Democratic Efforts Against Injustice
The Process of Transforming Consciousness into Participatory Action
Bagus Haryono and Ahmad Zuber
Department of Sociology, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia [email protected]
Keywords: Democratic, education, consciousness, action, participatory.
Abstract: The purpose of this research is to describe the transformation process awareness, attitude and action of the urban people, especially how they can counter the injustice related to the construction and deconstruction process of the telecommunication tower building. What the democratic efforts conducting by the people against the injustice issue, and how they can generate the critical awareness in order to be actualized in participatory action. Research and development are conducted in the Surakarta city. Data were collected by questionnaire, observation, interview, and focus group discussion. Developmental research is designed by quasi-experiment, implemented the pre-test, treatment and post-test design. The informant consists of 30 people that involved in their act against injustice. The result found that the treatment has a positive impact in the education transformation process, when they can convert the naive to be the critical awareness, ranging from the thinking toward acting level, from idea toward reality, the initiative changes from the top-down toward bottom-up, and the people understanding changes from the passive toward the active actors, and the paradigm changes where the actor seen as the objects to be replaced the subject of research, and any activities changes from repressive to democratic, from passive voice replaced by participatory action.
Overall changes demonstrated by the significant people movement started from the establishment, counter- effort, and deconstruction process of the telecommunication tower building.
1 INTRODUCTION
Education should be a conscious process not a fooling process, but interesting in this study. As the urban societies member, they usually understood as a relatively educated, and fully understand the importance of the right in education that everyone have free preference, equal right, should awaken (more critical) liberating, open-minded dialogue, liberalism and have a critical thinking, autonomy, self-determination, and fully understand that well- being as an aim of education (Marples, 2002). Based on the debating between the rhetoric and reality, due to the fact, the egalitarian principles implemented in education usually understood just a slogan or illusion (Cooper, 2010). By the education someone might be feel limited right, discriminated right, the education giving limitation, repressive, duped, restricted and imposed monologues, and created inequality, so only a little chance of achieving equality in the longer term.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Education towards democratic education
Education have task to cultivate a potential awareness to change duping efforts into liberation education. The process is done through education, which serves as an affirmation of the commitment to the basic norms and values that uphold the equality, demanding a democratic value education that not only raises empathy sensitivity, but also generates sympathy, which is the driving force for the growth of reinforcing action life based on values of equality.
This value education said by Mardiatmadja (Mulyana, 2004) as an aid for person (learners, citizens) to understand, realize and experience values, and be able to put them integrally in life. The democracy education (Zamroni, 2001) aims to prepare citizens critical thinking and democratic action, through the activity of instilling knowledge and awareness in the new generation through the three things. First, democracy is a form of
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community life as the best guarantees rights of the people themselves. Secondly, democracy is a learning process that does not simply imitate other societies. Third, the survival of democracy depends on the success of transforming democratic values:
freedom, equality and justice, and loyal to a democratic political system.
2.2 Consciousness Leads to Critical Consciousness: A Transformation from the Magic Consciousness to Critical Awareness
People's consciousness is classified Freire (1974) into magical consciousness, naive consciousness, and critical awareness. At the level of magical consciousness, the people (the ruled, the colonized or the oppressed) fear the ruler (the invaders or oppressors), so they try to avoid problems. His wrong empathy is to try to adjust to the ruler. The action he does is resigned to the situation (fate), by trying to withdraw, or receive the treatment of the ruler. Meanwhile, some people who have been at the naive consciousness, known that the authorities violate the law, and seek to renew the situation. But the wrong action is cooperated with the authorities.
The aggression is also misdirected, the conflict is horizontal, and it attacks the oppressed fellow citizens. As a result of the strong indoctrination of this oppressive value, the democratic values are less socialized. This leads to certain issues that can break down often easily exploited by the authorities, often manipulated as a means to mobilize them against oppressive policies, as well as politically to gain support from the people. Open conflicts between the various components are easily ignited. Meanwhile, the people critical awareness, try to knowing and rejecting firmly the ideology of the ruler. Overall actions are systemic, trying to change the oppressive norms, laws, and systems (Freire, 2001).
2.3 The Leaders who Transform
Bass (1999) identified the different of transformational leader and transactional leader. The transformational leader characterized by charisma (provides vision and sense of mission, instills pride, gains respect and trust); inspiration (communicates high expectations, uses symbols to focus efforts, expresses important purposes in simple ways);
intellectual stimulation (promotes intelligence, rationality, and careful problem solving0 and individualized consideration (gives personal attention, treats each employee individually,
coaches, advises). Whereas the transactional leader characterized by contingent reward (contracts exchange of rewards for effort, promises rewards for good performance, recognizes accomplishments);
management by exception (active): Watches and searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes corrective action; management by exception (passive): intervenes only if standards are not met;
and laissez-faire (abdicates responsibilities, avoids making decisions). He concluded that the transformational leadership is more effective than transactional leadership, when the transformational leader inspires, intellectually stimulates, and is individually considerate of the opponent.
