal homepage: www.rjls.ub.ac.id
Coral Reefs Health Status in the East Java: a Case Study in Banyuwangi, Situbondo, Probolinggo
Pratama Diffi Samuel1,2), Citra Satrya Utama Dewi3,4*), Nur Fadholi Ulul Azmi5), M. Choirul Anam5), Imas D.
P.5), Dewi Nur Setyorini6), Dyah Fitri Hariani6), Riska Fatmawati7)
1Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Faculty of Fisheries And Marine Science, University of Brawijaya
2Aquatic Biofloc Research Group, Faculty of Fisheries And Marine Science, University of Brawijaya
3Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries And Marine Science, University of Brawijaya
4Coastal and Marine Research Center, Research and Empowering Society Institution, University of Brawijaya
5Fisheries Diving School – FDS, Faculty of Fisheries And Marine Science, University of Brawijaya
6Fisheries Affairs, East Java Province, Situbondo Office
7Department of Marine Fisheries Technology, Faculty of Fisheries And Marine Science, IPB University
Email Address : [email protected]
Abstract Coral reef ecosystems are among the most productive natural biodiversity resources in tropical coastal areas, within seagrass beds and mangrove forests. Besides, coral reefs have very high ecological impacts and economic value that are managed well and sustainably. Also, healthy ecosystems will undoubtedly provide more incredible benefits and values, so studies need to be conducted to determine the health of coral reefs. While P2O LIPI is an institution that is the guardian of coral reef health data in Indonesia, there is limited information related to the coastal areas of East Java that has not been widely reported. This study aimed to find out the percentage of living hard corals and the health status of the ecosystem at three reef sites: Banyuwangi, Situbondo, and Probolinggo. Field surveys were carried out in June-July 2019, using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. The materials used in this study are Self-Contain Underwater Breath Apparatus-SCUBA diving equipment, roll meters, and an underwater camera. The results showed that the hard coral cover living in Banyuwangi accounted for 28.91%, Situbondo was 31.20%, and Probolinggo (34.77%). Therefore, this study interpreted that the coral reef ecosystem was a moderate category (25% - 49.9%).
Introduction
Coral reefs can support livelihood activities in tropical coastal areas, within seagrass beds and mangrove forests (Harvey et al., 2018; Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2019). Ekman (1953) was the first to state that the most suitable area for marine life was an area called the "Western Indo-Pacific." These results are supported by the next generation of marine
Their experience shows that marine biodiversity in the world is concentrated in a narrow marine area known as the Indo-Pacific West. The region mainly includes Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea, the coral triangle (Ekman, 1953; Clifton and Simon, 2017; Leliaert et al., 2018).
Coral reefs have very high ecological impacts (Cinner, 2014), and economic values KEYWORDS
Coral Reefs;
Health Status;
East Java.
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al., 2018). Coral reefs provide various crucial ecological roles, including a barrier against coastal abrasion, nursery soil, food ground, and habitat for other exotic organisms (Giyanto et al., 2017; Kenchington, 2018; ). The critical role of ecology gives the coral reef ecosystem a very high economic value (Lee et al., 2019). The actual economic value (net benefit-income approach) of coral reefs per hectare (case study: Sapudi Island, Madura) can reach Rp 19,012,598,409.49 (Romadhon, 2014).
The state of the coral reef ecosystems will significantly impact the ecological role and economic value (Oleson et al., 2020; Puspasari et al., 2020; Hafezi et al., 2021). A healthy ecosystem offers ecological advantages and high economic value (Haya & Masahiko, 2020).
This is the reason important of the data collection of the coral reef health status in Indonesia (Mujiyanto et al., 2020). The health status of coral reefs in Indonesia is 6.39% in perfect condition, 23.40% good, 35.06 moderate, and 35.14% damaged (Giyanto et al., 2017). This status was transmitted after data collection at 1,064 locations in Indonesia (Giyanto et al., 2017). The data collection site was also carried out in East Java, including Baluran Situbondo National Park, Pasir Putih Situbondo, Prigi Trenggalek Beach, Kangean Sumenep, and Bawean Gresik. There is limited information related to the coastal areas of East Java that has not been widely reported. This study aimed to find out the percentage of living hard corals and the health status of the ecosystem at three reef sites: Banyuwangi, Situbondo, and Probolinggo.
Materials and Methods
Field surveys was conducted from June to July 2019 in three different reef sites, Banyuwangi (Bomo, Rogojampi), Situbondo (Tegal Gundil, Kendit), and Probolinggo (PLN
UBJ OM, Paiton). This reef site is an area for catching reef fish and mining coral reefs but is now an ecotourism area (Listriyana et al., 2017;
Suciyono et al., 2019). The high diversity of coral fish is caused by variations in their habitat on coral reefs (Putra et al., 2018). However, reef fish communities in several regions in Indonesia, including on the Bama coast, have experienced a decline in population due to damage to coral reefs (Madduppa et al., 2013).
The state of the coral reefs in the waters of Banyuwangi, Situbondo and Probolinggo also does not escape the influence of the activities of the surrounding community, considering that this area has the potential for coastal and marine natural resources, particularly coral reefs that are excellent and have economic prospects to promote the growth and development of other economic and social activities (Mahendra et al., 2020). Therefore, the high level of community activity in the area will pose a threat and significant pressure on the existence of coral reefs in the waters of Banyuwangi, Situbondo and Probolinggo. In addition, Banyuwangi is the object research because this area has become a tourist destination after experiencing severe damage to natural resources (Kurniawan et al., 2019).
