E-mail: [email protected] ISSN: 2580-278X (e) pp : 89-93
Description of Levels of Lead (Pb) in Hair of Motorcycle Workshop Workers (Mechanical) in Padang City
Marisa
1*, Suci Susilawati
11Department Medical of laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Science Universitas Perintis Indonesia, Indonesia
Jl. Adinegoro Simp. Kalumpang Lubuk Buaya, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia
*Email: [email protected]
Article History
Received: 20 December 2021 Reviewed: 16 December 2022 Accepted: 27 December 2022 Published: 30 Desember 2022
Key Words Lead;
Hair;
Mechanical.
Abstract
Human hair can absorb elements that enter the body through food/digestion, respiration and skin. The presence and concentration of an element in the hair can reflect the state/health status in which a person lives and works. The sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in hair are able to bind trace elements that enter the body and then are bound in the hair. This study aims to determine the levels of Lead (Pb) in the hair of motorcycle workshop workers (mechanics) in the city of Padang. The type of research used in this study is a descriptive survey, which is to describe the levels of Lead (Pb) in the hair of motorcycle mechanical in Padang City. Laboratory examination using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method to determine quantitatively lead (Pb) levels using are 10 samples. Based on result show that there are 8 respondents who were positively exposed to lead (Pb) but still in normal levels. And the highest lead (Pb) value was in hair sample 6, which was 0.9404 mg/kg.
The benefits of this research are input and information about the dangers of lead pollution which can harm health.
INTRODUCTION
Lead (Plumbum/Pb) is a metal that is widely used by humans. Lead is often or commonly added to gasoline to reduce engine knock, and is also used for coating metal pipes, welding, batteries and batteries. Naturally lead is not a particle element that is abundant in nature, but lead is buried and easily distributed throughout the world. Lead is usually corrosive resistant, solid and has a low melting point.
Lead as a by-product of combustion comes from the tetraethyl-Pb compound which is always/often added to motor vehicle fuels and also functions as an octane-boosting substance for gasoline production with the consideration that lead has a very high sensitivity in increasing the octane number,
where every addition of 0.1 grams of lead in a liter of gasoline can increase the octane number, up to 1.5-2 octane number units (Kurniawan, 2008).
The presence of lead in the environment is obtained from exhaust gas emissions from transportation vehicles that use fuels containing elements of O3 (ozone), CO (carbon monoxide), NO2 (sodium dioxide), SO2 (sulfur dioxide), Pb (plumbum or lead). and PM (particulate matter) which pollutes the air.Air pollution in Indonesia is around 85% from gas emission from motor vehicles and also affects the blood lead levels of someone who is active on the streets.The group of workers who are at high risk of exposure to lead pollutant in the air such as the police traffic, street vendors,
beggars and Refueling Station (SPBU) officers (Klopfleisch et al., 2017).
Exhaust emissions containing Lead (Pb) if inhaled by humans will cause systemic poisoning. Pb poisoning will cause symptoms such as: metallic taste in the mouth, black lines on the gums, indigestion, anorexia, vomiting, colic encephalitis, wrist drop, irritation, personality changes, paralysis and blindness.
Basophilic stippling of red blood cells is a pathognomonic symptom for Pb poisoning.
Other symptoms of this poisoning are in the form of anemia and albuminuria. Connel and Miller stated that lead (Pb) affects the formation of blood cells in the spine and inhibits the synthesis of hemoglobin in the body (Sudarma, 2020).
According to WHO, blood lead levels below 10 g/dL (ppm) are categorized as low, and those above 25 g/dL are categorized as high. The threshold value for lead levels in urine is 0.25 mg/l. While in hair, the threshold value is 0.007-1.17 mg Pb/100 g wet tissue.
(Marianti & Prasetya, 2013). Human hair can absorb elements that enter the body through food/digestion, respiration and skin. The presence and concentration of an element in the hair can reflect the state/health status in which a person lives and works. In Hair, the sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in hair are able to bind trace elements that enter the body and then are bound in the hair. Sulfide compounds are very easily bound by trace elements, so when trace elements enter the human body, these trace elements will be bound by sulfide compounds in hair. By analyzing the elements in the hair, it can be seen whether the concentration of these elements is insufficient, sufficient or even too high. The advantages of conducting elemental analysis in hair when compared to elemental analysis in blood or urine are elemental analysis in hair is easier to implement and simpler sample handling. Several previous studies have examined lead levels in the blood and urine.
