T HE AGES D IGITAL L IBRARY
HISTORY
H ISTORY O F
T HE R EFORMATION O F
T HE S IXTEENTH C ENTURY
by J. H. Merle D’Aubigne
B o o k s F o r T h e A g e s
AGES Software • Albany, OR USA Version 1.0 © 1997
HISTORY
OF
THE REFORMATION
OF
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
BY J. H. MERLE D’AUBIGNE, D.D.,
President of the Theological School of Geneva, and Vice President of the Societe Evangelique.
VOLUMES I. TO V.
Volumes I., II., and III., translated by H. White, B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, M.A. and Ph. Dr. Heidelberg, and carefully revised by the author, who has made numerous important additions not to be found in
any other translation; vol. IV. the english original by Dr. Merle D’Aubigne’, assisted by Dr. White; and vol. V. translated by Dr. White, and carefully
revised by the author
J’appelle accessoire, l’estat des affaires de coste vie caduque et transitoire. J’appelie principal, le gouvernement spirituel auquel reluit
souverainement la providence de Dieu. - Theodore de Bèze.
By accessory, I mean the state of affairs in this frail and transitory life; by principal, the spiritual government in which God’s providence rules
supreme. - Theodore Beza.
PREFACE
TO
OLIVER & BOY’S EDITION REVISED BY THE AUTHOR.
I have been often requested to publish and English Edition of the first three volumes of the Reformation, carefully revised and corrected by myself, and which might thus become a Standard Edition in Great Britain.
I have acknowledged the necessity of this task. In fact, without
overlooking the merit of the different English translations of this work;
even the best, I am compelled to say, have failed in conveying my thoughts in several passages; and in some cases this inaccuracy has been of serious consequence. I will mention one instance.
At the end of the; year 1844, I received several letters from the United States, informing me that, besides 75,000 copies of my History put in circulation by different American booksellers, The American Tract Society had printed and edition of 24,000 copies, which they sold through the instrumentality of more than a hundred hawkers (colporteurs), principally in the New Settlements, which no bookseller con reach, but whither the pope ceases not from sending active emissaries; they added, that the committee of this society, composed of different denominations, and among others of Episcopalians and Baptists, were rendered uneasy by certain passages in my history, and had thought proper, with the best intentions, either to modify or retrench them; they informed me, lastly, that two Presbyterian synods, astonished at these changes, had publicly accused the Society of mutilating the work, and that there had arisen (wrote one of the most respectable men in the United States, himself a Presbyterian, and not a member of the Society) so violent a discussion, that “the Committee will inevitably be ruined unless you interfere to rescue it.”
I thought it you duty to do so without sacrificing, however, any of the facts or and of the opinions I had put forth. And the following is one of the means to which I had recourse:-
On closely examining the inculpated passages, I found that in some cases those which had offended either the Episcopalians or the Baptists, were incorrectly rendered in the English translation which the New York Committee had before it.
Thus in vol. 3 book 9 chap. 4, the Committee had been stopped by this expression: “It is the Episcopal authority itself that Luther calls to the bar of judgment in the person of the German primate.”
The Committee consequently altered this phrase, and wrote: “It is the authority of Rome itself that Luther calls to the bar of judgment in the person of the German primate.”
This is no doubt an important alteration, but the first translator had himself changed my idea. The French reads thus: “C’est l’episcopat tout entier que Luther traduit ‘a sa barre dans la personne de primat
germanique.” (vol. 3 p. 34, 1. 8.)
There is no question of episcopal authority, but of the whole body of the Roman-catholic bishops. I pronounce neither for nor against the episcopal authority: I am content to point out an inaccuracy in the translation.
Here is another instance:-
In vol. 3 book 9. chap. 11, the New York Committee were stopped by this expression, which they found in the English translation: “The ancient structure of the Church was thus tottering;” and they substituted, “The ancient structure of Popery was thus tottering.”
In the French there occurs neither Church nor Popery, but simply:
“l’ancien ‘edifice s’’ecroulait.” (Vol. 3. p. 150, last line.) Nevertheless the Committee’s rendering is preferable. It is not the Church of Christ that was tottering, since the gates of hell cannot prevail against it: it is the Papal Church, as is evident from the context. Most of the other passages changed by the American Society were no doubt originally translated with tolerable fidelity; but it was sufficient that some were not so, to make the author feel the necessity of a new edition carefully revised by himself.
This I have done in the present Edition. I have revised this translation line by line, and word by word; and I have restored the sense wherever I did not find it clearly rendered. It is the only one which I have corrected. I declare in consequence, that I acknowledge this translation as the only faithful expression of my thoughts in the English language,; and I recommend it as such to all my readers.
Further, I have in this Edition made numerous corrections and additions, frequently of importance. Some facts have been related that have not been introduced else where, so that it will thus have and indisputable authority over all others.
It is almost unnecessary for me to add, that if the other translations appear to me somewhat defective, I accuse neither the publishers nor the
translators: this is an inevitable disadvantage when the work is not revised by the author. There are some publishers in particular with whom I have had pleasing intercourse, and whom (I feel compelled to say) I am delighted in reckoning among the number of my friends.
I seize the present opportunity of adding, that neither the evangelical Episcopalians nor the Baptists can find any thing in this work contrary to their principles. Certainly I am a Presbyterian; certainly this work is opposed to a dogmatic and sectarian Episcopacy,-to the Episcopacy of Leighton, Scott, J. Newton, Simeon, and Cecil,-which, faithful to the Word of God, desires to lay no other foundation that Jesus Christ.
There is an error with regard to the Baptists that has misled many individuals. They have imagined that the Anabaptists in the time of the Reformation and the Baptists of our day are the same sect. But they are two sects that, both in doctrine and history, are as distinct as possible.
When the English Baptists separated from the Episcopal establishment in the sixteenth century, they did so without being in any way influenced by the Anabaptists of the Continent. The example of the latter would rather have prevented their separation.
I should here render justice to the evangelical Episcopalians and Baptists of Great Britain. They have acknowledged (at least I have heard nothing to the contrary) that the work of God narrated in these volumes had a claim to their entire sympathy. Christianity is neither an abstract doctrine nor
and external organization. It is a life from God communicated to mankind, or rather to the Church. This new life is contained essentially in the person of Jesus Christ, and it is given to all those who are united to him, whether Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Baptists, or others. For this union is effected neither by the baptism of adults, not by the episcopacy, nor by general assemblies; but solely by faith in certain Divine facts that Christ has accomplished,; his humble incarnation, his atoning death, and his glorious resurrection. From this intimate union of Christians with Christ there necessarily results and intimate union of Christians with all those who receive the life of Christ: for the life that is in one is the life that is in all; and all together, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, etc., form not a simple plurality, but also, and chief of all, a living and organic unity.
The history of the Reformation is the history of one of the greatest outpourings of the life that cometh from God. May this work contribute to unite always more and more all those who are partakers of that Divine life.
Signed J. H. Merle D’Aubigne
Eaux Vives, near Geneva, February 1846
CONTENTS TO VOLUME FIRST
BOOK 1
STATE OF EUROPE BEFORE THE REFORMATION.