The data collection were used surveys and observation methods. The coral reef observes using the Line-Intercept Transect (LIT) method or the transect lines (30-m of length). The shape of coral growth in the transect line is identified and then expressed as a percentage of categories and live coral cover (English et al., 1994). All colonies within each transect were recording and checked for signs of disease (Figure 1). The methods included: (1) calculated the percentage of coral cover in the line transect; and (2) determine the status of the observed coral in the line transect.
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Figure 1. The method of coral colonies using the Line-Intercept Transect (LIT) (English et al., 1997)
The LIT method describes coral reef ecosystems' conditions by observing live coral cover, recent bleaching, substrate shape, algae, and each unique coral biota. The measurements were carried out with an accuracy close to centimetres (cm). In this survey, a colony is considered an individual.
Therefore, while two or more colonies grow on the upper of each other, each colony is still counted as a separate colony. After that, the length of the overlapping colonies was recorded, which was used to analyze the species density (Johan, 2003). In this observation, the transect line was used (30-m of length), 4-4.5 in water depth.
Analysis of the Coral Reef Percent Cover, including:
1. Percentage of live coral cover was carried out using a formula by English et al., 1994:
(%) coral cover = 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑥 100%
2. In general, the condition of coral reefs is determined by the high and low percentage of live coral cover. Determination of the status of the coral reef according to Core map-CTI and P2O LIPI, briefly:
• Destroyed or damaged coral reef condition (0-25%)
• Medium coral reef condition (26-50%)
• Good coral reef condition (51-75%)
• Best coral reef condition (76-100%) Results and Discussion
Field surveys of the substrate cover in the Bomo, Banyuwangi revealed that the hard coral cover accounted for 28.91%, death coral (22.57%), the algae (15.89%), each biota (13.72%), and abiotic (18.91%) (Figure 2). The classification of dead coral was found in the site, including the total amount
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that covered with encrusted algae. The algae in the Bomo, Banyuwangi consist of several categories (compound algae, turf algae, macroalgae, and coral algae), while invertebrates include soft corals and sponges, ascidians, crinoids, gorgonians, and anemones.
Hence, coral reef cover was affected by environmental factors, such as the direct sunlight and destructive fishing gear or blast fishing would damage coral reef as the habitat of coral reef fish (Dahuri et al., 2001; Aprillita and Oktiyas, 2019; Nugraha et al., 2020)
Hard coral has the category with the highest percentage substrate cover in the Tegal Gundil, Situbondo (31.20%). This result is followed by the percentage of death coral cover, abiotic, algae, and other biotas (Figure 3).
Death coral was found at the observation sites were classified as death corals with algae and death coral. The algae in the Tegal Gundil, Situbondo consist of several categories: algae (11.36%), turf algae (2.20%), macroalgae (1.60%), and coral algae (1.88%). Besides, several invertebrates can be found: Sponges,
Ascidians, Crinoids, Gorgonians, and Anemone, where corals in Situbondo are still categorized as medium coral cover. Wibisono 2018, stated that the results of his research related to coral reef coverage, coral cover in the Situbondo area were 49.4%, DCA (death coral with algae) 18.08%, massive coral (17.84%), where this condition was in the medium category.
As shown in Figure 4, the highest substrate part in Paiton, Probolinggo, is hard coral with 34.77%, then abiotic components (21.55%), death coral (19.93%), algae (15.69%), and the other biota (8.06%). Abiotic components were found here consisted of rock (7.85%), ruble (4.83%), sand (3.65%), and silt (5.22%).
Compared to research from Satarini et al., 2015, the condition of coral cover and biota which is categorized as moderate is influenced by the long dry season which causes coral bleaching.
Coral bleaching occurs due to the loss of symbiont and Symbiodinium algae populations, causing coral death (Suharsono, 2010). Overall, the component in the Paiton site is relatively the same as with Bomo and Tegal Gundil.
Figure 2. The substrate cover of coral reef ecosystem in the Bomo, Banyuwangi
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Figure 3. The substrate cover of coral reef ecosystem in the Probolinggo, Tegal Gundil, Situbondo
Figure 4. The substrate cover of coral reef ecosystem in the Paiton, Probolinggo
There were nine hard coral life forms, which found at three sites. Coral massive was the most common at three sites, whereas Acropora submassive and Coral mushroom were finding only in Banyuwangi and Situbondo (Figure 5). Figure 5A shows the highest life form in the Bomo, Banyuwangi is Coral massive, and the lowest is Coral mushroom. Also, in the Tegal Gundil, Situbondo, and Paiton, Probolinggo had the highest Coral massive (Figure 5C). This indicates if the environmental condition supported various types of coral growth non-Acropora and Acropora (Saptarani et al., 2017). According to Sadhukhan (2012), higher diversity means longer food chains
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Figure 5A. Life form coral in the Bomo, Banyuwangi
Figure 6B. Life form coral in the Tegal Gundil, Situbondo
Figure 7C. Life form coral in the Paiton, Probolinggo
Information : Acropora Branching (ACB); Acropora Submasive (ACS); Acropora Tabulate (ACT); Coral Branching (CB);
Coral Encrusting (CE); Coral Folios (CF); Coral Massive (CM); Coral Mushroom (CMS); Coral Submassive (CSM).
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Conclusions and Suggestion
The conclusion of the hard coral cover at Bomo Banyuwangi accounted for 28.91%, Tegal Gundil Situbondo (31.20%), and Paiton Probolinggo (34.77%), therefore this study showed that the coral reefs health status at these three sites was classified as moderate (sufficient).
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by collaboration between Fisheries Diving School, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, University of Brawijaya, Fisheries Affairs, East Java Province, Situbondo Office.
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