This facsimile is made from a copy of the 1871 edition in the Firestone Library of Princeton University. DARWIN'S WORK IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Debates about the public reception of Darwin's work center around religious and other broader philosophical issues. Many studies are characterized by the kinds of comparisons so frequently used by Darwin in The Descent and elsewhere.
INTRODUCTION xxvii among biologists in applying the principles of sociobiology to man. Which of these several factors will take the dominant influence depends on the ecology of the species. Another example among birds is the remarkable dimorphism in the beaks of the now extinct New Zealand huia.
As noted above, the discussion of sexual selection in the Descent is severely hampered by Darwin's lack of understanding of the specific biological mechanisms that cause differences between males and females. In the editions of 1874 and later he included a table of the principal additions and corrections made since the first printing. Lewontin, The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist program, Proc.
An exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications, Macmillan, London, 1889.
SELECTION IN RELATION TO SEX
JOURNAL OF SURVEYING THE NATURAL HISTORY AND GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRIES VISITED DURING THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S 'Beagle' UNDER THE COMMAND OF CAPTAIN FITZROY, R.N. Nature of Evidence for the Origin of Man — Homologous Structures in Man and Lower Animals — Various Points of Correspondence — Development — Rudimentary Structures, Muscles, Senses, Hair, Bones, Reproductive Organs, &c. Variability of Body and Mind in Man — Heredity — Causes of Variability — Laws of Variability in Man Same as in Lower Animals — Direct Action of Conditions of Life — Effects of Increased Use and Disuse of Parts — Arrested Development — Reversion — Correlated Variation — Rate of Increase — Check of Increase — Natural Selection — Man is the most dominant animal in the world — Significance of his body structure — Causes which have led to his erectness — Consequent changes in structure — Decrease in size of canine teeth — Increased size and altered shape of skull — Nudity — Absence of tail — Helpless condition of man 107 -157.
The nature and value of specific characters – Application to the races of man – Arguments for and against ranking the so-called races of man as separate species – Subspecies – Monogenists and polygenists – Convergence of character – Numerous points of similarity in body and mind between the most distinct races of man - The condition of man when he first spread over the earth - Each race did not descend from a single pair - The extinction of races - The formation of races - The effects of interbreeding - Slight influence of the direct influence of the conditions of life. Surplus of Males—Polygamy—The Male alone generally changed through sexual selection—The Zeal of the Male—. Variability of the male—Selection exercised by the female—Sexual compared with natural selection—Inheritance at corresponding periods of life, at corresponding seasons, and as limited by sex—Relations between the different forms of inheritance—.
Causes why one sex and the young are not modified by sexual selection - Addition to the proportional numbers of the two sexes throughout the animal kingdom - On the limitation of the numbers of the two sexes by natural selection 253-320. Friendship of Butterflies—Battles—Ticking Noise—Colors Common to Both Sexes, or More Brilliant in the Male—Examples—Not Due to the Direct Action of Conditions of Life—Colors Adapted for Defense—Colors of Moths— Display - About - Perceptive powers of Lepidoptera - Variability - Causes of color variation between males and females - Mimickry, female butterflies more brilliantly colored than males - Bright colors of caterpillars - Summary and concluding remarks on the secondary sexual characters of insects - Birds.
THE DESCENT OF MAN;
Of the older and honored leaders in the natural sciences, many are unfortunately still opposed to evolution in any form. Huxley has, in the opinion of most competent judges, convincingly shown that man, in every visible character, differs less from the higher apes than from the lower members of the same order of primates. Häckel's writings, I give his authority in the text, other statements I leave as they originally appeared in my manuscript, giving occasional references to his works in the footnotes, as confirmation of the more doubtful or interesting points.
I will not attempt to refer to all the authors who have taken the same side of the question. Barrago Francesco, which in Italian is entitled "Man, created in the image of God, was also created in the image of an ape". I intended to add to this volume an essay on the expression of various emotions by man and the lower animals.
But owing to the length of the present work I have thought it better to reserve my essay, which is partly completed, for a separate publication. Häckel is the only author who, since the publication of the "Origin" in his various works, has dealt with the subject of sexual selection in a very capable way and has seen its full significance.
THE DESCENT OR ORIGIN OF MAN
P ART I.—THE DESCENT OF MAN
In the two successive chapters the mental powers of man, in comparison with those of the lower animals, will be considered. But it would be superfluous here to give further details of the correspondence between man and the higher mammals in the structure of the brain and all other parts of the body. These monkeys also suffered from apoplexy, inflammation of the intestines and cataracts in the eye.
This family split into two branches eight generations ago; so that the head of the above branch is cousin in the seventh degree to the head of the other branch. 25 See also some comments, and the drawings of the ears of the Lemu-roidea, in Messrs. The direction and arrangement of the hair on all parts of the fetal body is the same as in the adult, but is subject to much variation.
Nevertheless, the occurrence of such principles is as difficult to explain on the basis of the belief in the separate creation of each kind, as in the previous cases. Their essential identity in both sexes is also indicated by their occasional sympathetic enlargement in both sexes during an attack of measles. These kinds of differences between the highest men of the highest races and the lowest savages are connected by the finest gradations.
The variability of abilities in individuals of the same species is an important point for us, and some illustrations will be given here. The fewness and comparative simplicity of the instincts in the higher animals are remarkable in contrast with those of the lower animals. Only a few young monkeys and an old Anubis baboon did not notice the snake.
I then placed a live snake in a paper bag, with the mouth loosely closed, in one of the larger compartments. Animals can certainly make some judgment about the time intervals between repeating events. Language.—This faculty has been rightly regarded as one of the chief distinctions between man and the lower animals.
But the connection between the continued use of language and the development of the brain was undoubtedly much more important. No one supposes that one of the lower animals reflects where he comes from or where he goes,—.
CHAPTER III
A little American monkey, who was a warm friend of this caretaker, lived in the same large compartment and was terribly afraid of the big baboon. Since sympathy is thus directed, the mutual love of members of the same community will expand its boundaries. It is known that women and children helped the North American Indians in torturing their enemies.
Sympathy beyond the limits of man, that is, humanity to the lower animals, seems to be one of the latest moral acquisitions. He has even written a treatise on the selection of typical examples of the entrails for representation. The variability or diversity of mental faculties in men of the same race, not to mention the greater ones.
34; no two of them were at all alike in the main form; one. The effects of the mechanical pressure of one part on another; as of the pelvis on the skull of the infant in the womb. It is well known that use strengthens the muscles of the individual, and complete disuse or destruction of the proper nerve weakens them.
Forbes' valuable paper is now published in the ' Journal of the Ethnological Soc. of London,' new series, vol. Relapse.-Many of the cases to be here stated might have been entered under the last heading. Here again he comes to the same conclusion as in the analogous case of the malar bones.
In these cases, the spaces between the teeth in one jaw are left open to receive the canines belonging to the opposite jaw. Homologous structures in particular can change together, as seen on opposite sides of the body and in the upper and lower limbs. 34; in any of the above groups.” These muscles also differ on opposite sides of the same individual.
Claparède, one of the most eminent zoologists in Europe, in an article published in the 'Bibliothèque Universelle', June 1870. The development of the intellectual and social or moral faculties will be discussed in the following chapter.