PREFACE TO VOLUME FIRST CHAPTER 1
Christianity — Two distinctive Principles — Rise of the Papacy — Early Encroachments — Influence of Rome — Co-operation of the Bishops and of the Sects — Visible Unity of the Church — Invisible Unity of the Church — Primacy of St. Peter — Patriarchates — Co-operation of Princes — Influence of the Barbarians — Rome invokes the aid of the Franks — Secular Power — Pepin and Charlemagne — The Decretals
— Disorders of Rome — The Emperor, the Pope’s Suzerain —
Hildebrand — His Character — Celibacy — Struggle with the Empire — Emancipation of the Pope — Hildebrand’s Successors — The Crusades
— The Empire — The Church
CHAPTER 2
Grace — Dead Faith — Works — Unity and Duality — Pelagianism — Salvation at the Hands of the Priests — Penance — Flagellations — Indulgences — Works of Supererogation — Purgatory — The Tariff — Jubilee — The Papacy and Christianity — State of Christendom
CHAPTER 3
Religion — Relics — Easter Revels — Morals — Corruption — Disorders of the Priests, Bishops, and Popes — A Papal Family — Alexander VI — Caesar Borgia — Education — Ignorance — Ciceronians
CHAPTER 4
Imperishable Nature of Christianity — Two Laws of God — Apparent Strength of Rome — Secret Opposition — Decline — Threefold
Opposition — Kings and People — Transformation of the Church — The Pope judged in Italy — Discoveries of Kings and their Subjects —
Frederick the Wise — Moderation and Expectation
CHAPTER 5
Popular Feeling — The Empire — Providential Preparations — Impulse of the Reformation — Peace — The Commonalty — National Character
— Papal Yoke — State of the Empire — Opposition at Rome — Middle Classes — Switzerland — Courage — Liberty — Smaller Cantons — Italy — Obstacles to the Reform — Spain — Obstacles — Portugal — France — Preparations — Disappointment — The Low Countries — England — Scotland — The North — Russia — Poland — Bohemia — Hungary
CHAPTER 6
Roman Theology — Remains of Life — Justification by Faith —
Witnesses to the Truth — Claudius — The Mystics — The Waldenses — Valdo — Wickliffe — Huss — Prediction — Protestantism before the Reformation — Anselm — Arnoldi — Utenheim — Martin — New Witnesses in the Church — Thomas Conecte — The Cardinal of Crayn
— Institoris — Savonarola — Justification by Faith — John Vitrarius — John Lallier — John of Wesalia — John of Goch — John Wessel — Protestantism before the Reformation — The Bohemian Brethren — Prophecy of Proles — Prophecy of the Eisenach Franciscan
CHAPTER 7
Third Preparation — Letters — Revival — Recollections of Antiquity in Italy — Influence of the Humanists — Christianity of Dante — Valla — Infidelity in Italy — Platonic Philosophy — Commencement of Learning in Germany — Young Students — Printing — Characteristics of German Literature — The Learned and the Schoolmen — A New World —
Reuchlin — Reuchlin in Italy — His Labors — His Influence in Germany
— Mysticism — Contest with the Dominicans
CHAPTER 8
Erasmus — Erasmus a Canon — At Paris — His Genius — His Reputation — His Influence — Popular Attack — Praise of Folly — Gibes — Churchmen — Saints — Folly and the Popes — Attack on Science — Principles — Greek New Testament — His Profession of Faith
— His Labors and Influence — His Failings — Two Parties — Reform without Violence — Was such Possible? — Unreformed Church — His Timidity — His Indecision — Erasmus loses his Influence with all Parties
CHAPTER 9
The Nobility — Different Motives — Hutten — Literary League — Literae Obscurorum Virorum — Their Effect — Luther’s Opinion — Hutten at Brussels — His Letters — Sickengen — War — His Death — Cronberg — Hans Sachs — General Ferment
BOOK 2
THE YOUTH, CONVERSION, AND EARLY LABORS OF LUTHER.
1483-1517.
CHAPTER 1
Luther’s Descent — His Parents — His Birth — His Poverty — Paternal Home — Severity — First Knowledge — School of Magdeburg — Hardships — Eisenach — The Shunamite — House of Cotta — Arts — Recollections of these Times — His Studies — Trebonius — The University
CHAPTER 2
The University — Scholastic Divinity and the Classics — Luther’s Piety
— Discovery of the Bible — Illness — Luther admitted MA — Conscience
— Death of Alexis — The Thunder Storm — Providence — Farewell — Luther enters a Convent
CHAPTER 3
His Father’s Anger — Pardon — Humiliation — The Sack and the Cell
— Endurance — Luther’s Studies — St Augustine — Peter d’Ailly — Occam — Gerson — The Chained Bible — Lyra — Hebrew and Greek
— Daily Prayers — Asceticism — Mental Struggles — Luther during Mass — Useless Observances — Luther in a Fainting-fit
CHAPTER 4
Pious Monks — Staupitz — His Piety — Visitation — Conversations — The Grace of Christ — Repentance — Power of Sin — Sweetness of Repentance — Election — Providence — The Bible — The aged Monk — Forgiveness of Sins — Ordination — The Dinner — Festival of Corpus Christi — Luther made Professor at Wittenberg
CHAPTER 5
The University of Wittenberg — First Instructions — Biblical Lectures — Sensation — Luther Preaches at Wittenberg — The Old Chapel — Impression produced by his Sermons
CHAPTER 6
Journey to Rome — Convent on the Po — Sickness at Bologna — Recollections of Rome — Julius II — Superstitious Devotion — Profanity of the Clergy — Conversations — Roman Scandals — Biblical Studies — Pilate’s Staircase — Effects on Luther’s Faith and on the Reformation — Gate of Paradise — Luther’s Confession
CHAPTER 7
Luther returns to Wittenberg — Made Doctor of Divinity — Carlstadt — Luther’s Oath — Principle of the Reformation — Luther’s Courage — Early Views of Reformation — The Schoolmen — Spalatin — Reuchlin’s Quarrel with the Monks
CHAPTER 8
Faith — Popular Declamations — Academic Teaching — Luther’s Purity of Life — German Theology or Mysticism — The Monk Spenlein — Justification by Faith — Luther on Erasmus — Faith and Works — Erasmus — Necessity of Works — Luther’s Charity
CHAPTER 9
Luther’s First Theses — The Old Adam and Grace — Visitaton of the Convents — Luther at Dresden and Erfurth — Tornator — Peace and the Cross — Results of Luther’s Journey — His Labors — The Plague
CHAPTER 10
The Relics — Relations of Luther with the Elector — Advice to the Chaplain — Duke George — His Character — Luther’s Sermon before the Court — Dinner at Court — Evening with Emser
CHAPTER 11
Return to Wittenberg — Theses — Free Will — Nature of Man — Rationalism — Proposal to the University at Erfurth — Eck — Urban Regius — Luther’s Modesty — Effect of the Theses
BOOK 3
THE INDULGENCES AND THE THESES — MAY CHAPTER 1
Procession — Tetzel — Tetzel’s Sermon — Confession — Four Graces
— Sale — Public Penance — Letter of Indulgence — Exceptions — Amusements and Dissipation
CHAPTER 2
The Franciscan Confessor — The Soul in the Burial-ground — The shoemaker of Hagenau — The Students — Myconius — Conversation
with Tetzel — Trick of a Nobleman — Remarks of the Wise and of the people— A Miner of Schneeberg
CHAPTER 3
Leo X — The Pope’s Necessities — Albert — His Character — Farming the Indulgences — Franciscans and Dominicans
CHAPTER 4
Tetzel approaches — Luther in the Confessional — Tetzel’s Anger — Luther has no Plan — Jealousy on Orders — Luther’s Sermon
— The Elector’s Dream
CHAPTER 5
Festival of All-Saints — Theses — Their Strength — Moderation — Providence — Letter to Albert — Indifference of the Bishops — Dissemination of the Theses
CHAPTER 6
Reuchlin — Erasmus — Flek — Bibra — The Emperor — The Pope — Myconius — The Monks — Apprehensions — Adelman — An aged Priest — The Bishop — The Elector — The Townspeople of Erfurth — Luther’s Answer — Disorder — Luther’s Mainspring
