These effects can occur throughout the life cycle of the ammunition and/or its components. An overview explains the possible impact of energetic materials on the environment based on the life cycle steps.
Manufactoring
The use of ammunition with compositions or combinations that naturally pose a lower risk to the environment and people. Development of ammunition for "Non-lethal weapons" with minimal unwanted damage or impact on the environment (personnel and equipment).
Tranportation
Storage
For a close life prediction a configuration of a life cycle profile is necessary, which means to calculate all the proposed stresses in all phases of the life cycle. The solution will be in the future for larger systems to record the stresses of the different stages of the life cycle.
Application
"Non-lethal weapons" were developed to protect soldiers in the course of their duties and to eliminate individual opponents or groups. Non-lethal weapons are weapons specifically designed and primarily used to incapacitate personnel or equipment, with a very low probability of death or permanent injury, and with minimal adverse damage or environmental impact.
Recycling and Demilitarization
Unlike conventional lethal weapons, which destroy their targets primarily through blast, penetration, and fragmentation, non-lethal weapons use means other than gross physical destruction to prevent the target from functioning.” In general, a wide variety of methods and munitions based on lasers, microwaves, electroshock, and optical, acoustic, chemical, and biological agents can be used to target men or facilities.
Destruction and Waste
It is known that – due to the cost of wastage – the ammunition is sunk in lakes or the open sea. A very dangerous example is the sinking of munitions by chemical means in the Baltic Sea or the transportation and burning of the chemical munitions themselves.
OF MUNITIONS AND EXPLOSIVES IN ROMANIA
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- The laws in force
- General conditions for evaluation the security of ammunition In Romania, for a correct evaluation the safety of ammunition are
- Priorities for safety munitions
- Safety design criteria
As part of the security and protection concept, the safety and compatibility of ammunition and explosives require special attention from the Romanian authorities and specialists who strive to comply with the regulations adopted by the developed countries, especially the NATO members. In Romania, actions to ensure the safety and compatibility of ammunition and explosives are very serious, even involving criminal liability for those responsible, regardless of their hierarchical level.
SAFETY AND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT PROCESS
12. f) Use procedures and training when it is impossible to adequately eliminate or control a hazard through design selection or use of safety and warning devices. No single disaster will result in a Level 3 hazard unless trade studies show that design alternatives capable of reducing the hazard would seriously compromise the effectiveness of the system.
ACTIONS FOR REDUCING RISKS OF MUNITIONS IN ROMANIA
- General frame
- Energetic materials and design techniques
In order to reduce the likelihood of an accidental initiation and production of collateral damage, it is necessary for the design of a munition to consider using appropriate energetic materials and/or to use proper design techniques, regardless of whether the munition is new , modernized, repaired or it is part of a procurement process. When all those measures are insufficient, some modifications of enclosure/case design must be calculated, such as: .. a) protection by armors and shields;.
VALIDATION PROCEDURES FOR MUNITIONS AND EXPLOSIVES UTILISED IN ROMANIA
- Military departments responsible for validation
- National authority
- Validation procedures
- Tests and methods of validation
The creation and validation of an explosive is directed to the National Authority, which has taken all legal steps to start the validation process. When the National Authority considered that the explosive met all safety and compatibility requirements, the Permanent Secretariat prepared the necessary documents for approval by the Engineering Commission and after the event to the National Authority.
CONCLUSIONS
STANAG 4297
SMT 40268/1-2002 - Politica pentru introducerea, evaluarea úi testarea MURAT în România
SMT 40268/2-Ghidul pentru implementarea politicii úi cerinĠelor SMT 40268/1-2002;
Hydrogen. Figure 5 shows the values of detonation velocities D0 (m/sec) and temperatures T (in K degrees) in DW products. Figure 6 shows the pressure ratio p = P/P0 and the dimensionless chemical energy release q = Q/c02 (Q is the chemical energy release of the mixture in detonation mode, c0 is the speed of sound of an initial mixture).
