CORALS OF THE EASTERN RED SEA BY

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ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 334

CORALS OF THE EASTERN RED SEA BY

ARNFRIED ANTONIUS, GEORG SCHEER AND CLAUDE BOUCHON

ISSUED BY

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

WASHINGTON, D.C, U S A .

January

1990

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BY

ARNFRIED ANTONIUS~, GEORG SCHEER~

AND CLAUDE BOUCHON~

ABSTRACT

Coral c o l l e c t i o n s nere made along the Saudi Arabian c o a s t l i n e o f the Red Sea, from Haql i n the n o r t h (Gulf o f Lqaba), t o Jizan i n the south, i n c l u d i n g nearshore and offshore c o l l e c t i n g s i t e s . Corals were taken from a l l depth-zones i n the Jeddah area (nax. depth 65 m ) , but from shallow water only (rax. depth 9 r ) a t a l l the other s i t e s . The present c o l l e c t i o n consists o f 146 species o f Scleractinia, the octocoral Tubipora musica, and aaong hydrozoans 3 species of

nil-

lepora, and Distichopora violacea. 12 s c l e r a c t i n i a n species are new f o r the Red Sea: P o c i l - lopora cf.eydouxi, Acropora an thocercis, A. aspera, A. cerealis, A. d i v a r i c a ta, A. donei, A.

echinata, A. ronticulosa, l o n t i p o r a p e l t i f o r r i s , !I. turgescens, U. undata, and P o r i t e s australiensis. C o l l e c t i o n s nere nade from 1981 through 1968.

INTRODUCTION

A s u b s t a n t i a l amount o f l i t e r a t u r e i s a v a i l a b l e on t h e e x p l o r a t i o n o f t h e Red Sea, a s shown by MERGNER ( 1 9 8 4 ) and VINE & SCHMID ( 1 9 8 7 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , a s p a r t o f t h e

I n d i a n Ocean, t h e Red Sea was s t u d i e d by ROSEN

(1971),

SCHEER ( 1 9 8 4 ) , and SHEPPARD ( 1 9 8 7 ) . V a l u a b l e p a p e r s on numerous a s p e c t s o f t h e Red Sea a r e a l s o c o n t a i n e d i n t h e P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e Mabahiss/John M u r r a y I n t e r n a t . Symp., e d i t e d by ANGEL ( 1 9 8 4 ) . O t h e r s t u d i e s i n c l u d e KLAUSEWITZ's ( 1 9 6 4 ) work on f i s h e s , and SCHEER & P I L L A I ' s ( 1 9 8 3 ) d e s c r i p t i o n s o f c o r a l s and c o r a l r e e f s . R e f e r e n c e s t o most o f t h e e x i s t i n g l i t e r a t u r e on t h e Red Sea a r e c o n t a i n e d i n t h e s e c o n t r i b u t i o n s .

...

I ) We d e d i c a t e t h i s p a p e r t o t h e memory o f the late M a r i e - H e l e n e S a c h e t , a d e a r f r i e n d and a d m i r e d c o l l e a g u e .

...

1

-

F a c . M a r i n e S c i e n c e , K.A.A.Univ.,Jeddah, S a u d i A r a b i a . ( M a i l . a d d r . : K u p e l w i e s e r g . 5 , A-1130 V i e n n a , A u s t r i a ) . 2

- Hess.Landesmus.,Zoolog.Abt.,

D a r m s t a d t , West Germany.

3

-

Lab. B i o l . , C e n t r e U n i v . , P o i n t e a P i t r e , Guadeloupe.

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We, t h e r e f o r e , w i l l p r e s e n t o n l y a b r i e f r e v i e w o f c o r a l r e s e a r c h a l o n g t h e e a s t c o a s t o f t h e Red Sea. The f i r s t b i o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s were u n d e r t a k e n by P e t e r FORSKAL who reached Jeddah i n 1762 w i t h t h e D a n i s h

" A r a b i a F e l i x " e x p e d i t i o n . B e s i d e s p l a n t s and f i s h e s , he a l s o c o l l e c t e d c o r a l s . A l t h o u g h he d i e d f r o m m a l a r i a i n 1763 i n Yemen, 26 s p e c i e s o f c o r a l s were s e n t back t o Copenhagen and were d e s c r i b e d p o s t h u m o u s l y by NIEBUHR

( 1 7 7 5 ) , and r e s t u d i e d by CROSSLAND ( 1 9 4 1 ) .

I n 1825, E h r e n b e r g and Hemprich passed Jeddah on t h e i r way f a r t h e r s o u t h , i n an e x p e d i t i o n d e s c r i b e d by STRESEMANN ( 1 9 5 4 ) . W h i l e Hemprich a l s o f e l l p r a y t o m a l a r i a , E h r e n b e r g s e n t back t o B e r l i n 376 specimens o f 62 s p e c i e s o f c o r a l s f r o m Suez, E l T u r , and t h e s o u t h e r n G u l f o f Aqaba (EHRENBERG 1 8 3 4 ) .

KLUNZINGER, a l t h o u g h he c o l l e c t e d i n K o s e i r , E g y p t , s h o u l d be m e n t i o n e d h e r e because o f h i s t h r e e volume pub- l i c a t i o n on c o r a l s (18791, and d e s c r i p t i o n o f a c o r a l r e e f ( 1 8 7 2 ) . I n 1888, FAUROT r e p o r t e d on c o r a l s f r o m t h e Yemeni i s l a n d o f Kamaran.