Transformational leadership may be directive or participative. Transformational leadership is built on several key assumptions: willing to follow a leader who inspires the opponent, are motivated when they understand the importance of the task, collaboration and teamwork are better than working individually, especially in the long term, working towards a
“greater good” strongly bonds individuals in organizations together with a sense of pride that makes material rewards seem trivial. Transactional leadership involves an exchange in which followers work to receive benefits or to avoid penalty or punishment.
2.4 Attitude
This attitude is a person's readiness in responding to the stimulus it receives. From the scale of Thurstone, Likert, Bogardus and Guttman's existing attitudes, Muhadjir (2001: 215) combines the Thurstone scale, use the Likert scoring on a five-point scale: 1.
strongly disagree; 2. disagree; 3. do not argue; 4.
agree; 5. strongly agree. The choices made with force choice techniques - all good or all bad; as well as grouping or for ranking using Guttman. Bogardus in Bogardus's racial distance scale (Miller, 1991) developed 5 scales, namely: a. Familiar relationship through marriage, b. Friends of club members, c.
One neighboring road, d. Co-worker, e. Equality of citizens. Bogardus (1925) has developed a measure of inter-tribal spacing with the following 7 scales: a.
Familiar relationship through marriage, b. Club member c. Neighbors, d. Co-worker, e. Equality of citizens, f. Visitors of a country, g. The similarity in exile. The Bogardur scale (Cover, 1993) covers the following 7 scales: a. Familiar relationship through marriage, b. Dear friends, c. As a neighbor, d. Co- worker, e. Just as a conversational friend, f. As a visitor in one country, g. Issued from the state. Miloš Bešić & Veselin Pavićević (2007) measured the
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distance between tribes by adding the Bogardus scale to scale 9 following: a. As a citizen, b. As a neighbor (home / street), c. As a colleague, d. As a boss in work, e. As an educator of his son, f. As a visiting friend; g. As the person who occupies the executive position in his country, h. As a marriage partner, i. As a marriage partner of her children.
2.5 Transformation of Attitude
The process of attitude transformation (Malo, 1995) measured overall changes in the attitudes of citizens (turn-over) that previously approved or rejected the establishment of the tower in 2007, and measured again ten years later (in 2017) which indicates a change to refuse or approve the tower, that already standing, measured by calculation with the following formula: (B + C / A + B + C + D). In addition, it is measured from the attitude of the truly changing citizens, from those who previously approved or rejected the establishment of the tower in 2007, and (in 2017) then showed a change to refuse or approve the demolition of the already established tower (net change) which measured by calculation with the following formula: (B - C / A + B + C + D).
2.6 Transformation of Attitude towards Action
Self-actualization of the attitudes that it manifests into real action is not always symmetrical. This happens because one can declare something "false- good" or "false-not-good", generally occurs first because of his desire to express his true attitude, or the second by declaring a socially desirable, or a third being socially acceptable (Muhadjir, 2001). In order for a person's behavior can be predicted from his attitude, then it takes items that reveal the attitude, by self-report and test information. The process of transformation that is symmetrical, from attitudes to action can be the first consistent attitude manifested in an expected action (which should, ideally: where it becomes a consistently positive attitude (accept tower establishment), and its actions also receive compensation money). Or a second consistent attitude that rejects tower establishment, but its actions also does not receive compensation money.
Interesting in this research, there is a process of transformation from attitudes toward asymmetrical actions, hypocrite attitudes, from attitudes toward unexpected actions (the fact that is not symmetrical), where his attitude to accept the establishment of tower, but in fact his actions do not or do not want to
receive money Compensation provided by the telecommunication service provider contractor. This occurs on consideration for the good or progress progressive telecommunication tool (a good signal in the use of Mobile Phone). A second hypocrite attitude occurs where a person refuses the establishment of a tower, but secretly acts still willing to receive compensation money. The last thing happens for pragmatic, opportunistic considerations.
2.7 Effort
The perform of the transformation process, from critical thinking toward democratic acts (Zamroni, 2001), is done by transforming magical thinking, naive into critical thinking and apathy action is taken only by accepting circumstances against injustice.
The whole act of treatment remains through democratic efforts, by transforming democratic values: freedom, equality and justice, and seeking to transform repressive intervention into participatory democratic action.