CHAPTER 7
Tetzel’s Attack — Luther’s Reply — Good Works — Luther and Spalatin
— Study of Scripture — Scheurl and Luther — Doubts on the Theses — Luther pleads for the People — A New Coat
CHAPTER 8
Frankfort Discussion — Tetzel’s Theses — Menaces — Knipstrow’s Opposition — Luther’s Theses burnt — The Monks — Luther’s Peace
— Tetzel’s Theses burnt — Grief of Luther
CHAPTER 9
Prierio — System of Rome — Dialogue — System of Reform — Answer to Prierio — The Word — The Pope and the Church — Hochstraten — The Monks — Luther replies — Eck — The School — The Obelisks — Luther’s Sentiments — The Asterisks — Rapture
CHAPTER 10
Popular Writings — The Lord’s Prayer — Our Father — Who art in Heaven — Hallowed by thy Name — They Kingdom come — Thy Will be done — Our Daily Bread — Sermon on Repentance —
Remission of Sins cometh from Christ
CHAPTER 11
Apprehensions of his Friends — Journey to Heidelberg — Bibra — Palatine Palace — Rupture — The Paradoxes — Disputation — The Audience — Bucer — Brentz — Snepf — Conversations with Luther — Labors of these young Doctors — Effects on Luther — The aged Professor
— The true-Light — Arrival
BOOK 4
LUTHER BEFORE THE LEGATE MAY TO DECEMBER CHAPTER 1
The Resolutions — Repentance — Papacy — Leo X — Luther to his Bishop — Luther to the Pope — Luther to the Vicar-general — Rovera to the Elector — Sermon on Excommunication — Influence and Strength of Luther
CHAPTER 2
Diet at Augsburg — The Emperor to the Pope — The Elector to Rovera
— Luther summoned to Rome — Luther’s Peace — Intercession of the
University — Papal Brief — Luther’s Indignation — The Pope to the Elector
CHAPTER 3
The Armorer Schwartzerd — His Wife — Philip — His Genius and Studies — The Bible — Call to Wittenberg — Melancthon’s Departure and Journey — Leipsic — Mistake — Luther’s Joy — Parallel — Revolution in Education — Study of Greek
CHAPTER 4
Sentiments of Luther and Staupitz — Summons to appear — Alarm and Courage — The Elector with the Legate — Departure for Augsburg — Sojourn at Weimar — Nuremberg — Arrival at Augsburg
CHAPTER 5
De Vio — His Character — Serra Longa — Preliminary Conversation
— Visit of the Councillors — Return of Serra Longa — The Prior — Luther’s Discretion — Luther and Serra Longa — the Safe-conduct — Luther to Melancthon
CHAPTER 6
First Appearance — First Words — Conditions of Rome — Propositions to be retracted — Luther’s Answer — He withdraws — Impression on both Parties — Arrival of Staupitz
CHAPTER 7
Second Interview — Luther’s Declaration — The Legate’s Answer — His Volubility — Luther’s Request
CHAPTER 8
Second Interview — Treasure of Indulgences — Faith — Humble Petition
— Legate’s Reply — Luther’s Answer — The Legate’s Anger — Luther withdraws — First Defection
CHAPTER 9
De Vio and Staupitz — Staupitz and Luther — Luther to Spalatin — Luther to Carlstadt — The Communion — Link and De Vio — Departure of Link and Staupitz — Luther to Cajetan — Cardinal’s Silence — Luther’s Farewell — Departure — Appeal to Rome
CHAPTER 10
Luther’s Flight — Admiration — Luther’s Desire — The Legate to the Elector — The Elector to the Legate — Prosperity of the University
CHAPTER 11
Thoughts on Departure — Farewell to the Church — Critical Moment — Deliverance — Luther’s Courage — Dissatisfaction at Rome — Bull — Appeal to a Council
CONTENTS TO VOLUME SECOND
BOOK 5
THE LEIPSIC DISPUTATION CHAPTER 1
Luther’s Danger — God preserves Luther — The Pope sends a Chamberlain — The Legate’s Journey — Roman Briefs — Circumstances favorable to the Reform — Miltitz with Spalatin — Tetzel’s Alarm — Miltitz’s Flattery — Demands a Retraction — Luther refuses, but offers to keep Silence — Agreement between Luther and the Nuncio — The Legate’s Kiss — Tetzel reproached by the Legate — Luther to the Pope — Nature of the Reformation — Luther opposes Separation — De Vio and Miltitz at Treves — Luther’s Cause extends over various Countries — Luther’s Writings begin the Reformation
CHAPTER 2
Pause in Germany — Eck revives the Contest — Disputation between Eck and Carlstadt — Question of the Pope — Luther replies — Fears of Luther’s Friends — Luther’s Courage — The Truth triumphs unaided — Refusal of Duke George — Gaiety of Mosellanus — Fears of Erasmus
CHAPTER 3
Arrival of Eck and of the Wittenbergers — Amsdorff — The Students — Carlstadt’s Accident — Placard — Eck and Luther — The Pleissenburg
— Judges proposed — Luther objects — He consents at last
CHAPTER 4
Opening of the Disputation — Speech of Mosellanus — Veni, Sancte Spiritus — Portraits of Luther and Carlstadt — Doctor Eck —
Carlstadt’s Books — Merit of Congruity — Natural Powers — Scholastic Distinction — Point at which Rome and the Reformation diverge — Liberty given to Man by Grace — Carlstadt’s Notes — Clamor of the Spectators — Melancthon during the Disputation — His Opinion — Eck’s Manoeuvers — Luther Preaches — Citizens of Leipsic — Quarrels between the Students and Doctors
CHAPTER 5
The Hierarchy and Rationalism — The Two Peasants’ Sons — Eck and Luther begin — The Head of the Church — Primacy of Rome — Equality of Bishops — Peter the Foundation-stone — Christ the Corner-stone — Eck insinuates that Luther is a Hussite — Luther on the Doctrine of Huss
— Agitation among the Hearers — The Word alone — The Court-fool — Luther at Mass — Saying of the Duke — Purgatory — Close of the Discussion
CHAPTER 6
Interest felt by the Laity — Luther’s Opinion — Confession and Boasts of Doctor Eck — Effects of the Disputation — Poliander — Cellarius — The
Young Prince of Anhalt — The Students of Leipsic — Cruciger — Melancthon’s Call — Luther’s Emancipation
CHAPTER 7
Eck attacks Melancthon — Melancthon’s Defense — Interpretation of Holy Scripture — Luther’s Firmness — The Bohemian Brothers — Emser — Staupitz
CHAPTER 8
The Epistle to the Galatians — Christ for us — Blindness of Luther’s Opponents — Earliest Ideas on the Lord’s Supper — Is the Sacrament without Faith sufficient? — Luther a Bohemian — Eck attacked — Eck goes to Rome
BOOK 6
THE PAPAL BULL CHAPTER 1
Character of Maximilian — Candidates for the Empire — Charles — Francis I — Disposition of the Germans — The Crown offered to Frederick — Charles elected Emperor
CHAPTER 2
Luther’s Letter to the Emperor — His Danger — Frederick’s Instructions to his Envoy at Rome — Luther’s Sentiments —
Melancthon’s Fears — The German Nobles favor the Reformation — Schaumburg — Sickingen — Ulrich of Hutten — Luther’s Confidence — Erasmus defends Luther — Abstemius — Hedio — Luther becomes more free — Faith the Source of Works — What gives Faith? — Luther judging his own Writings
CHAPTER 3
The Papacy attacked — Appeal to the Nobility — The three Walls — All Christians are Priests — The Magistrate should chastise the Clergy — Roman Corruptions — Ruin of Italy — Dangers of Germany — The Pope — The Legates — The Monks — Marriage of Priests — Celibacy
— Festivals — The Bohemians — Charity — The Universities — The Empire — The Emperor should retake Rome — Unpublished Book — Luther’s Moderation — Success of the Address
CHAPTER 4
Preparations at Rome — Motives for Papal Resistance — Eck at Rome
— The King of Crowns — Eck prevails — The Pope is the World — God brings about the Separation — A Swiss Priest pleads for Luther — The Roman Consistory — Exordium of the Bull — Luther condemned
CHAPTER 5
Wittenberg — Melancthon — His Marriage — Catherine — Domestic Life — Benevolence — Good Humor — Christ and Antiquity — Labor