Hair is a material that can be easily collected and preserved as a sample, as an effort to diagnose disease and a sign of pollutant presence in the environment.
Based on Novdian's research, all the hair of the bus drivers tested contained lead content with
of lead in the body are more in the hair than the levels of lead in the nails
(Putra et al., 2015). The benefits of this research are input and information about the dangers of lead pollution which can harm health especially for motorcycle workshop workers.METHOD
The type of research used in this study is a descriptive survey, which is to describe the levels of Lead (Pb) in the hair of motorcycle mechanic worker. The tools used are: 100 ml glass beaker, 5 ml measuring pipette, 10 ml measuring pipette, stirring rod, test tube, test tube rack, label, hair clipper, tissue, digital balance, hot plate, fume cupboard, Kooling Module (KMS) or system computer PC cooling water, as a reading and processing tool. The ingredients are Pb Standard Solution, 65%
Nitric Acid, Aquades, hair samples of mechanic workers. in the Regional Task Unit of the health laboratory center West Sumatera province.
Laboratory examination using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method to determine quantitatively lead (Pb) levels. the location of motorcycle repair workers is in the working area of Padang city, such as in Tabing, Ulak Karang, and Lubuk Buaya, which are large workshop motorcycle such as Yamaha and Honda brands. Parameters examined were age, lead content and length of service
The working procedure in sample measurement is Sample Preparation
Cut hair segments with a length of about 5 – 10 mm and a weight of 2 mg. Wash the hair sample with distilled water and then boil it for 15 minutes. Destruction of hair samples with a mixture of 1:5 HClO4: HNO3 to form a nearly saturated liquid. Dilute the sample in a 50 ml volumetric flask with distilled water to the mark. Then put it in a test tube that has been labeled using Whatman filter paper so that the hair does not enter. Place the filled test tube on the test tube rack.
Preparation
of the Calibration Curve and Determination of the Concentration of Lead (Pb) in Hair of Workshop Workers. This analysis used AAS with a Pb cathode lamp and a wavelength ofstandard solution from low concentration to high concentration. Samples that have been destroyed to obtain a clear solution are also measured for absorbance, and then the Pb metal content of each sample will be obtained on a computer screen.
RESULTANDDISCUSSION Based on the results of the study, it was found that out of 10 populations, 8 people were positive for lead in hair. Based on Table 1. It shows that from 10 hairdressers of motorcycle workshop workers (mechanics) in Padang City, the results show that there are 8 respondents who were positively exposed to lead (Pb) but
still in normal levels. And the highest lead (Pb) value was in hair sample 6, which was 0.9404 mg/kg.
From the Table 1, it was found that 80 percent of the positive samples contained lead metal and 20 percent were negative with an average lead content of 0.312 mg/kg. While the normal value of lead levels in the hair is 0.007- 1.17 mg/kg. Based on Table 2. Shows that the frequency distribution of lead (Pb) levels in the hair of motorcycle mechanics in Padang based on age group, most motorcycle workshops are in the early adult range, ie age range 26-35, ie 70 percent and 30 percent are in the end of adolescent age group, ie at the ages of 17-25 years old.
Table 1. Levels of Lead (Pb) in the hair of each workshop worker (mechanic) in the city of Padang No Sample Code Age (Thn) Long Work (Thn) Lead Rate (Pb) (Mg/Kg)
1 sample 1 25 5 -0.1198 mg/kg
2 Sample 2 27 6 0.3339 mg/kg
3 Sample 3 25 5 0.0928 mg/kg
4 Sample 4 26 5 0.4709 mg/kg
5 sample 5 26 5 0.2788 mg/kg
6 Sample 6 30 10 0.9409 mg/kg
7 Sample 7 28 6 0.0726 mg/kg
8 Sample 8 25 5 -0.0115 mg/kg
9 Sample 9 27 7 0.5013 mg/kg
10 Sample 10 27 6 0.5614 mg/kg
Rate 0,31213 mg/kg
Table 2. Frequency distribution of Lead (Pb) levels in the hair of workshop workers (mechanics) by age group in Padang City.