2.8 The process of transformation from consciousness, to attitude and into action
The first consciousness transformation process identified from magic and or naive consciousness toward critical awareness (Freire, 2001). The second transformation process identified from critical awareness, followed by the attitude of rejecting the tower, both of which had previously rejected, and consistently resisted, as well as the process of transforming the attitude of the accepting attitude of rejecting the tower, manifested in action, was an act against injustice. The third transformation process identified from the repressive intervention action toward participatory democratic action. The transformation process of critical awareness becomes a participatory injustice act. The transformation process from critical consciousness, followed by the attitude of rejecting the tower, is actualized into action, and transforms the action against the oppressive injustice of repressive intervention into participatory democratic action.
Democratic Efforts Against Injustice - The Process of Transforming Consciousness Into Participatory Action
3 METHOD
Research and development conducted in the Surakarta city. The research data were collected by questionnaire, and observation, interview, and focus group discussion. Developmental research designed by the quasi experimental, implemented by the pre- test (in 2007), treatment (participatory movement) and post-test design (in 2017). The informant consists of 30 people that involved in their act against injustice.
4 FINDING AND DISCUSSION
The result found that the treatment has a positive impact in the education transformation process. The first interested result found 30 informants (73 %) of people consciousness transformation process happened changes from magic and or naive consciousness (2007) toward critical awareness (2017). The second interested result found 22 informants (54 %) of people transformation process happened changes from critical awareness, followed by the attitude of rejecting the tower building establishment or deconstruction. Both of which had previously (2007) agree to the tower building establishment or construction, and consistently reject to the tower building deconstruction (7 people or 17
%). Usually the process of transforming the attitude of the accepting attitude of rejecting the tower, manifested in action, or implement in any act against injustice. The result found 4 informants (10 %) people which had previously (2007) reject to the tower building establishment or construction, and consistently in 2017 agree to the tower building deconstruction. The result found 4 informants (10
%) people which had previously (2007) agree to the tower building establishment, and consistently in 2017 reject to the tower building deconstruction.
The interested result found only 4 informants (10 %) people transformation process happened from the repressive intervention action toward participatory democratic action. But interested result found 26 informants (63 %) and the 4 informants (10 %) as the hypocrite people. They previously (2007) attitude reject or agree to the tower building establishment or construction, and there is not consistently in 2017 agree or reject to the tower building deconstruction. The overall result found 41 informants (100 %) people transformation process of critical awareness to be manifested in a participatory action against injustice. The transformation process happened from critical consciousness, followed by
the attitude of rejecting the tower, is actualized into action, and transforms the action against the oppressive injustice of repressive intervention into participatory democratic action. In this action usually happened when they can convert the naive to be the critical awareness, ranging from the thinking toward acting level, from idea toward reality, the initiative changes from the top-down toward bottom- up, and the people understanding changes from the passive toward the active actors, and the paradigm changes where the actor seen as the objects to be replaced the subject of research, and any activities changes from repressive to democratic, from passive voice replaced by participatory action. Overall changes demonstrated by the significant people movement started from the establishment, counter- effort, and deconstruction process of the telecommunication tower building. The finding process of attitude transformation that measured from turn-over and net change, shown in matrix below:
Table 1: Transformation of attitude in 2007 and 2017 Attitude 2007 (establishment/
construction)
Agree Disagree Sum Attitud
e 2017 (De constru ction)
Disagre e
A 7 (17 %)
B 4 (10 %)
11 (27 %)
Agree C
26 (63
%)
D 4 (10 %)
30 (73 %)
Sum 33
(80 %)
8 (20 %)
41 (100
%)
5 COPYRIGHT FORM
We fully give to the publisher to publish overall of my article.
6 CONCLUSIONS
The educational process has transformed from the stage of consciousness (from the magic, naïve to the critical awareness), from the critical consciousness developed to the critical attitude, and followed the critical attitude manifested into the systematic action.
In the education process there has been a transformation of magic and naive consciousness
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changes towards critical awareness. In addition, there is attitude change that is considered as a net change and a turn-over. The systematic action based on their magical, naïve and critical awareness, and generates their attitudes toward the communications tower building stimulus. Their attitudes results implemented through the withdrawal behaviour, apathy or the naive action to take peace with the oppressors. After the treatment provided, repressive action is replaced by a participatory counter action, taking it after consider the all condition relating to the technical, organizational and political preparedness against the oppressor. The treatment provided has impact to transform a shifting education from repressive toward participative, and a shifting research paradigm, where the respondent as the research object and determined by his social world, shifting into the informant as research subject, the planer and to take evaluates to overall aspects that affecting their life.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to special thanks to The Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia (Kemenristekdikti) for giving the 2017 graduate program scheme budget to this research.
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Democratic Efforts Against Injustice - The Process of Transforming Consciousness Into Participatory Action