D u r i n g two e x p e d i t i o n s ( 1 8 9 5 / 9 6 and 1 8 9 7 / 9 8 ) o f t h e A u s t r i a n r e s e a r c h v e s s e l " P o l a " , MARENZELLER c o l l e c t e d c a r a l s a l o n g t h e e a s t c o a s t o f t h e Red Sea around Jeddah ( s e e a l s o : SCHEER & P I L L A I 1983: 14, F i g . 1 1 , and pub- l i s h e d h i s r e s u l t s i n 1906.

A l t h o u g h w o r k i n g on t h e west c o a s t , CROSSLAND's numerous c o n t r i b u t i o n s f r o m 1907 t o 1939 a r e t o o i m p o r t a n t t o be n e g l e c t e d . H i s main work ( 1 9 5 2 ) c o v e r s b o t h Red Sea and A u s t r a l i a n c o r a l s .

D u r i n g t h e " C a l y p s o " e x p e d i t i o n , NESTEROFF ( 1 9 5 5 ) and GUILCHER ( 1 9 5 5 ) s t u d i e d c o r a l r e e f s o f t h e F a r a s a n Bank.

C o r a l s p e c i e s were d e t e r m i n e d by P i c h o n , b u t t h i s l i s t was n o t p u b l i s h e d .

HASS ( 1 9 6 1 ) d i r e c t e d t h e second " X a r i f a " e x p e d i t i o n i n 1957/58, e x p l o r i n g c o r a l r e e f s and c o l l e c t i n g c o r a l s t h r o u g h o u t t h e Red Sea (SCHEER 1 9 7 1 ) , w i t h s p e c i a l em- p h a s i s on c o r a l s f r o m t h e S a r s o I s l a n d s (SCHEER 1 9 6 7 ) . The h y d r o i d - f a u n a a t P o r t Sudan, S u a k i n , and Jeddah was i n v e s t i g a t e d by MERGNER ( 1 9 6 7 ) .

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e German " M e t e o r " e x p e d i t i o n i n 1964/65 s u p p o r t e d some b i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s a r o u n d t h e S a r s o i s - l a n d s , documented by GERLACH (19671, KLAUSEWITZ (19671, SCHEER ( 1 9 6 7 ) , and SCHAEFER ( 1 9 6 9 ) .

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I n 1967, t h e I s r a e l i M a r i n e B i o l o g i c a l L a b o r a t o r y was founded a t E i l a t and i n i t i a t e d a l a r g e number o f c o r a l s t u d i e s , such a s LOYA & SLOBODKIN ( 1 9 7 1 ) and LOYA

( 1 9 7 2 ) .

A l s o t h e J o r d a n i a n M a r i n e Science S t a t i o n , e s t a b l i s h e d nearby a t Aqaba i n 1973, gave many v i s i t o r s an oppor- t u n i t y t o work on c o r a l s and c o r a l r e e f s , e.g. MERGNER &

SCHUHMACHER (1974, 19811, MERGNER & SVOBODA ( 1 9 7 7 ) , MERGNER (1979, 1 9 8 1 ) , and BOUCHON ( 1 9 8 0 ) , as w e l l as PICHON, JAUBERT, BOUCHON, & PETRON (1979, u n p u b l i s h e d r e p o r t )

.

O t h e r s t u d i e s i n c l u d e KUEHLMANN's ( 1 9 7 0 ) work on r e e f s o f P o r t Sudan and Massaua, and l a t e r ( 1 9 7 6 ) a t P o r t Sudan and A1 Hudaydah on t h e Yemeni c o a s t . C o r a l s from many d i f f e r e n t Red Sea l o c a t i o n s were d e s c r i b e d by SCHEER &

P I L L A I ( 1 9 8 3 ) .

A g e n e r a l r e v i e w o f t h e Saudi A r a b i a n c o a s t and i t s b i o g e o g r a p h i c subzones was g i v e n by ORMOND, SHEPHERD, PRICE, & PITTS (1984 a, b ) , w h i l e management-related a s p e c t s o f t h e s e r e e f s a r e d e a l t w i t h i n an IUCN r e p o r t by WELLS ( 1 9 8 5 ) . Reefs o f t h e Saudi A r a b i a n c o a s t a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d i n SHEPPARD & SHEPPARD ( 1 9 8 5 ) and SHEPPARD

(19851, and c o r a l s from t h i s a r e a a r e i n c l u d e d i n h i s l i s t o f I n d i a n Ocean c o r a l s (SHEPPARD 1987).

The s t o n y c o r a l s f r o m t h e Saudi A r a b i a n Red Sea d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s paper, were c o l l e c t e d o v e r a p e r i o d o f t i m e ex- t e n d i n g from 1981 t h r o u g h 1988. The i n i t i a l s t u d y con- s i s t e d o f a documentation o f t h e c o r a l communities i n

t h e Jeddah a r e a by C.Bouchon and A.Antonius i n 1982/83.

T h i s was r e p o r t e d as an o r a l p r e s e n t a t i o n (BOUCHON & AN- TONIUS 1 9 8 3 ) , w h i c h d e s c r i b e d a s u b s t a n t i a l c o l l e c t i o n o f c o r a l s from a l l depth-zones.

F u r t h e r s t u d i e s by A n t o n i u s a l l focussed on human i m p a c t o r p a t h o l o g y on c o r a l r e e f s , and t h e c o r a l c o l l e c t i o n s were made w i t h t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s i n mind r a t h e r t h a n a i m i n g a t comprehensiveness. S i n c e most o f t h e syndromes s t u d i e d a r e s h a l l o w w a t e r phenomena, t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e c o l l e c t i o n s c o n s i s t s o f s h a l l o w - w a t e r c o r a l s .