— Love of Letters — His Mother — Revolt of the Students
CHAPTER 6
The Gospel in Italy — Sermon on the Mass — Babylonish Captivity of the Church — Baptism — Abolition of other Vows — Progress of Reform
CHAPTER 7
Fresh Negotiations — The Augustines at Eisleben — Miltitz — Deputation to Luther — Miltitz and the Elector — Conference at Lichtemberg — Luther’s Letter to the Pope — Book presented to the Pope — Union of Christ with the Believer — Liberty and Bondage
CHAPTER 8
The Bull in Germany — Eck’s Reception — The Bull at Wittenberg — Zwingle’s Intervention
CHAPTER 9
Luther’s Appeal to God — His Opinion of the Bull — A Neutral Family
— Luther on the Bull — Against the Bull of Antichrist — The Pope forbids Faith — Effects of the Bull — The Burning Pile of Louvain
CHAPTER 10
Decisive Step of the Reformer — Luther’s Appeal to a General Council
— Close Combat — The Bull burnt by Luther — Meaning of this daring Act — Luther in the Academy — Luther against the Pope — New Work by Melancthon — How Luther encourages his Friends — Progress of the Struggle — Melancthon’s Opinions on the Weak-hearted — Luther’s Treatise on the Bible — Doctrine of Grace — Luther’s Recantation
CHAPTER 11
Coronation of Charles the Fifth — The Nuncio Aleander — Shall Luther’s Books be burnt? — Aleander and the Emperor — The Nuncios and the Elector — Duke John’s Son in behalf of Luther — Luther’s Calmness — The Elector protects Luther — Reply of the Nuncios — Erasmus at Cologne — Erasmus at the Elector’s — Declaration of Erasmus — Advice of Erasmus — System of Charles V
CHAPTER 12
Luther on Confession — Real Absolution — Antichrist — Luther’s Popularity — Satires — Ulrich of Hutten — Lucas Cranach — The Carnival at Wittenberg — Staupitz intimidated — Luther’s Labors — His Humility — Progress of the Reformation
BOOK 7
THE DIET OF WORMS , JANUARY TO MAY CHAPTER 1
Victories of the Word of God — The Diet of Worms — Policy of Rome — Difficulties — Charles demands Luther — The Elector to Charles V — State of Feeling — Alarm of Aleander — The Elector departs without Luther — Aleander arouses Rome — Excommunication of Pope and Communion with Christ — Fulminations of the Bull — Luther’s Motives in the Reformation
CHAPTER 2
A Foreign Prince — Council of Politicians — Conference between the Confessor and the Chancellor — Inutility of these Manoeuvers — Aleander’s Activity — Luther’s Words — Charles yields to the Pope
CHAPTER 3
Aleander introduced to the Diet — Aleander’s Speech — Luther is
accused — Rome is justified — Appeal to Charles against Luther — Effect of the Nuncio’s Speech
CHAPTER 4
Sentiments of the Princes — Speech of Duke George — Character of the Reformation — One Hundred and One Grievances — Charles gives Way — Aleander’s Stratagems — The Grandees of Spain — Peace of Luther — Death and no Retraction
CHAPTER 5
Shall Luther have a Safe-conduct — The Safe-conduct — Will Luther come — Holy Thursday at Rome — The Pope and Luther
CHAPTER 6
Luther’s Courage — Bugenhagen at Wittenberg — Persecutions in Pomerania — Melancthon desires to accompany Luther — Amsdorff, Schurff, and Suaven — Hutten to Charles V
CHAPTER 7
Departure for the Diet of Worms — Luther’s Farewell — His Condemnation is posted up — Cavalcade near Erfurth — Meeting between Jonas and Luther — Luther in his former Convent — Luther preaches at Erfurth — Incident — Faith and Works — Concourse of People and Luther’s Courage — Luther’s Letter to Spalatin — Stay at Frankfort — Fears at Worms — Plan of the Imperialists — Luther’s Firmness
CHAPTER 8
Entry into Worms — Death-Song — Charles’s Council — Capito and the Temporizers — Luther’s numerous Visiters — Citation — Hutten to Luther — Luther proceeds to the Diet — Saying of Freundsberg — Imposing Assembly — The Chancellor’s Speech — Luther’s Reply — His Discretion — Saying of Charles V — Alarm — Triumph — Luther’s Firmness — Violence of the Spaniards — Advice — Luther’s Struggles and Prayer — Strength of the Reformation — His Vow to the Scriptures
— The Court of the Diet — Luther’s Speech — Three Classes of Writings
— He requires Proof of his Errors — Serious Warnings — He repeats his Speech in Latin — Here I stand; I can say no more — The Weakness of God stronger than Man — A new Attempt — Victory
CHAPTER 9
Tumult and Calmness — The Flagon of Duke Eric — The Elector and Spalatin — The Emperor’s Message — Proposal to violate the Safe- conduct — Violent Opposition — Enthusiasm in Favor of Luther — Language of Conciliation — Fears of the Elector — Luther’s numerous Visiters — Philip of Hesse
CHAPTER 10
Conference with the Archbishop of Treves — Wehe’s Exhortation to Luther — Luther’s Replies — Private Conversation — Visit of Cochloeus
— Supper at the Archbishop’s — Conference at the Hotel of the Knights of Rhodes — A Council proposed — Luther’s last Interview with the Archbishop — Visit to a sick Friend — Luther receives Orders to leave Worms — Luther’s Departure
CHAPTER 11
The Conflict at Worms — Luther’s Letter to Cranach — Luther’s Letter to Charles V — Luther with the Abbot of Hirschfeldt — The Parish Priest of Eisenach — Several Princes leave the Diet — Charles signs Luther’s Condemnation — The Edict of Worms — Luther with his Parents — Luther attacked and carried away — The Ways of God — The Wartburg
— Luther a Prisoner
BOOK 8
THE SWISS - CHAPTER 1
Movement in Switzerland — Source of the Reformation — Its democratic Character — Foreign Service — Morality — The Tockenburg — A Chalet on the Alps — A Family of Shepherds — Young Ulrich
CHAPTER 2
Ulrich at Wesen and Basle — Ulrich at Berne — The Dominican Convent — Jetzer — The Apparitions — Passion of the Lay-brother — Imposture — Discovery and Punishment — Zwingle at Vienna and Basle
— Music at Basle — Wittembach proclaims the Gospel — Leo Juda — The Priest of Glaris
CHAPTER 3
Fondness for War — Schinner — Pension from the Pope — The Labyrinth — Zwingle in Italy — Principle of Reform — Zwingle and Luther — Zwingle and Erasmus — Zwingle and the ancient Classics — Paris and Glaris
CHAPTER 4
Zwingle to Erasmus — Oswald Myconius — The Robbers — Oecolampadius — Zwingle at Marignan — Zwingle and Italy — Zwingle’s Method — Commencement of the Reform — Discovery — Passage from one World to the other
CHAPTER 5
Our Lady of Einsidlen — Zwingle’s Call — The Abbot — Geroldsek — A learned Society — The Bible copied — Zwingle and Superstition — First Opposition to Error — Sensation — Hedio — Zwingle and the Legates
— The Honors of Rome — The Bishop of Constance — Samson and the Indulgences — Stapfer — Zwingle’s Charity — His Friends
CHAPTER 6
The Canons’ College — Election to the Cathedral — Fable —
Accusations — Zwingle’s Confession — Development of God’s Purposes
— Farewell to Einsidlen — Arrival at Zurich — Zwingle’s bold
Declaration — First Sermons — Their Effect — Opposition — Zwingle’s Character — Taste for Music — Arrangement of the Day — The Book- hawker
CHAPTER 7
The Indulgences — Samson at Berne and at Baden — The Dean of Bremgarten Young Henry Bullinger — Samson and the Dean — Zwingle’s internal Struggles — Zwingle opposes the Indulgences — Samson is sent back
CHAPTER 8
Zwingle’s Toils and Fatigue — The Baths of Pfeffers — The Moment of God — The Great Death — Zwingle attacked by the Plague — His Adversaries — His Friends — Convalescence — General Joy — Effects of the Pestilence — Myconius at Lucerne — Oswald encourages Zwingle
— Zwingle at Basle — Capito invited to Mentz — Hedio at Basle — The Unnatural Soa — Preparations for the Struggle