PBX CHARACTERISATION 1. PBX composition
- Thermal conductivity of PBX
- Specific heat of PBX
- Kinetic parameters of PBX's and its compounds
Two different methods (method A and method B) were used to measure the specific heat. Method A uses the results of a standard reference material under the same protocol to determine the specific heat of PBX1. Where dH/dt represents the heat flux, m is the mass of the sample and dT/dt is the value of the heating rate.
Activation energy as a function of the degree of conversion calculated from the Friedman method for PBXs based on RDX.
COOKOFF MODELLING OF PBX CYLINDER CHARGE 1. Computer model implementation
- Thermal decomposition results and discussion
The kinetic input parameters and the heat of reaction for each of the 3-step kinetic models used in the simulation were taken directly from the McGuire-Tarver paper without any modifications4. In the 3-step kinetic model of McGuire-Tarver, S is the summation of 3 steps of the chemical heat source during the process reaction. When the 3-step McGuire-Tarver kinetic model is used, the ignition point starts close to the radial boundary of the charge and near the plugs.
When considering a one-step kinetic model, the ignition point starts at the center of the charge, as seen in slow cooking.
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTUR WORK
Sequential image of temperature distribution inside the test vehicle during fixed cookoff when McGuire-Tarver kinetic model is used. The delay time between the start of the onset of decomposition, characterized by mass loss, and the time to explosion is higher when the 3-step kinetic model is used. In slow cookoff simulation, both kinetic models give the same ignition point in the center of the charge.
Comparison of the two kinetic models on ignition temperature and detonation time shows higher values when using the 1-step kinetic model.
Slow and fast cooking trials with the small test vehicle will be conducted to confirm the results of the simulation. A gas pressure model will be performed for implementation in the computer model to predict the increase in internal pressure induced by the thermal decomposition. The obtained results, an (x,t) diagram, with (1 ns) resolution, continuously show the transition regime of shock to detonation and allowed the evaluation of the detonation velocity and the detonation wave front curvature.
The results also show the effects of flyer plate velocity, the initial density on the regime of the SDT and the DW irregularities.
MICRO SLAPPER INITIATORS
INITIATOR FUNCTION
REQUIREMENTS FOR A DETONATOR
ELECTRIC INITIATORS
¾ HOT WIRE - HW
¾ ELECTRIC BRIDGE WIRE – EBW
¾ EXPLODING FOIL INITIATOR- EFI
COMPARISON
HIGH VOLTAGE SWITH
¾ SPARK GAP
¾ SOLIDE STATE COMPONENTS
¾ COPPER BRIDGE
¾ OPERATING VOLTAGE
¾ KAPTON BASE
¾ KAPTON FLYER
EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL
¾ HNS-IV
CURRENT WAVEFORM
EXPLOSIVE INITIATION
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
¾ SECURITY
¾ HIGH REPEATIBILITY
¾ HIGH REPRODUTIBILITY
¾ HIGH TEMPERATURE
Insensitive and „Green“Munition
The article deals with the current situation regarding the environmental problems related to the industrialization of explosives and ammunition in Romania. After presenting the general legal framework regarding the safety issues within the Romanian explosives and ammunition industry, the article focuses on the current technologies in Romania. Thus, the responsibility of the national authority responsible for the ratification of the production technologies of the explosive materials and ammunition in Romania is presented, and also its strategy to comply with the NATO standards and the national ones regarding the safety of the production technologies of the ammunition and explosive materials , as part of the general strategy to achieve NATO integration.
Finally, the concerns of the Romanian defense industry regarding the implementation of the new types of explosives and munitions with reduced risk are briefly presented.
THE IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENTTHE IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
NATIONAL COMPANY ROMARM S.A
N. ROMARM S.A
LEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGAL FRAMEWORK
Regulations on soil contamination by various Regulations on soil contamination by various pollutants.
TYPES OF POLLUTIONTYPES OF POLLUTION
ENVIRONMENT AGENTSENVIRONMENT AGENTS
ENVIRONMENT FACTORSENVIRONMENT FACTORS
POLLUTANTS THAT CAN CHANGE POLLUTANTS THAT CAN CHANGE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANALYZED SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANALYZED SOIL.