Some o f t h e human i m p a c t s t u d i e s (ANTONIUS 1984a), and most o f t h e p a t h o l o g y s t u d i e s (e.g. ANTONIUS 1984b,

1985a, 198Sb, 1988b) were c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e Jeddah area.

L a t e r p r o j e c t s , however, encompassed t h e e n t i r e l e n g t h o f t h e Red Sea ( s e e c h a r t ) and y i e l d e d a r i c h h a r v e s t o f t h e m a j o r s h a l l o w w a t e r r e e f - b u i l d e r s , such as A c r o p o r a s p e c i e s and o t h e r s (ANTONIUS 1987, 1988a, 1 9 8 8 ~ ) .

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THE RED SEA

The Red Sea, i n c l u d i n g t h e G u l f o f Aqaba, i s about 2,100 km l o n g , w i t h a maximum w i d t h o f s l i g h t l y o v e r 300 km i n t h e Farasan a r e a , and e x t e n s down t o d e p t h s o f 2,600 m i n t h e c e n t e r o f f Jeddah, and 1,800 m i n t h e G u l f o f Aqaba.

Thus, t h e Red Sea i s a l o n g and narrow, b u t deep water body (ANTONIUS 1 9 8 8 ~ ) .

Good w a t e r c i r c u l a t i o n (NEWMAN & McGILL 1962) and ex- change w i t h t h e I n d i a n Ocean d i m i n i s h e s t h e e f f e c t o f ex- tremes, such as t e m p e r a t u r e and s a l i n i t y , and c r e a t e s a s u i t a b l e environment f o r c o r a l r e e f g r o w t h (ANTONIUS

1984a). T h i s i s f u r t h e r enhanced by t h e c l i m a t e . B o t h c o a s t s o f t h e Red Sea e x h i b i t a r i d o r s e m i - a r i d c h a r a c -

t e r i s t i c s , w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t t h e r e a r e no r i v e r s en- t e r i n g t h e Red Sea.

Thus, water p o l l u t i o n today i s r e s t r i c t e d t o urban- i n d u s t r i a l a r e a s , such as Haql, Yanbu, and Jeddah, where d e s a l i n a t i o n p l a n t s c r e a t e an a r t i f i c i a l i n f l u x o f p o l - l u t e d f r e s h w a t e r , b u t a l o n g most o t h e r expanses o f t h e c o a s t , t h e environment seems r e l a t i v e l y u n d i s t u r b e d (ANTONIUS 1 9 8 8 ~ ) . However, l a t e s t o b s e r v a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t even t h e s e c o m p a r a t i v e l y h e a l t h y r e e f a r e a s a r e b e g i n n i n g t o show t h e f i r s t s i g n s o f d e t e r i o r a t i o n

(ANTONIUS, u n p u b l i s h e d ) .

Reefs a r e developed as an a l m o s t c o n t i n u o u s l i n e o f f r i n g i n g r e e f s a l o n g t h e c o a s t , a l o n g w i t h a system o f o f f s h o r e p a t c h and bank r e e f s . The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f o f f - s h o r e r e e f s i s l a r g e l y c o n t r o l l e d by t h e presence o f s h a l l o w p l a t f o r m s ( " c o n t i n e n t a l " s h e l f ) , which a r e p a r t o f t h e r e l i e f formed by l o c a l b l o c k - f a u l t i n q .

S u b s t a n t i a l p l a t f o r m s w i t h numerous p a t c h and bank r e e f s a r e l o c a t e d j u s t s o u t h o f Al-Wajh and Yanbu, as w e l l as j u s t n o r t h o f Jeddah ( E l i z a S h o a l s ) ; t h e y a r e up t o about 30 km wide.

B o t h Qunfudah and J i z a n a r e b o r d e r e d by t h e huge Farasan Bank, w h i c h i s about 100 km wide and 500 km l o n g , w i t h t h e l a r g e s t o f a l l i s l a n d s , t h e Farasan group, i n t h e south.

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FARASAN

CHART o f t h e Red Sea w i t h t h e l o c a t i o n s o f

the

p r i n c i p a l c o l l e c t i n g

s i t e s

i n S a u d i A r a b i a .

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THE COLLECTING SITES

1) Haql

A t Haql i n t h e G u l f o f fiqaba c o l l e c t i o n s were made a t t h r e e s i t e s o f t h e f r i n g i n g r e e f , a t l o c a t i o n s a ) L a t . 29O 1 9 ' 40" N, Long. 34O 57' 00" E, and 3.5 km N o f Haql Coast Guard Harbor; b ) L a t . 2 9 O 1 7 ' 24" N, Long. 34O 56' 00" E, and 1.4 km W o f Haql Coast Guard Harbor; c ) L a t . 29O 1 6 ' 55" N, Long. 34O 55' 00" E, and 3.5 km SSW o f Haql Coast Guard H a r b o r . The r e e f f a c e d r o p s o f f t o a sandy s l o p e , on an i n c l i n e t h a t c o n t i n u e s down t o t h e c e n t r a l d e p t h of t h e G u l f .

C o r a l s were c o l l e c t e d a t t h e r e e f edge and r e e f s l o p e i n d e p t h s o f 0.5

-

3 m.

2 ) Al-Wajh

C o l l e c t i o n s were made a l o n g t h e f r i n g i n g r e e f a t t h e e n t r a n c e o f Sharm al-Wajh, w h i c h i s a l s o t h e f i s h i n g - b o a t

h a r b o r o f t h e o r i g i n a l v i l l a g e . . The l o c a t i o n i s L a t . 26O 13' 12" N, Long. 36O 27' 14" E, and 400 m W o f al-Wajh Harbor. The f r i n g i n g r e e f d r o p s o f f v e r t i c a l l y t o about 20 m, t h e n g r a d e s i n t o a s l o p e t h a t c o n t i n u e s down t o a d e p t h o f 200

7 m.