CHAPTER 9
The Two Reformers — The Fall of Man — Expiation of the Man-God — No Merit in Works — Objections refuted — Power of Love for Christ — Election — Christ the sole Master — Effects of this Preaching —
Dejection and Courage — First Act of the Magistrate — Church and State — Attacks — Galster
CHAPTER 10
A new Combatant — The Reformer of Berne — Zwingle encourages Haller — The Gospel at Lucerne — Oswald persecuted — Zwingle’s Preaching — Henry Bullinger and Gerold of Knonau — Rubli at Basle
— The Chaplain of the Hospital — War in Italy — Zwingle protests against the Capitulations
CHAPTER 11
Zwingle opposes Human Traditions — Commotion during Lent — Truth triumphs amidst Opposition — The Bishop’s Deputies — Accusation before the Clergy and the Council — Appeal to the Great Council — The Coadjutor and Zwingle — Zwingle’s Reply — Decree of the Great Council — Posture of Affairs — Hoffman’s Attack
CHAPTER 12
Mourning and Joy in Germany — Plots against Zwingle — The Bishop’s Mandate — Archeteles — The Bishop’s Appeal to the Diet — Injunction against attacking the Monks — Zwingle’s Declaration — The Nuns of Oetenbach — Zwingle’s Address to Schwytz
CHAPTER 13
A French Monk — He teaches in Switzerland — Dispute between
Zwingle and the Monk — Discourse of the Commander of the Johannites
— The Carnival at Berne — The Eaters of the Dead — The Skull of At Anne-Appenzel — The Grisons — Murder and Adultery — Zwingle’s Marriage
CHAPTER 14
How the Truth triumphs — Meeting at Einsidlen — Petition to the Bishop and Confederates — The Men of Einsidlen separate — Scene in a
Convent — Dinner with Myconius — The Strength of the Reformers — Effect of the Petitions to Lucerne — The Council of the Diet — Haller at the Town-hall — Friburg — Oswald’s Destitution — Zwingle consoles him — Oswald quits Lucerne — The Diet’s first Act of Severity — Consternation of Zwingle’s Brothers — Zwingle’s Resolution — The Future — Zwingle’s Prayer
BOOK 9
FIRST REFORMS AND Preface to Volume Third Page
CHAPTER 1
Progress of the Reformation — New Period — Usefulness of Luther’s Captivity in the Wartburg — Agitation in Germany — Melancthon and Luther — Enthusiasm Page
CHAPTER 2
Luther in the Wartburg — Object of his Captivity — Anxiety — Sickness
— Luther’s Labors — On Confession — Reply to Latomus — His daily Walks
CHAPTER 3
Commencement of the Reform — Marriage of Feldkirchen — The Marriage of Monks — Theses — Tract against Monachism — Luther no longer a Monk
CHAPTER 4
Archbishop Albert — The Idol of Halle — Luther’s Indignation — Alarm of the Court — Luther’s Letter to the Archbishop — Albert’s Reply — Joachim of Brandenburg
CHAPTER 5
Translation of the Bible — Wants of the Church — Principles of the Reformation — Temptations of the Devil — Luther’s Works condemned by the Sorbonne — Melancthon’s Reply — Luther Visits Wittenberg
CHAPTER 6
Fresh Reforms — Gabriel Zwilling on the Mass — The University — Melancthon’s Propositions — The Elector — Monastic Institutions attacked — Emancipation of the Monks — Disturbances — Chapter of the Augustine Monks — Carlstadt and the Mass — First Celebration of the Lord’s Supper — Importance of the Mass in the Romish System
CHAPTER 7
False Reform — The New Prophets — The Prophets at Wittenberg — Melancthon — The Elector — Luther — Carlstadt and the Images — Disturbances — Luther is called for — He does not hesitate — Dangers
CHAPTER 8
Departure from the Wartburg — New Position — Luther and Primitive Catholicism — Meeting at the Black Bear — Luther’s Letter to the Elector
— Return to Wittenberg — Sermon at Wittenberg — Charity — The Word — How the Reformation was brought about — Faith in Christ — Its Effects — Didymus — Carlstadt — The Prophets — Interview with Luther — End of the Struggle
CHAPTER 9
Translation of the New Testament — Faith and Scripture — Opposition
— Importance of this Publication — Necessity for a systematic Arrangement — Melancthon’s Loci Communes — Original Sin — Salvation — Free Will — Effects of the Loci Communes
CHAPTER 10
Opposition — Henry VIII — Wolsey — The Queen — Fisher — Thomas More — Luther’s Books burnt — Henry’s Attack on Luther — Presented to the Pope — Its Effect on Luther — Energy and Violence — Luther’s Reply — Answer by the Bishop of Rochester — Reply of Thomas More — Henry’s Proceedings
CHAPTER 11
General Movement — The Monks — How the Reformation was carried on — Unlearned Believer — The Old and the New Doctors — Printing and Literature — Bookselling and Colportage
CHAPTER 12
Luther at Zwickau — The Castle of Freyberg — Worms — Frankfort — Universal Movement — Wittenberg the Center of the Reformation — Luther’s Sentiments
BOOK 10
AGITATION, REVERSES, AND PROGRESS — CHAPTER 1
Political Element — Want of Enthusiasm at Rome — Siege of Pampeluna
— Courage of Ignatius — Transition — Luther and Loyola — Visions — Two Principles
CHAPTER 2
Victory of the Pope — Death of Leo X — The Oratory of Divine Love — Adrian VI — Plan of Reform — Opposition
CHAPTER 3
Diet of Nuremberg — Soliman’s Invasion — The Nuncio calls for Luther’s Death — The Nuremberg Preachers — Promise of Reform — Grievances of the Nation — Decree of the Diet — Fulminating Letter of the Pope — Luther’s Advice
CHAPTER 4
Persecution — Exertions of Duke George — The Convent at Antwerp — Miltenberg — The Three Monks of Antwerp — The Scaffold — The Martyrs of Brussels
CHAPTER 5
The New Pope, Clement VII — The Legate Campeggio — Diet of Nuremberg — Demand of the Legate — Reply of the Diet — A Secular Council projected — Alarm and Exertions of the Pope — Bavaria — League of Ratisbon — Severity and Reforms — Political Schism — Opposition — Intrigues of Rome — Decree of Burgos — Rupture
CHAPTER 6
Persecution — Gaspard Tauber — A Bookseller — Cruelties in
Wurtemberg, Salzburg, and Bavaria — Pomerania — Henry of Zuphten
CHAPTER 7
Divisions — The Lord’s Supper — Two Extremes — Hoen’s Discovery
— Carlstadt — Luther — Mysticism of the enthusiasts — Carlstadt at Orlamund — Luther’s Mission — Interview at Table — The Conference of Orlamund — Carlstadt banished
CHAPTER 8
Progress — Resistance against the Ratisbon Leaguers — Meeting between Philip of Hesse and Melancthon — The Landgrave converted to the Gospel — The Palatinate — Luneburg — Holstein — The Grand- Master at Wittenberg
CHAPTER 9
Reforms — All Saints Church — Fall of the Mass — Learning —
Christian Schools — Learning extended to the Laity — The Arts — Moral Religion — Esthetical Religion — Music — Poetry — Painting
CHAPTER 10
Political Ferment — Luther against Rebellion — Thomas Munzer — Agitation — The Black Forest — The twelve Articles — Luther’s Opinion
— Helfenstein — March of the Peasants — March of the Imperial Army
— Defeat of the Peasants — Cruelty of the Princes
CHAPTER 11
Munzer at Mulhausen — Appeal to the People — March of the Princes — End of the Revolt — Influence of the Reformers — Sufferings — Changes
— Two Results
CHAPTER 12
Death of the Elector Frederick — The Prince and the Reformer — Roman-catholic Alliance — Plans of Charles the Fifth — Dangers
CHAPTER 13
The Nuns of Nimptsch — Luther’s Sentiments — The Convent dissolved
— Luther’s Marriage — Domestic Happiness
CHAPTER 14
The Landgrave — The Elector — Prussia — Reformation —
Secularization — The Archbishop of Mentz — Conference at Friedwalt — Diet — Alliance of Torgau — Resistance of the Reformers — Alliance of
Magdeburg — The Catholics redouble their Exertions — The Emperor’s Marriage — Threatening Letters — The two Parties
