SATIRE IN FOUR LIONS MOVIE WRITTEN AND DIRECTED BY CHRISH MORRIS
Bima Trisnu Ardinal, Syayid Sandi Sukandi, Melati Theresia Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh fenomena penggunaan satire di dalam film untuk mengkritik dan menyindir kebodohan yang dilakukan oleh manusia.
Peneliti memilih teori Quintero sebagai acuan untuk defenisi dan tipe-tipe satire.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan tipe-tipe satire yang diujarkan oleh karakter utama yang di temukan dalam naskah film Four Lions dan makna satire berdasarkan konteksnya yang diujarkan oleh karakter utama Four Lions.
Desain penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah peneliti itu sendiri. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti memilih metode simak beserta tekniknya untuk pengumpulan data dan metode analisis isi beserta tekniknya untuk menganalisa data. Data penelitian ini adalah ujaran yang diujarkan oleh karakter utama film Four Lions. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, peneliti menemukan bahwa film Four Lions berisi satire tipe Horatian dan Juvenalian yang diujarkan oleh karakter utama. Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa tipe satire yang diujarkan oleh karakter utama yang ditemukan dalam naskah film Four Lions adalah kedua tipe satire, yakni satire tipe Horatian dan Juvenalian.
Kata kunci: Satire, Tipe-tipe Satire.
INRODUCTION
Language is a tool for communication. People use language to communicate with each other.
People use it to tell other people about their thoughts. Language can also be used for asking others for information and telling them our thoughts. One example of language use in telling thoughts is when a person criticizes someone‘s thought or something happens in society. In criticizing
others, people can play with their words in form of sarcasm and satire.
However, there is a big difference between sarcasm and satire. Sarcasm is designed only to tease and hurt other person, when satire is designed to criticize and attack people vice or folly in society with the use of humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule to make satire easier to be accepted. It makes satire as a better choice than sarcasm
in criticizing people. However, people cannot always catch the meaning of the satire or even they do not realize that satire is existed because they need background of knowledge about the issues told in satire to know its meaning. As satire cannot be understood easily, and there are also many types of satire are existed. It makes satire becomes so interesting to be learned and analyzed. Satire is nowadays found in many artistic forms, such as literature, plays, movie, television shows, and media such as lyric.
One example of the application and usage of satire which can be easily found nowadays is movie.
Movie is a type of visual communication which use motion pictures and sound as entertainment to tell about story or to inform people. In form of visual communication, movie can be used to criticize people through its entertaining story. A satirical movie uses both criticizing and entertaining to make both movie and satire can be easier to be accepted. There are so many satirical movies exist nowadays, and one of them is Four Lions.
The researcher chose Four Lions movie because it represents the true event which happened nowadays.
The movie shows about Muslim and Non-Muslim perspective to each other through the story of a group of radicalized young Muslim British men who want to be suicide bombers.
It is a movie with genres of comedy, crime, and drama. The movie is written and directed by Chris Morris, a satirist who tends to avoid the media spotlight and it made him more enigmatic figures in British comedy.
He is awarded by BAFTA Award as Outstanding Debut by a British Writer / Director / Producer because of Four Lions movie. Therefore, the researcher is interested and also wants to conduct a research about satire in Four Lions and use some of the latest research about satire as references.
Definition of Satire
Satire is about critic and attack that ridicules crime, folly, and violations of an individual or a group to embarrass them for an improvement. As stated by Griffin (1994:1), ―a work of satire is designed to attack vice or folly‖. It means that
satire targets stupidities and bad things which occurred in society.
Moreover, satire attacks vice and folly by exposing them or make it become ridiculous, and derides or denounces them. As stated by REA Staff (2005:26) ―satire mainly exposes and ridicules, derides and denounces vice, folly, evil, stupidity, as these qualities manifest themselves in persons, groups of persons, ideas, institutions, customs, or beliefs‖. It means that satire attacks a person and groups‘ vice, folly, evil, and stupidity in ideas, customs and beliefs in society.
Based from some points above, the researcher concludes that satire is an attack to a person and groups‘
vice, folly, evil, and stupidity in ideas, customs and beliefs in society.
Type of Satire
Satire ridicules people vice and folly. The satirist can use some types of satire to ridicule people‘s vice and folly trough satire. As stated in REA Staff (2005:26), ―while the satirist has many techniques at his disposal, there are basically only two types of satire:
gentle or harsh, depending on the
author's intent, his audience, and his methods‖.