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43

Muraykhah L

The same r e e f comlex as No. 3, b u t c o l l e c t i o n s were made a t t h e lagoonward s i d e o f t h e b a r r i e r , l o c a t e d a t L a t .

26O 10' 18"

N, Long.

36

O

25' 12" E,

and

6.1

km SW o f Sharm al-Wajh. The r e e f d r o p s o f f t o a

4

m deep, sandy

lagoon f l o o r .

C o r a l s were c o l l e c t e d a l o n g t h e edge o f t h e r e e f b a r r i e r i n s h a l l o w w a t e r ,

0.3 - ^2.5

m deep.

5 ) Yanbu

C o l l e c t i o n s were made a t two p a t c h r e e f s , one l o c a t e d a t L a t .

23O

5 6 '

24"

N, Long.

38O 12' 36"

E, and

1

km SW o f K i n g Fahad P o r t c e n t e r , t h e o t h e r l o c a t e d a t L a t .

23O

5 6 '

12" N, Long.

3E0 11' 18"

E and

2.8

km SW o f K i n g Fahad P o r t c e n t e r . The s i d e s o f b o t h r e e f s d r o p o f f t o a s a n d f l a t i n about 20 m d e p t h , b u t w i t h deeper water

( a p p r o x .

200

m ) a d j a c e n t .

C o r a l s were c o l l e c t e d from t h e t o p and s l o p e o f b o t h r e e f s i n s h a l l o w w a t e r ,

0.3 - 4

m deep.

6 )

Jeddah

The Jeddah c o l l e c t i o n came from numerous s i t e s . Most o f them were l o c a t e d on E l i z a Shoals, a p l a t f o r m ( a b o u t 20 m average d e p t h , b u t w i t h d e p r e s s i o n s and v a l l e y s o f o v e r

100

m d e p t h i n i t ) t h a t i s s e p a r a t e d from t h e mainland by a

5

km wide and

400

m deep t r o u g h . The approximate cen- t e r o f t h e

20

km wide and

50

km l o n g p l a t f o r m i s l o c a t e d a t L a t .

21°

4 5 ' N, Long.

3E0

5 8 ' E, and about

40

km NW o f Jeddah I s l a m i c P o r t .

Another i m p o r t a n t c o l l e c t i n g s i t e was t h e f j o r d - l i k e ,

30

m deep Sharm Abhur, t h e e n t r a n c e o f w h i c h i s l o c a t e d a t L a t .

2i0 42' 20"

N, Long.

39O 05' 10"

E, and

27

km NNW o f Jeddah I s l a m i c P o r t .

However, s p o r a d i c c o l l e c t i o n s were made o v e r an a r e a s p r e a d i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y

70

km t o t h e N and

70

km t o t h e S o f Jeddah I s l a m i c P o r t .

C o r a l s were c o l l e c t e d from t h e s h a l l o w e s t t o t h e deepest p a r t s o f t h e r e e f z o n a t i o n , c o m p r i s i n g a d e p t h range o f

0.3 - ⁶⁵

^m.

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7 ) Qunfudah

C o l l e c t i o n s were made a t a n e a r s h o r e bank r e e f c a l l e d J a z i r a t a s - S i q a l a h , l o c a t e d a t L a t .

19O 04'

5 "

N,

Long.

41° 04' 00"

E, and

1.7

km SW o f Qunfudah P o r t . The r e e f shows a l a r g e , v e r y s h a l l o w t o p , w i t h s i d e s s l o p i n g o f f t o a sand-bottom i n

15 - ^{2 0}

m depth.

C o r a l s were c o l l e c t e d from t h e edge o f t h e r e e f and from t h e s l o p e a t a d e p t h range o f

1 -

6 m.

8 ) J i z a n

C o l l e c t i o n s were made a t a n e a r s h o r e bank r e e f , l o c a t e d a t

16O 54' 25"

N, l o n g .

42O 31' 55" E,

and about

1

km NW o f J i z a n P o r t . The bank r e e f has a s h a l l o w c r e s t on t h e seaward s i d e , w h i l e t h e f l a t r e e f t o p g r a d u a l l y s l o p e s t o about 3 m d e p t h landward. The r e e f r i s e s up from a 5

-

7

m deep sand f l a t .

C o r a l s were c o l l e c t e d a l o n g t h e s h a l l o w r i d g e and a t deeper p a r t s o f t h e r e e f t o p i n d e p t h s o f

0.5 -

^{3 m.}

T h i s i s a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e , low sand i s l a n d , surrounded by a wide, v e r y s h a l l o w s h e l f area. C o l l e c t i o n s were made a t w i d e l y s c a t t e r e d r e e f p a t c h e s t o t h e S o f t h e i s - l a n d , l o c a t e d a t L a t .

16O 53' 10"

N, Long.

42O 25' 6 "

E, and

11

km E o f J i z a n P o r t . P a t c h r e e f s grow on a 1 . 5

-

2 . 5 m deep sand bottom.

C o r a l s were c o l l e c t e d from t h e t o p and s i d e s o f t h e p a t c h r e e f a r e a , a t a d e p t h range o f

0.5 -

² ^m.

1 0 )

Abu Shagur

T h i s i s a r o c k y c l i f f , home t o many s e a - b i r d s , b o r d e r e d by a s h a l l o w p l a t f o r m t o t h e SW and a

60

m deep t r o u g h t o t h e NE. C o l l e c t i o n s were made a t a s i t e l o c a t e d a t L a t .