BOOK 11
DIVISIONS
SWITZERLAND — GERMANY — CHAPTER 1
Unity in Diversity — Primitive Fidelity and Liberty — Formation of Romish Unity — Leo Juda and the Monk — Zwingle’s Theses — The Disputation of January
CHAPTER 2
Papal Temptations — Progress of the Reformation — The Idol at Stadelhofen — Sacrilege — The Ornaments of the Saints
CHAPTER 3
The Disputation of October — Zwingle on the Church — The Church — Commencement of Presbyterianism — Discussion on the Mass — Enthusiasts — The Language of Discretion — Victory — A Characteristic of the Swiss Reformation — Moderation — Oswald Myconius at Zurich — Revival of Literature — Thomas Plater of the Valais
CHAPTER 4
Diet of Lucerne — Hottinger arrested — His Death — Deputation from the Diet to Zurich — Abolition of religious Processions — Abolition of Images — The Two Reformations — Appeal to the People
CHAPTER 5
New Opposition — Abduction of Oexlin — The Family of the Wirths — The Populace at the Convent of Ittingen — The Diet of Zug — The Wirths apprehended and given up to the Diet — Their Condemnation
CHAPTER 6
Abolition of the Mass — Zwingle’s Dream — Celebration of the Lord’s Supper — Fraternal Charity — Original Sin — The Oligarchs opposed to the Reform — Various Attacks
CHAPTER 7
Berne — The Provost Watteville — First Successes of the Reformed Doctrines — Haller at the Convent — Accusation and Deliverance — The Monastery of Konigsfeldt — Margaret Watteville to Zwingle — The Convent opened — Two Champions — Clara May and the Provost Watteville
CHAPTER 8
Basle — Oecolampadius — He visits Augsburg — Enters a Convent — Retires to Sickingen’s Castle — Returns to Basle — Ulrich Hutten — His Plans — Last Effort of Chivalry — Hutten dies at Ufnau
CHAPTER 9
Erasmus and Luther — Vacillations of Erasmus — Luther to Erasmus
— Erasmus’s Treatise against Luther on Free Will — Three Opinions — Effect upon Luther — Luther on Free Will — The Jansenists and the Reformers — Homage to Erasmus — His Anger — The Three Days
CHAPTER 10
The Three Adversaries — Source of Truth — Grebel — the fanatics and Zwingle — Constitution of the Church — Prison — The Prophet
Blaurock — Fanaticism at Saint Gall — Schucker and Family — Discussion at Zurich — The Limits of the Reformation — Punishment of the fanatics
CHAPTER 11
Progression and Immobility — Zwingle and Luther — Luther’s Return to Scholasticism — Respect for Tradition — Occam — Contrary Tendency in Zwingle — Beginning of the Controversy — Oecolampadius and the Swabian Syngramma — Strasburg mediates
CHAPTER 12
The Tockenburg — An Assembly of the People — Reformation — The Grisons — Disputation at Ilantz — Results — Reformation at Zurich
CHAPTER 13
The Oligarchs — Bernese Mandate of in Favor of the Papacy — Discussion at Baden — Regulations of the Discussion — Riches and Poverty — Eck and Oecolampadius — Discussion — Zwingle’s Share in the Discussion — Vaunts of the Romanists — Abusive Language of a Monk — Close of the Disputation
CHAPTER 14
Consequences at Basle, Berne, Saint Gall, and other Places — Diet at Zurich — The small Cantons — Threats against Berne — Foreign Support
BOOK 12
THE FRENCH — CHAPTER 1
Universality of Christianity — Enemies of the Reform in France — Heresy and Persecution in Dauphiny — A country Mansion — The Farel Family — Pilgrimage to the Holy Cross — Immorality and Superstition
— William desires to become a Student
CHAPTER 2
Louis XII and the Assembly of Tours — Francis and Margaret — Learned Men — Lefevre — His Courses at the University — Meeting between Lefevre and Farel — Farel’s Hesitation and Researches — First Awakening — Lefevre’s Prophecy — Teaches Justification by Faith — Objections — Disorder of the Colleges — Effects on Farel — Election — Sanctification of Life
CHAPTER 3
Farel and the Saints — The University — Farel’s Conversion — Farel and Luther — Other Disciples — Date of the Reform in France — Spontaneous Rise of the different Reforms — Which was the first? — Lefevre’s Place
CHAPTER 4
Character of Francis I — Commencement of Modern Times — Liberty and Obedience — Margaret of Valois — The Court — Briconnet, Count of Montbrun — Lefevre commends him to the Bible — Francis I and “his Children” — The Gospel brought to Margaret — Conversion —
Adoration — Margaret’s Character
CHAPTER 5
Enemies of the Reformation — Louisa — Duprat — Concordat of Bologna — Opposition of the Parliament and the University — The Sorbonne — Beda — His Character — His Tyranny — Berquin, the most learned of the Nobility — The Intriguers of the Sorbonne — Heresy of the three Magdalens — Luther condemned at Paris — Address of the Sorbonne to the King — Lefevre quits Paris for Meaux
CHAPTER 6
Briconnet visits his Diocese — Reform — The Doctors persecuted in Paris — Philiberta of Savoy — Correspondence between Margaret and Briconnet
CHAPTER 7
Beginning of the Church at Meaux — The Scriptures in French — The Artisans and the Bishop — Evangelical Harvest — The Epistles of St Paul sent to the King — Lefevre and Roma — The Monks before the Bishop — The Monks before the Parliament — Briconnet gives way
CHAPTER 8
Lefevre and Farel persecuted — Difference between the Lutheran and Reformed Churches — Leclerc posts up his Placards — Leclerc branded
— Berquin’s Zeal — Berquin before the Parliament — Rescued by Francis I — Mazurier’s Apostacy — Fall and Remorse of Pavanne — Metz — Chatelain — Peter Toussaint becomes attentive — Leclerc breaks the Images — Leclerc’s Condemnation and Torture — Martyrdom of Chatelain — Flight
CHAPTER 9
Farel and his Brothers — Farel expelled from Gap — He preaches in the Fields — The Knight Anemond of Coct — The Minorito — Anemond quits France — Luther to the Duke of Savoy — Farel quits France
CHAPTER 10
Catholicity of the Reformation — Friendship between Farel and
Oecolampadius — Farel and Erasmus — Altercation — Farel demands a Disputation — Theses — Scripture and Faith — Discussion
CHAPTER 11
New Campaign — Farel’s Call to the Ministry — An Outpost — Lyons
— Sebville at Grenoble — Conventicles — Preaching at Lyons — Maigret in Prison — Margaret intimidated
CHAPTER 12
The French at Basle — Encouragement of the Swiss — Fears of Discord
— Translating and Printing at Basle — Bibles and Tracts disseminated in France
CHAPTER 13
Progress at Montbellard — Resistance and Commotion — Toussaint leaves Oecolampadius — The Image of Saint Anthony — Death of Anemond — Strasburg — Lambert’s Letter to Francis I — Successive Defeats
CHAPTER 14
Francis made Prisoner at Pavia — Reaction against the Reformation — Margaret’s Anxiety for her Brother — Louisa consults the Sorbonne — Commission against the Heretics — Briconnet brought to Trial — Appeal to the Parliament — Fall — Recantation — Lefevre accused —
Condemnation and Flight — Lefevre at Strasburg — Louis Berquin imprisoned — Erasmus attacked — Schuch at Nancy — His Martyrdom
— Struggle with Caroli — Sorrow of Pavanne — His Martyrdom — A Christian Hermit — Concourse at Notre Dame
CHAPTER 15
A Student of Noyon — Character of young Calvin — Early Education — Consecrated to Theology — The Bishop gives him the Tonsure — He leaves Noyon on Account of the Plague — The two Calvins — Slanders
— The Reformation creates new Languages — Persecution and Terror
— Toussaint put in Prison — The Persecution more furious — Death of Du Blet, Moulin, and Papillon — God saves the Church — Margaret’s Project — Her Departure for Spai
BOOK 13
THE PROTEST AND THE CONFERENCE — Preface to Volume Fourth Page