There are only two types of satire that basically exists, gentle (Horatian) and harsh (Juvenalian) satire. As stated also in the same book by REA Staff (2005:27), ―whether he uses more harsh (Juvenalian) or more gentle (Horatian) satire depends upon the writer's attitude and intent‖.
Moreover, there are two ways that represent the type of satire. As stated by Quintero (2007:104),
―...Horace and Juvenal, the two great Roman satirists, represent two radically different ways of writing satire and that the writers who follow them in writing satire can be evaluated primarily and most usefully in terms of how ‗‗Horatian‘‘ or
‗‗Juvenalian‘‘ they are in their practices and point of view‖. It stated that are two different ways of satire which divide satire into Horatian and Juvenalian.
According to the theories above, there are two types of satire exists, Horatian satire and Juvenalian satire. Then, the researcher chose the theory from Quintero (2007:104) which stated the two type of satire.
Definition of Horatian and Juvenalian Satire
1. Horatian Satire
Horatian satire, name for the Roman satirist Horace. Horatian satire is a type of gentle satire. As stated by Quintero (2007:104), ―Put in its starkest form, this opposition regards Horace as urbane, finely nuanced, engaging, detached, thoughtful, and amused‖. Horatian satire is opposite type of Juvenalian satire. It is a wise type of satire which focuses on how to amuse people.
Furthermore, according to Abrams and Harpham (2012:354), ―In Horatian satire the speaker is an urbane, witty, and tolerant man of the world, who is moved more to wry amusement than to indignation at the spectacle of human folly, pretentiousness, and hypocrisy, and who uses a relaxed and informal language to evoke from readers a wry smile at human failings and absurdities—sometimes including his own‖. It means that Horatian satire tends to focus on how to make people laugh to their foibles than become angry to it.
Based from the definition above, the researcher concludes that Horatian satire is a type of wise and gentle satire that give more focus on how to make people laugh to their foibles than become angry to it.
2. Juvenalian Satire
Juvenalian satire, name for the Roman satirist Juvenal. According to Quintero (2007:105), ―Juvenal, on the other hand, emerges from the comparison labeled as harsh, acerbic, contentious, vituperative, and lacking in control‖. It means that Juvenalian satire is a type of satire that tends to be rude, biting, provocative, and bad word satire. This type of satire is so contradictive with Horatian satire.
Furthermore, Abrams and Harpham (2012:354), ―In Juvenalian satire the speaker is a serious moralist who uses a dignified and public utterance to decry modes of vice and error which are no less dangerous because they are ridiculous, and who undertakes to evoke from readers contempt, moral indignation, or an unillusioned sadness at the aberrations of humanity‖. As a serious moralist type of satire,
Juvenalian satire focuses on moral, and also on attempting to produce people‘s emotion, such as sadness, anger, and disgust.
Based from the definition above, the researcher concludes that Juvenalian satire is a type of moralist satire which attacks people more personally, and provocatively evokes people‘s anger, sadness, and disgust.
RESEARCH METHOD
This research is a kind of qualitative research with observation method and its technique for data collection and also content analysis method and its technique for data analysis. Bogdan and Taylor in Moleong (2010:4) defined qualitative research method as a research procedure that produced descriptive data in form of words, written or spoken, of the person who can be observed.
In this research, the researcher used a movie of Four Lions (2010) and its script as the source of data which the data will be in form of utterances from Four Lions main characters. As stated by Mayring (2000:2), ―the object of (qualitative)
content analysis can be all sort of recorded communication (transcript of interviews, discourses, protocols of observations, video tapes, documents...)‖.
In collecting the data, the researcher chose some techniques from Observation Method which proposed Sudaryanto (1988:2-5), such as: teknik sadap, teknik simak bebas libat cakap, and teknik catat.
In analyzing the data, the researcher chose pragmatic approach with content analysis in method and coding frame in technique. As stated by Ratna (2015:71) in pragmatic approach, the author is the subject as creator, but continuously its functions are removed, even at the time that the author is abolished. Then, the method of data anlysis of this research is Content analysis, as stated by Ratna (2015:48) content analysis is related to the content of a verbal and non- verbal communication, which means that we can analyze a content of a communication by this method. The last is coding frame technique for data analysis, as stated by Schreier in Flick (2014:174) the coding frame is at the heart of content analysis method and
it consists of at least one main category and at least two sub categories. In this research, satire is the main category; Horatian and Juvenalian type of satire from Quintero (2007:104) as sub categories.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The goal of this research was to identify the types of satire and its contextual meaning of satire uttered in the Four Lions movie. In this movie, the researcher chose Quintero‘s theory (2007:104) for the types of satire, which divides satire into Horatian satire and Juvenalian satire.