1b0 55' 30"

N, Long.

42O 17'

25" E, and

25

km WNW o f J i z a n P o r t .

C o r a l s were c o l l e c t e d on t h e NE s l o p e o f t h e i s l a n d , t h r o u g h o u t a d e p t h range o f

0.5 -

9 m.

(10)

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIES

C o n t a i n i n g : Anthozoa, Z o a n t h a r i a , S c l e r a c t i n i a : 15 f a m i l i e s , 48 genera, 146 s p e c i e s . Anthozoa, O c t o c o r a l l i a , S t o l o n i f e r a : 1 f a m i l y , 1 genus,

1 s p e c i e s . Hydrozoa, M i l l e p o r i n a : 1 f a m i l y , genus, 3 spec. Hydrozoa, S t y l a s t e r i n a : 1 fam., 1 gen., 1 spec.

Column numbers 1 t h r o u g h 0 ( = 1 0 ) r e p r e s e n t t h e f o l l o w i n g c o l l e c t i n g s i t e s ( d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l i n t h e p r e c e d i n g c h a p t e r ) :

Stylophora pistil lata

(ESPER 1795) .2...6..9.

+ Stylophora subseriata

(EHRENBERG 1834)

...

⁶

.... ⁺

Stylophora wellsi

SCHEER 1964 1..4.6....

+

Seria topora hys trix

DANA 1846

...

^4.6....

⁺

Pocillopora damicornis

(LINNAEUS 1758)

....

^56....

⁺

(11)

d i v a r i c a t a ( DANA

I846

)

donei VERON & WALLACE

1984

e c h i n a t a ( DANA

1846

)

eurystoma ( K L U N Z I N G E R

1879)

formosa (DANA

1846)

f o r s k a l i i (EHRENBERG

1834)

gemmi f e r a ( BROOK

1892

1846)

vaughani WELLS

1954

A s t r e o p o r a m y r i o p h t h a l m a (LAMARCK

1816)

flon t i p o r a Non t i p o r a flon t i p o r a flon t i p o r a flon t i p o r a flon t i p o r a Non t i pora Mun t i p o r a Non t i p o r a flon t i p o r a flon t i p o r a Non t i p o r a

c i r c u m v a l l a t a (EHRENBERG

1834

1897

u n d a t a BERNARD

1897

v e r r u c o s a (LAMARCK

1816)

I... -

5... +

....

1234. .7.. . ²

1...5.7... -

1 ... ^9. ³

1.34...0 -

I... -

6 . . . .

-

...

..

12.456.. +

... ^7..0 ^-

9. +

...

... ^4.6 .... ⁴

5...9. +

....

... ⁶ .... ⁹ ... ^6.... ¹⁰

s... +

....

6.... -

...

6.... +

...

6.... -

...

9. +

...

4... +

...

6....

-

...

9. -

...

6.... +

...

(12)

S u b o r d e r F u n g i i n a V E R R I L L

1865

F a m i l y A g a r i c i i d a e G r a y

1847

Pavona c a c t u s ( F O R S K f X

1775) ... ⁶ .... ⁺

Pavona d e c u s s a t a ( D A N A

1846) ... ^6..9. ⁺

Pavona d i f f l u e n s LAMARCK

1816 ... ^6.... ¹¹

Pavona d i v a r i c a t a LAMARCK

1816 ... ^6.... ⁺

Pavona e x p l a n u l a t a ( LAMARCK

1816) ... ^6.... ⁺

Pavona m a l d i v e n s i s ( G A R D I N E R

1905) ... ⁶ ....

⁺

Pavona v a r i a n s V E R R I L L

1864 ... ^6.8.. ⁺

L e p t o s e r i s e x p l a n a t a Y A B E &

SUGIY.1941 ... ⁶ .... ⁺

L e p t o s e r i s h a w a i i e n s i s VAUGHAN

1907 ... ⁶ ....

⁺

L e p t o s e r i s m y c e t o s e r o i d e s WELLS

1954 ... ⁶ .... ⁺

L e p t o s e r i s t e n u i s v . d .HORST

1921 ... ^6.... ⁺

L e p t o s e r i s yabei ( P I L L A I & SCHEER

1976) ... ^6.... ¹²

G a r d i n o s e r i s p l a n u l a t a ( D A N A

1846) ... ^6.8.. ⁺

P a c h y s e r i s s p e c i o s a ( D A N A

1846) ... ⁶ ....

1906 ... ^6....

⁺

(13)

Goniopora p l a n u l a t a ( E H R E N B E R G

1834) ... ^6.... ⁺

Goniopora s a v i g n y i DANA

1846 ... ^6.... ⁺

P o r i t e s a u s t r a l i e n s i s VAUGHAN

1918 1..4... -

P o r i t e s l o b a t a DANA

1846 1..4.67... +

P o r i t e s l u t e a M I L N E EDWARDS & H A I M E

1851 1..4.6...0 +

P o r i t e s n o d i f e r a K L U N Z I N G E R

1879 ... ^8.. ⁺

P o r i t e s r u s ( F O R S K A L

1775) .2.4.6.... 15

P o r i t e s s o l i d a ( F O R S K A L

1775) 1..4.6...0 +

Alveopora a l l i n g i H O F F M E I S T E R

1925 I... 16

Alveopora v e r r i l l i a n a DANA

(14)

C y p h a s t r e a m i c r o p h t h a l m a

(LAMARCK 1816)

C y p h a s t r e a s e r a i l i a

(FORSKAL 1775)

E c h i n o p o r a gemmacea

(LAMARCK 1816) Family Oculinidae GRAY 1847

G a l a x e a f a s c i c u l a r i s

(LINNAEUS 1758) Family Merulinidae VERRILL 1866

M e r u l i n a a m p l i a t a

(ELLIS

&

SOLAND. 1786) Family Mussidae ORTMANN 1890

L o b o p h y l l i a corymbosa

(FORSKAL 1775)

L o b o p h y l l i a h e m p r i c h i i

(EHRENBERG 1834)

Acan t h a s t r e a e c h i n a t a (

DANA 1846

)

A c a n t h a s t r e a e r y t h r a e a

(KLUNZINGER 1879)

Blastomussa m e r l e t i

(WELLS 1961)

P a r a s c o l ymia v i t i e n s i s

(BRUEGGEM. 1877 Family Pectinidae VAUGHAN

(QUOY

81

GAIMARD 1833) ...