CHAPTER 1
Twofold Movement of Reform — Reform the Work of God — First Diet of Spires — Palladium of Reform — Firmness of the Reformers —
Proceedings of the Diet — Report of the Commissioners — The Papacy painted and described by Luther — The Destruction of Jerusalem — Instructions of Seville — Change of Policy — Holy League — Religious Liberty proposed — Crisis of the Reformation Page
CHAPTER 2
Italian War — The Emperor’s Manifesto — March on Rome — Revolt of the Troops — The Sack of Rome — German Humors — Violence of the Spaniards — Clement VII capitulates
CHAPTER 3
Profitable Calm — Constitution of the Church — Philip of Hesse — The Monk of Marburg — Lambert’s Paradoxes — Friar Boniface — Disputation at Homburg — Triumph of the Gospel in Hesse —
Constitution of the Church — Bishops — Synods — Two Elements of the Church — Luther on the Ministry — Organization of the Church — Luther’s Contradictions on State Interference — Luther to the Elector — German Mass — Melancthon’s Instructions — Disaffection — Visitation of the Reformed Churches — Results — The Reformation advances — Elizabeth of Brandenburg
CHAPTER 4
Edict of Ofen — Persecutions — Winkler, Carpenter, and Keyser — Alarm in Germany — Pack’s Forgery — League of the Reformed Princes — Advice of the Reformers — Luther’s Pacific Counsel — Surprise of the Papist Princes — Pack’s Scheme not improbable — Vigor of the Reformation
CHAPTER 5
Alliance between Charles and Clement VII — Omens — Hostility of the Papists — Arbitrary Proposition of Charles — Resolutions of the Diet — The Reformation in Danger — Decision of the Princes — Violence of Ferdinand — The Schism completed
CHAPTER 6
The Protest — Principles of the Protest — Supremacy of the Gospel — Christian Union — Ferdinand rejects the Protest — Attempt at
Conciliation — Exultation of the Papists — Evangelical Appeal — Christian Unity a Reality — Dangers of the Protestants — The
Protestants leave Spires — The Princes, the true Reformers — Germany and Reform
CHAPTER 7
Union necessary to Reform — Luther’s Doctrine on the Lord’s Supper
— A Lutheran Warning — Proposed Conference at Marburg — Melancthon and Zwingle — Zwingle leaves Zurich — Rumors in Zurich
— The Reformers at Marburg — Carlstadt’s Petition — Preliminary Discussions — Holy Ghost — Original Sin — Baptism — Luther, Melancthon, and Zwingle — Opening of the Conference — The Prayer of the Church — Hoc est Corpus Meum — Syllogism of Oecolampadius — The Flesh profiteth nothing — Lambert convinced — Luther’s Old Song
— Agitation in the Conference — Arrival of new Deputies — Christ’s Humanity finite — Mathematics and popery — Testimony of the Fathers
— Testimony of Augustine — Argument of the Velvet Cover — End of the Conference — The Landgrave mediates — Necessity of Union — Luther rejects Zwingle’s Hand — Sectarian Spirit of the Germans — Bucer’s Dilemma — Christian Charity prevails — Luther’s Report — Unity of Doctrine — Unity in Diversity — Signatures — Two Extremes — Three Views — Germ of Popery — Departure — Luther’s Dejection — Turks before Vienna — Luther’s Battle-sermon and Agony — Luther’s Firmness — Victory — Exasperation of the Papists — Threatening Prospects
BOOK 14
THE AUGSBURG CONFESSION CHAPTER 1
Two striking Lessons — Charles V in Italy — The German Envoys — Their Boldness — The Landgrave’s Present — The Envoys under Arrest
— Their Release and Departure — Meeting of Charles and Clement — Gattinara’s Proposition — Clement’s Arms — War imminent — Luther’s Objections — The Savior is coming — Charles’s conciliatory Language — The Emperor’s Motives
CHAPTER 2
The Coronation — The Emperor made a Deacon — The Romish Church and the State — Alarm of the Protestants — Luther advocates Passive Resistance — Bruck’s noble Advice — Articles of Faith prepared — Luther’s Strong Tower — Luther at Coburg — Charles at Innspruck — Two Parties at Court — Gattinara — The King of Denmark won over by Charles — Piety of the Elector — Wiles of the Romanists
CHAPTER 3
Augsburg — The Gospel preached — The Emperor’s Message — The Sermons prohibited — Firmness of the Elector — The Elector’s Reply — Preparation of the Confession — Luther’s Sinai — His Son and his Father — Luther’s Merriment — Luther’s Diet at Coburg — Saxony, a Paradise below — To the Bishops — Travail of the Church — Charles
— The Pope’s Letter — Melancthon on Fasting — The Church, the Judge — The Landgrave’s catholic Spirit
CHAPTER 4
Agitation in Augsburg — Violence of the Imperialists — Charles at Munich — Charles’s Arrival — The Nuncio’s Blessing — The Imperial Procession — Charles’s Appearance — Enters Augsburg — Te Deum
— The Benediction — Charles desires the Sermons to be discontinued —
Brandenburg offers his Head — The Emperor’s Request for Corpus Christi — Refusal of the Princes — Agitation of Charles — The Princes oppose Tradition — Procession of Corpus Christi — Exasperation of Charles
CHAPTER 5
The Sermons prohibited — Compromise proposed and accepted — The Herald — Curiosity of the Citizens — The new Preachers — The Medley of Popery — Luther encourages the Princes — Veni Spiritus — Mass of the Holy Ghost — The Sermon — Opening of the Diet — The Elector’s Prayer — Insidious Plan of the Romanists — Valdez and Melancthon — No public Discussion — Evangelical Firmness prevails
CHAPTER 6
The Elector’s Zeal — The Signing of the Confession — Courage of the Princes — Melancthon’s Weakness — The Legate’s Speech — Delays — The Confession in Danger — The Protestants are firm — Melancthon’s Despondency — Luther’s Prayer and Anxiety — Luther’s Texts — His Letter to Melancthon — Faith
CHAPTER 7
The th June — The Palatine Chapel — Recollections and Contrast — The Confession — Prologue — Justification — The Church — Free Will and Works — Faith — Interest of the Hearers — The Princes become Preachers — The Confession — Abuses — Church and State — The two Governments — Epilogue — Argumentation — Prudence — Church and State — The Sword — Moderate Tone of the Confession — Its Defects — A New Baptism
CHAPTER 8
Effect on the Romanists — Luther demands religious Liberty — His dominant Idea — Song of Triumph — Ingenuous Confessions — Hopes of the Protestants — Failure of the Popish Intrigues — The Emperor’s Council — Violent Discussions — A Refutation proposed — Its Authors
— Rome and the civil Power — Perils of the Confessors — Melancthon’s
Minimum — The Emperor’s Sister — Melancthon’s Fall — Luther opposes Concession — The Legate repels Melancthon — The Pope’s Decision — Question — Melancthon’s School-matters — Answer
CHAPTER 9
The Refutation — Charles’s Dissatisfaction — Interview with the Princes
— The Swiss at Augsburg — Tetrapolitan Confession — Zwingle’s Confession — Afflicting Divisions — The Elector’s Faith — His Peace — The Lion’s Skin — The Refutation — One Concession — Scripture and the Hierarchy — Imperial Commands — Interview between Melancthon and Campeggio — Policy of Charles — Stormy Meeting — Resolutions of the Consistory — The Prayers of the Church — Two Miracles — The Emperor’s Menace — The Princes’ Courage — The Mask —
Negotiations — The Specters at Spires — Tumult in Augsburg
CHAPTER 10
Philip of Hesse — Temptation — Union resisted — The Landgrave’s Dissimulation — The Emperor’s Order to the Protestants —
Brandenburg’s threatening Speeches — Resolution of Philip of Hesse — Flight from Augsburg — Discovery — Charles’s Emotion — Revolution in the Diet — Metamorphosis — Unusual Moderation — Peace! Peace!