After analyzing the data, the researcher got the result of this research. In this research, the researcher found some satire used in Four Lions movie through main character‘s utterances. There are 5 utterances contains satire in Four Lions movie.
The first type of satire is Horatian satire which is only found in 1 utterance. The utterance from Omar for Barry, in minutes 00:35:57-37:15, is a Horatian satire that amuses
people with its ridicule and it does not provoke people like Juvenalian satire does. It is proven by the respond of Omar‘s friend because he ridicules Barry. Omar‘s utterance of ―Ooh, they are bro! Barry, the Suffi Muslim Council’s coming out your nose‖ is ridicule that refers to Barry statement on his idea about rising up the Muslims by mosque bombing. He ridicules Barry by saying that Barry‘s nose as the mosque and his nose‘s blood as Sufi Muslim Council. The main point of this satire is about amusing the audience who watch this scene of movie (Four Lions).
The second type of satire is Juvenalian satire which is found in 4 utterances. In minutes 00:16:34- 17:05, satire exist through Hassan‘s utterance of “What? Just coz I’m Muslim you thought it was real?”.
It contains critic and attack for all people who judge another people just because of their appearances. Based on the utterance context, the utterance criticize and attacks non-Muslim perspective that judge Muslim as terrorist just because of their religion as Muslim and appearances. Then, in minutes 00:27:22 – 00:27:34, satire
exist through Barry‘s utterance of
“Right, he’s buying nukes for Israel bro – he’s a Jew”. It contains critic and attack for Muslims habits nowadays that judge another Muslim as a Jew just because they bought Jew‘s product. Based on the utterance context, which can be seen in data analysis part, the satire also shows about Barry‘s stupid idea about a statement that it is okay to kill people if they bought Jewish product. Then, in minutes 00:34:51 – 00:35:31, the Juvenalian satire exists through Omar‘s utterance of “Let’s take out a bunch of Muslims because they’re the real enemy”. The utterance context, which can be seen in data analysis part, shows that Omar disagreed with Barry‘s idea about mosque bombing. It contains critic and attack to Muslims jihadist‘s idea of mosque bombing to rise up the Muslim. Omar prove it as the bad idea by telling the fact of the event when his cousin is dead by defending a mosque in Bosnia which did not make the Muslim rise up. The last, in minutes 01:00:15 – 01:00:26, the Juvenalian satire also exist through Omar‘s utterance of ―I thought it
was a good thing he died wasn’t it?
He is a martyr, it’s a good thing. It is uttered for Barry‘s who claimed Fessal is a martyr, which actually can be seen from the context that Fessal did not die as a martyr.
Both of Horatian and Juvenalian exist in Four Lions movie.
In this movie, the Horatian satire amuses the audience with its ridicule and Juvenalian satire provoke and cause the argumentation from the audience related to the satire target.
CONCLUSION
People can use satire to criticize other people. This research was conducted because of the phenomenon of satire usage in movie to criticize and attack humans vice and folly. The researcher wanted to find out how the satire uttered by the main characters found in the movie script of Four Lions.
Satire is designed to criticize and attack people vice or folly in society with the use of humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule to make satire easier to be accepted. Based on the theory of Quintero (2007), there are two types of satire exist, Horatian
satire and Juvenalian satire. Horatian satire focused on amusing people, when Juvenalian satire tends to provoke people.
This research was kind of qualitative research. The researcher chose some techniques from observation method that proposed by Sudaryanto (1988: 2) in collecting the data. For technique of data analysis, the researcher chose content analysis method by Ratna (2015: 71) and its coding frame technique. In movie, satire existed through the utterance of its movie characters.
After collecting and analyzing the data, the researcher found 5 utterances which contained satire in Four Lions movie. There is 1 utterance that belongs to Horatian type of satire. Then, there are 4 of the rest utterances belong to Juvenalian type of satire. Juvenalian satire is dominant satire in Four Lions movie.
In conclusion, based on the research findings above, it answered the research questions in this research about type of satire that are uttered by the main characters found in movie script of Four Lions. Both of Horatian satire and Juvenalian satire are type of
satire that uttered by the main characters of Four Lions movie.
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