^6....

T u b a s t r a e a c o c c i n e a

(EHRENBERG 1834) ...

^6....

T u b a s t r a e a m i c r a n t h u s

(EHRENBERG 1834) ...

^6....

T u r b i n a r i a mesen t e r i n a

(LAMARCK 1816 ...

^6.8..

(15)

S u b c l a s s O c t o c o r a l l i a HAECKEL 1866 O r d e r S t o l o n i f e r a HICKSON 1 8 3 3 F a m i l y T u b i p o r i d a e EHRENBERG 1828

Tubipora musica

LINNAEUS 1 7 5 8 C l a s s H y d r o z o a OWEN 1 8 4 3

O r d e r M i l l e p o r i n a HICKSON 1901 F a m i l y M i l l e p o r i d a e FLEMING 1 8 2 8

Millepora platyphylla

EHRENBERG 1 8 3 4

Millepora exaesa

FORSKAL 1 7 7 5

Millepora dichotoma

FORSKAL 1 7 7 5

O r d e r S t y l a s t e r i n a HICKSON & ENGLAND 1 9 0 5 F a m i l y S t y l a s t e r i d a e GRAY 1 8 4 7

Dis tichopora violacea

(PALLAS 1 7 6 6

N u m b e r s i n t h e r i g h t c o l u m n r e f e r t o t h e f o l l o w i n g :

i n SCHEER & P I L L A I 1983 a s s y n o n y m o f A.

eurystoma

i n SCH.& P. l i s t e d a s s y n o n y m o f A.

hyacinthus

i n SCH.& P. a s s y n o n y m o f A.

humilis

i n SCH.& P. a s s y n o n y m o f A.

humilis

s y n . w i t h

A. yongei

n . s p . i n VERON & WALLACE 1 9 8 4 s y n . w i t h

A. nobilis

a f t e r VERON & WALLACE 1 9 8 4 i n SCH.& P. a s s y n o n y m o f A.

pharaonis

i n SCH.& P. a s A.

variabilis

(KLUNZINGER 1 8 7 9 )

i n SCH.& P. a s s y n . o f

M. meandrina

(EHRENBERG 1 8 3 4 ) i n SCH.& P. a s s y n o n y m o f M.

ehrenbergi

VERRILL 1 8 7 2 i d e n t . b y HEAD 1 9 8 0 a s P.

cf. diffluens

i n SCH.& P. a s

Pavona yabei

i n SCH.& P. o n l y m e n t i o n e d

same a s

Herpetoglossa simplex

s. WELLS 1 9 6 6

i n SCH.& P. a s P.

(Synarea) undulata

(KLUNZ. 1 8 7 9 ) i n SCH.& P. a s A.

mortenseni

CROSSLAND 1 9 5 2

i n SCH.& P. a s F.

acuticollis

(ORTMANN 1 8 8 9 ) i n SCH.& P. a s s y n o n y m o f P.

daedalea

i n SCH.& P. o n l y m e n t i o n e d

i n c l u d i n g t h e f o r m a e

fruticulosa

KLUNZINGER 1 8 7 9 ,

hirsutissima

M.EDW.& H., a n d

mammillosa

KLUNZ. 1879

= E.

forskaliana

s. W1JSM.-BEST 1980

same a s

Symphyllia erythraea

a f t e r HEAD 1 9 8 0 o n l y m e n t i o n e d i n SCH.& P.

n o t m e n t i o n e d i n SCH.& P., b u t d e s c r i b e d f o r t h e Red S e a i n SCHEER 1 9 6 7

(16)

DISCUSSION

S i n c e t h i s paper r e s u l t e d m a i n l y from s t u d i e s on c o r a l r e e f h e a l t h i n t h e Red Sea, i t may be a p p r o p r i a t e t o b r i e f l y comment on t h e outcome o f t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . As o u t l i n e d i n ANTONIUS ( 1 9 8 8 c ) , t h e r e a r e t h r e e problem a r e a s among g e n e r a l l y h e a l t h y r e e f s i n t h e e a s t e r n Red Sea. I n o r d e r o f s e v e r i t y o f i m p a c t t h e y a r e : Jeddah, Yanbu, and H a q l . B u t t h e r e i s a l s o a g e n e r a l slow d e t e r i o r a t i o n o v e r t i m e n o t i c e a b l e a t t h e s e s i t e s , which appears t o be s p r e a d i n g t o h e a l t h y c o r a l r e e f a r e a s as w e l l (ANTONIUS, u n p u b l i s h e d ) . M a i n l y due t o t h e i n c r e a s -

i n g volume o f o i l - s h i p m e n t s i n t h e Red Sea, t h i s d e c l i n e o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l q u a l i t y i s bound t o a c c e l e r a t e i n t h e

f u t u r e .