ENVIRONMENT FACTORS
PRODUCTS RESULTED PRODUCTS RESULTED
MUDS ( 1 )MUDS ( 1 )
MUDS ( 2 )MUDS ( 2 )
MUDS ( 3 )MUDS ( 3 )
MUDS ( 4 )MUDS ( 4 )
USE USE
MUDS ( 5 )MUDS ( 5 )
MUDS ( 6 )MUDS ( 6 )
MUDS ( 7 )MUDS ( 7 )
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
Permanent control of Permanent control of sewerage systems and their maintenance ofsewerage systems and their maintenance in.
PROVING GROUNDS
Environmental Impact from Munitions
Historical Investigation
Components from Munitions
Weight of Metals In 1000 kg Munition
Reaction Products Energetic Materials
Classification of Area
Measuring Plan
Interim Conclusions
In the various steps of the processes, explosive powders and unlimited pressed or cast charges must be handled. So for this weapon, an explosion of one warhead in a store will not result in a mass explosion of the stored ammunition. The response from the impact of a 12.7mm AP projectile is a hole in the casing where the PBX has slowly burned out for a cast rocket filled rocket head.
So for this weapon, the impact of an armor-piercing projectile will only result in the combustion of the warhead's explosive filling.
Introduction
Background
The vulnerability of the ammunition in the MOD inventory will remain. The vulnerability of the ammunition in the MOD inventory will be reduced over time to meet the requirements of STANAG 4439 reduced over time to meet the requirements of STANAG 4439 (Policy for Development and Assessment of Insensitive (Policy for Development and Assessment of Insensitive Ammunition). Ammunition).
Summary of UK IM PolicySummary of UK IM Policy
Routes To IM Systems
Explosive Performance vs Safety
Approaches to IM
Approaches to IM Research
UK Approach
Energetic Binders
Next Generation Rocket Propellants -Ingredients
Rowanex 3000
Environmental Studies
HOWEVER
Disposal
Disposal and Contamination
Environmental Research
Clean Synthesis
Clean Manufacture
Environmental Remediation
Environmental Impact
Conclusions
Indian-Head Division
Imperial Chemical Industries Patented Route To DMDNB
Reaction mechanism of SRN1 for the formation of DMDNB from propane-2-nitronate The nitronate anion 5 is partially converted to the halonitro compound 6 by the reaction between 5 and halogen (Eq. 1). Factors such as bond strength, nucleofugal properties, and overlap of molecular orbitals are said to affect the reaction. Peroxidases such as HRP and SBP should be able to oxidatively join two molecules of 2-nitropropane together to form DMDNB.
Indeed, literature precedent has shown that H2O2-activated horseradish peroxidase utilizes propane-2-nitronate to form acetone under aerobic conditions and DMDNB under anaerobic conditions, Scheme 3.10a.
HRP-Catalyzed Reaction Of Propane-2-Nitronate To Give Acetone Or DMDNB
A typical NMR time course for the peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of propane-2-nitronate at pH 5.0 is shown in Figure 6. Therefore, the relative amount of DMDNB shown in Figure 7 was calculated by subtracting the amount of acetone, acetoxime, and 2-nitropropane from the initial amount of propane-2-nitronate used in the reaction. Time course for HRP-catalyzed oxidation of propane-2-nitronate at pH 5.0; ̓= propane-2-nitronate; ̜̓ DMDNB;Ÿ acetone; About acetoxime; Ŷ 2-nitropropane.
Accordingly, propane-2-nitronate HRP-catalyzed reactions were again performed at pH 6.3 in D2O using a pH regulator to maintain the pH.
CH2 ONO 2
The nitration of piperidine using dinitrogen pentoxide in liquid carbon dioxide was unsuccessful under various conditions of temperature (−10 °C to +25 °C) and pressure (800 to 1500 psi). We therefore investigated the nitration of piperidine using nitric acid/acetic anhydride mixture in liquid carbon dioxide. The nitration reaction was carried out by adding piperidine (via an HPLC pump) to a reactor containing nitric acid in liquid carbon dioxide.
In conclusion, the I titration of alcohols to obtain corresponding nitrate esters using dinitrogen pentoxide dissolved in liquid carbon dioxide.