CHAPTER 11
The Mixed Commission — The Three Points — Romish Dissimulation — Abuses — Concessions — The Main Question — Bishops and Pope conceded — Danger of Concession — Opposition to the pretended Concord — Luther’s opposing Letters — The Word above the Church
— Melancthon’s Blindness — Papist Infatuation — A new Commission
— Be Men and not Women — The Two Phantoms — Concessions — The Three Points — The great Antithesis — Failure of Conciliation — The Gordian Knot — A Council granted — Charles’s Summons — Menaces — Altercations — Peace or War — Romanism concedes — Protestantism resists — Luther recalls his Friends
CHAPTER 12
The Elector’s Preparatives and Indignation — Recess of Augsburg — Irritating Language — Apology of the Confession — Intimidation — Final Interview — Messages of Peace — Exasperation of the Papists — Restoration of Popery — Tumult in the Church — Union of the Churches
— The Pope and the Emperor — Close of the Diet — Armaments — Attack on Geneva — Joy of the Evangelicals — Establishment of Protestantism
BOOK 15
SWITZERLAND — CONQUESTS — CHAPTER 1
Originality of the Swiss Reform — Change — Three Periods of Reform
— Switzerland Romande — The two Movements in the Church — Aggressive Spirit — The Schoolmaster — Farel’s new Baptism — Mysticism and Scholasticism — A Door is opened — Opposition — Lausanne — Manners of the Clergy — Farel to Galeotto — Farel and the Monk — The Tribunal — The Monk cries for Pardon — Opposition of the Ormonds — A false Convert — Christian Unity
CHAPTER 2
State — Religion in Berne — Irresolution of Berne — Almanack of Heretics — Evangelical Majority — Haller — Zwingle’s Signal — The radicals in Berne — Victory of the Gospel — Papist Provocations — The City Companies — Proposed Disputation — Objections of the Forest Cantons — The Church, the Judge of Controversies — Unequal Contest
— Zwingle — A Christian Band — The Cordeliers’ Church — Opening of the Conference — The sole Head — Unity of Error — A Priest converted at the Altar — St Vincent’s Day — The Butchers — A strange Argument — Papist Bitterness — Necessity of Reform — Zwingle’s Sermon — Visit of the King of Kings — Edict of Reform — Was the Reformation political?
CHAPTER 3
The Reform accepted by the People — Faith, Purity, and Charity — First Evangelical Communion — Bernese Proposition to the Diet — Cavern, and Head of Beatus — Threatening Storm from the Mountains — Revolt
— Confusion in Berne — Unterwalden crosses the Brunig — Energy of Berne — Victory — Political Advantages
CHAPTER 4
Reformation of St Gall — Nuns of St Catherine — Reformation of Glaris, Berne, Appenzell, the Grisons, Schaffhausen, and the Rhine District — A Popish Miracle — Obstacles in Basle — Zeal of the Citizens —
Oecolampadius marries — Witticism of Erasmus — First Action — Half- Measures — Petition of the Reformed
CHAPTER 5
Crisis in Basle — Half-measures rejected — Reformed Propositions — A Night of Terror — Idols broken in the Cathedral — The Hour of
Madness — Idols broken in all the Churches — Reform legalized — Erasmus in Basle — A great Transformation — Revolution and Reformation
CHAPTER 6
Farel’s Commission — Farel at Lausanne and Morat — Neufchatel — Farel preaches at Serriere — Enters Neufchatel — Sermon — The Monks — Farel’s Preaching — Popery in Neufchatel — Canons and Monks unite — Farel at Morat and in the Vully — Reformation of the Bishopric of Basle — Farel again in Neufchatel — Placards — The Hospital Chapel — Civil Power invoked by the Romanists
CHAPTER 7
Valangin — Guillemette de Vergy — Farel goes to the Val de Ruz — The Mass interrupted — Farel dragged to the River — Farel in Prison — Apostles and Reformers compared — Farel preaching at Neufchatel — Installed in the Cathedral — A Whirlwind sweeps over the People — The
Idols destroyed — Interposition of the Governor — Triumph of the Reformed
CHAPTER 8
The Romanists demand a Ballot — The Bernese in Favor of the Reform
— Both Parties come to the Poll — The Prudhommes of Neufchatel — Proposed Delay — The Romanists grasp the Sword — The Voting — Majority for Reform — Protestantism perpetual — The Image of Saint John — A Miracle — Retreat of the Canons — Popery and the Gospel
CHAPTER 9
Reaction preparing — Failure of the Plot — Farel in Valangin and near the Lake — De Bely at Fontaine — Farel’s Sufferings — Marcourt at Valangin — Disgraceful Expedient — Vengeance — The Reform established — French Switzerland characterized — Gathering Tempest
BOOK 16
SWITZERLAND — CATASTROPHE — CHAPTER 1
Two great Lessons — Christian Warfare — Zwingle, Pastor, Statesman, and General — His noble Character — Persecutions — Swiss Catholics seek an Alliance with Austria — Great Dissatisfaction — Deputation to the Forest Cantons — Zwingle’s Proposal — Moderation of Berne — Keyser’s Martyrdom — Zwingle and War — Zwingle’s Error
CHAPTER 2
Free Preaching of the Gospel in Switzerland — Zwingle supports the common Bailiwicks — War — Zwingle joins the Army — The Zurich Army threatens Zug — The Landamman Aebli — Bernese Interposition
— Zwingle’s Opposition — Swiss Cordiality — Order in the Zurich Camp — A Conference — Peace restored — Austrian Treaty torn — Zwingle’s Hymn — Nuns of Saint Catherine