Under t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , i t seemed p r u d e n t t o sys- t e m a t i c a l l y c a t a l o g u e a l l t h e c o l l e c t e d m a t e r i a l . F o r - t u n a t e l y , today t h e c o r a l fauna o f t h e Red Sea i s s t i l l r i c h , a s shown by t h e a l m o s t i n c i d e n t a l c o r a l h a r v e s t o f t h i s s t u d y .

The n o r t h e r n m o s t c o l l e c t i n g s i t e , Haql ( s i t e no.

11,

i s s i t u a t e d a t t h e n o r t h e r n end o f t h e G u l f o f Aqaba, c l o s e t o t h e J o r d a n i a n b o r d e r . No c o r a l s were known from here.

However, comparable c o l l e c t i o n s e x i s t from r e e f s n e a r t h e M a r i n e S c i e n c e S t a t i o n s o u t h o f Aqaba i n Jordan where MERGNER & SCHUHMACHER (1974: t a b l e s 6 and 1 3 ) s t u d i e d a c o a s t a l f r i n g i n g r e e f and a f r i n g i n g r e e f w i t h a lagoon.

They found 60 and 48 s p e c i e s o f s c l e r a c t i n i a n s respec- t i v e l y , b e l o n g i n g t o 30 and 28 genera. L a t e r t h e y c o u l d i n c r e a s e t h i s number t o 90 s p e c i e s and 36 genera (MERGNER

& SCHUHMACHER 1981: t a b l e s 1 and 4 ) .

PICHON, JAUBERT, BOUCHON & PETRON ( 1 9 7 9 ) a l s o c o l l e c t e d i n r e e f s s o u t h o f Aqaba and documented t h e i r l i s t o f c o r a l s w i t h 95 s p e c i e s o f 46 genera i n an u n p u b l i s h e d r e s e a r c h r e p o r t o f N i c e U n i v e r s i t y . A l s o comparable a r e t h e c o r a l c o l l e c t i o n s f r o m E i l a t , which were d e s c r i b e d by LOYA & SLOBODKIN (1971: t a b l e 1, 94 s p e c i e s o f 38 g e n e r a ) , as w e l l as SCHEER & PILLAI (1983: 101 s p e c i e s o f 40 g e n e r a ) .

Among t h e c o r a l s c o l l e c t e d a t Haql a r e 5 s p e c i e s which a r e n o t c o n t a i n e d i n any o f t h e l i s t s mentioned, and a l s o were n o t p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d from any o t h e r p a r t o f t h e Red Sea. They a r e : Acropora a n t h o c e r c i s ( s i t e n o s . l , 3 ) ,

Acropora c e r e a l i s ( s i t e no.11, Acropora d i v a r i c a t a ( s i t e nos.1,3,4,10), Acropora donei ( s i t e n o . l ) , and P o r i t e s

a u s t r a l i e n s i s ( s i t e n o s . l , 4 ) .

(17)

The t h r e e c o l l e c t i n g s i t e s a t Al-Wajh ( s i . t e nos.2,3,4) can be c o n s i d e r e d as one s i t e . The c l o s e s t l o c a l i t y from w h i c h c o r a l s were c o l l e c t e d b e f o r e i s S a n a f i r I s l a n d , where v.MARENZELLER ( 1 9 0 6 ) found 9 s p e c i e s o f 6 genera.

South o f Al-Wajh, a t Sharm Abban, he c o l l e c t e d 14 s p e c i e s o f 12 genera.

Among t h e Al-Wajh c o r a l s , t h r e e s p e c i e s a r e new f o r t h e Red Sea, Acropora an t h o c e r c i s , Acropora d i v a r i c a ta, and P o r i t e s a u s t r a l i e n s i s , w h i c h were a l s o encountered a t Haq 1.

A t . t h e n e x t s i t e , Yanbu ( s i t e n o . 5 ) , SHEPPARD & SHEPPARD (1985: Appendix 2 ) found 104 s c l e r a c t i n i a n s p e c i e s o f 47 genera, which SHEPPARD (1987: Appendix 1, l i s t o f c o r a l s p e c i e s , column 3 ) i n c r e a s e d t o 133 s p e c i e s and 48 genera. The p r e s e n t c o l l e c t i o n c o n t a i n s 7 more s p e c i e s which were n o t p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d from Yanbu, b u t from o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e Red Sea.

C o r a l s from Jeddah ( s i t e no. 6 ) were r e p o r t e d by v.MARENZELLER (19061, who d e s c r i b e d 38 s p e c i e s o f 18 genera. SHEPPARD (1985: t a b l e 2 ) a l s o c o l l e c t e d here, b u t h i s l i s t o f c o r a l s c o n t a i n s a l l samples f r o m 27 s i t e s a l o n g t h e e n t i r e Jeddah t o J i z a n c o a s t l i n e . W h i l e h i s t a b l e 2 l i s t s 9 1 s p e c i e s o f 45 genera, h i s f i q . 6 shows t h a t 83 s p e c i e s were from Jeddah. T h i s l i s t was aug- mented by SHEPPARD (1987: Appendix 1, l i s t o f c o r a l s p e c i e s , column

4 )

t o 93 s p e c i e s .

The p r e s e n t , v e r y l a r g e c o l l e c t i o n o f c o r a l s from t h e Jeddah area ( s i t e no.6) comprises 116 s c l e r a c t i n i a n s p e c i e s o f 47 genera, w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f 5 non- sc l e r a c t i n i a n s from 3 genera ( Tubipora, M i 1 le p o r a , D i s t i c h o p o r a )

.