Age Group Frequently Percentage(%)
Early Adulthood 3 30%
Late Adolescence 7 70%
Total 10 100%
Table 3. Frequency distribution of Lead (Pb) levels in the hair of workshop workers (mechanics) in Padang City based on og working period
Long working period Frequency Percentage (%)
5 year 5 50%
6 year 3 30%
7 year 1 10%
10 year 1 10%
Total 10 100%
Based on Table 3. the frequency distribution of Lead (Pb) in the hair of workshop workers (mechanics) in Padang City based on the length of service, the results obtained are 5 people who have worked for 5 years and 3 people worked for 6 years as workshop workers (mechanics) and 1 person has worked for 7 years and 10 years as a workshop worker (mechanic) in the city of Padang.
Based on Table 1, the highest lead (Pb) in the hair of workshop workers (mechanics) in Padang City is 0.9409 mg/gr and the lowest metal content of lead is 0.0727 mg/kg. From the research conducted, as many as 8 respondents were declared positive for exposure to lead (Pb) but still in normal levels. Human hair can absorb elements that enter the human body through food/digestion, respiration and skin. In Hair, the sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in hair are able to bind trace elements that enter the body and are bound in the hair. Sulfide compounds are easily bound by trace elements, so when trace elements enter the body, these trace elements will be bound by sulfide compounds in hair (Pettrucci in (Hidayati et al., 2014)).
From Table 2. It can be seen that the frequency distribution of lead (Pb) levels in the hair of motorcycle mechanics in the city of Padang based on the age group obtained in early adulthood as many as 7 people with a percentage of 70% and late adolescence 3 people with a percentage of 30%. According to Darmono in (Adhani & Husaini, 2017) that Pb poisoning in adults usually occurs in their workplace. The rapid increase in the number of motorized vehicles has a negative impact on those who work on the roadside. Motor vehicles are the main contributor to all toxic emissions in the air. One of the toxic emissions in the air is lead metal. This air pollution can cause disease if it accumulates in human blood for too long (Ardyanto, 2005). The rapid increase in the number of motorized vehicles has a negative impact on those who work on the roadside. Motor vehicles are the main contributor to all toxic emissions in the air. One of the toxic emissions in the air is lead metal.
This air pollution can cause disease if it accumulates in human blood for too long.
hair of workshop workers (mechanics) in the City of Padang based on the length of service obtained results as many as 3 people who have worked for 5 years and 6 years as workshop workers (mechanics) and 1 people have worked for 7 years and 10 years as workshop workers (mechanics) in the city of Padang. Several studies have shown that the longer the working period, the higher the levels of Pb in the hair.
Lead (Pb) can enter through respiration, food, and drink. Pb metal can affect the nervous system, intelligence, and growth. The effect of Pb on human health will cause brain damage, seizures and even death. .From the data above, the highest result is 0.9409 mg/kg with a long working period of 10 years.
The presence of lead in the environment is obtained from exhaust gas emissions from transportation vehicles that use fuels that contain elements of O3 (ozone), CO (carbon monoxide), NO2 (sodium dioxide), SO2 (sulfur dioxide), Pb (plumbum or lead). and PM (particulate matter) which pollutes the air. Air pollution in Indonesia is around 85% from gas emissions from motor vehicles and affects the blood lead levels of someone who is active on the streets. Groups of workers who are at high risk of exposure to lead pollutants in the air such as police traffic, street vendors, beggars and Refueling Station (SPBU) officers (Klopfleisch et al., 2017).
Based on interviews conducted by researchers with workshop workers, it is known that there are some workers whose high lead levels are a side effect of the large amount of lead that has entered the body of the workshop workers. This is also influenced by the habits of workers who pay less attention to health and hygiene where after Doing work does not wash their hands first before eating or smoking cigarettes in these circumstances, the lead that is attached to the skin of the hands automatically enters the body.
Based on previous research, Dyna Mayaserli said that the lead content in the hair of gas station workers the longer the working period, the higher the Pb level in the employee's hair (Mayaserli et al., 2018). This is in accordance with the research that you did that the longer the respondent's working period, the higher the level of lead in his body. There is a
blood lead levels in the body paint industry (Ayu Pusparini et al., 2016)
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of research that has been carried out on the description of lead (Pb) levels in the hair of motorcycle workshop workers (mechanics) in Padang City, the following conclusions are there are 8 respondents who were positively exposed to lead (Pb) but still in normal levels. And the highest lead (Pb) value was in hair sample 6, which was 0.9404 mg/kg. the sample in the early adult age group has a frequency of 70 percent and with a length of service of 5 years the result is 50 percent.
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