^The c o l l e c t i o n c o n t a i n s 5 s p e c i e s n o t known from any o t h e r l o c a t i o n o f t h e Red Sea, i . e . P o c i l - l o p o r a c f . eydouxi, Acropora aspera, Acropora e c h i n a ta, Mon t i p o r a p e l t i f o r m i s , and Mon t i p o r a turgescens.

The n e x t c o l l e c t i n g s i t e f u r t h e r s o u t h i s Qunfudah ( s i t e n o . 7 ) . From here, v.MARENZELLER ( 1 9 0 6 ) b r o u g h t back 3 s p e c i e s , b u t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e t o t h e n o r t h , a t Mamuret e l H a m i d i j e , he c o l l e c t e d 18 s p e c i e s o f 16 genera. SHEPPARD

(1985: f i g . 6 ) r e p o r t s 52 s p e c i e s f r o m Qunfudah, b u t i n h i s c o r a l l i s t does n o t s p e c i f y which ones. The p r e s e n t c o l l e c t i o n c o n t a i n s 10 s p e c i e s o f 2 genera, o f which Acropora m o n t i c u l o s a has n o t p r e v i o u s l y been r e p o r t e d from t h e Red Sea.

The southernmost t h r e e c o l l e c t i n g s i t e s n e a r J i z a n ( s i t e nos.8, 9, 1 0 ) can a g a i n be combined. Together t h e y y i e l d e d 23 s p e c i e s o f 12 genera. New f o r t h e Red Sea i s

(18)

Mon t i p o r a u n d a t a , and A c r o p o r a d i v a r i c a t a , a l s o found a t Haql ( s i t e n o . 1 ) and Al-Wajh ( s i t e nos.3, 4 ) . SHEPPARD

(1985: f i g . 6 ) c o l l e c t e d 12 and 8 s p e c i e s r e s p e c t i v e l y from two s i t e s between J i z a n and t h e Yemeni b o r d e r , b u t w i t h o u t i n d i c a t i n g which ones. Comparable c o l l e c t i o n s were made a t t h e Sarso I s l a n d s i n f r o n t o f J i z a n . v.MARENZELLER (1906) p u b l i s h e d 9 s p e c i e s o f 6 genera, and SCHEER ( 1 9 6 7 ) 44 s p e c i e s o f 20 qenera, as w e l l as

T u b i p o r a , M i l l e p o r a ( 2 s p e c i e s

,

and D i s t i c h o p o r a .

The p r e s e n t c o l l e c t i o n a g a i n shows how r i c h a c o r a l fauna t h e r e i s i n t h e c e n t r a l Red Sea, b u t a l s o i n t h e G u l f o f Aqaba. Toward t h e s o u t h , t h e number o f s p e c i e s decreases s i q n i f i c a n t l y .

Twelve s p e c i e s l i s t e d h e r e a r e new f o r t h e Red Sea:

P o c i l l o p o r a c f . e y d o u x i ( s i t e n o . 6 ) ; Acropora a n t h o c e r - c i s ( s i t e n o s . 1 , 3 ) ; A c r o p o r a a s p e r a ( s i t e n o . 6 ) ; A c r o p o r a c e r e a l i s ( s i t e no. 1 ) ; A c r o p o r a d i v a r i c a t a ( s i t e nos.1,3,4,10); A c r o p o r a d o n e i ( s i t e n o . 1 ) ; Acropora

e c h i n a t a ( s i t e n o . 6 ) ; A c r o p o r a m o n t i c u l o s a ( s i t e n o . 7 ) ; M o n t i p o r a p e l t i f o r m i s ( s i t e no . 6 ) ; M o n t i p o r a t u r g e s c e n s

( s i t e no.6) ; M o n t i p o r a u n d a t a ( s i t e no.9) ; and P o r i t e s a u s t r a l i e n s i s ( s i t e n o s . l , 4 ) .

From t h e G u l f o f Aqaba ( s i t e no. 1) comes: A l v e o p o r a a l l i n g i .

Only i n t h e c e n t r a l Red Sea ( s i t e nos. 5,6,7) occur:

Acropora v a u g h a n i ; Mon t i p o r a g r a c i 1 i s ; Mon t i p o r a i n f o r - m i s ; Pavona d i f f l u e n s ; F u n g i a r e p a n d a ; A c a n t h a s t r e a e r y t h r a e a ; P a r a s c o l ymia v i t i e n s i s ; T u b a s t r a e a c o c c i n e a , And e x c l u s i v e l y i n t h e s o u t h e r n Red Sea ( s i t e nos.8,9,10) were found: A c r o p o r a v a l e n c i e n n e s i i , and P o r i t e s

n o d i f e r a .

W h i l e SCHEER &

PILLAI

( 1 9 8 3 ) d e s c r i b e d 180 s p e c i e s o f 54 genera o f hermatypic s c l e r a c t i n i a n s from t h e Red Sea, SHEPPARD (1987: Appendix 1, l i s t o f c o r a l spec. column 1)

l i s t s 221 s p e c i e s o f 56 genera.

Now, 12 more s p e c i e s can be added, r e S u l t i n g i n a t o t a l o f 233 s p e c i e s o f 56 genera o f h e r m a t y p i c S c l e r a c t i n i a from t h e Red Sea. O f these, 138 s p e c i e s ( 4 8 genera) a r e r e p o r t e d from t h e G u l f o f 4qaba, 101 s p e c i e s ( 3 6 g e n e r a ) from t h e n o r t h e r n Red Sea, 146 s p e c i e s ( 4 8 g e n e r a ) from t h e c e n t r a l Red Sea, and 63 s p e c i e s ( 2 8 genera) from t h e s o u t h e r n Red Sea.

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REFERENCES i n t h e t e x t

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CORALS OF THE EASTERN RED SEA BY

ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 334