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EDITORIAL BOARD

Dr.

Aru n

Lec tur er, Asi a

Pac ic

Uni ver sity

of Tec hno lgy

&



Arun Dr.

Lecturer,Asia Paci c University Technolgyof

Dr.

Am it

Son i

Pro f

and hea d E E

Man ipa l

Uni ver sity



Amit Dr.

Soni

Prof and head EE Manipal University

Pro f.

Rud ra

pd Ghi mir e

DAV B

sch ool

Kat hm and u

Nep al

Mob ile



Prof.

Rudra Ghimire pd

DAV B school

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Inn ova tio n,M ala ysi a.

& gy

Innovation,Malaysia.

Uni ver sity

Jai pur

raj ast han

University Jaipur rajasthan

Mob ile

977 -

980 393 497

Kathmandu Nepal

Pro f.

Dr.

N K

Jos hi

PhD .

MBA MCA

Dire cto r

Mod i

ins titu te

of man age men t

and tec hno log y

Kot a

Raj ast han

Ind ia



Prof.

Dr. N Joshi K

PhD. MBA DirectorMCA instituteModi managementof technologyand RajasthanKota

India

Hem ant

am hiy a

Ass .

Pro f.

Dep art men t

of ele ctr ica l

eng ine erin g

Gov t

eng ine erin g

col leg e

Jab alp ur

Mad hya

Pra des h

Ind ia



Hemant amhiya

Ass. Prof.

Department electricalof engineering

Pro f.

Dr.

C.

B.

SEN TH ILK UM AR

Ph.

D.

Pro fes sor

& H ead

– Com mer ce

Dep art men t

Dr.

M.G .R.

Edu cat ion al

and Res ear ch

Ins titu te

Uni ver sity

Mad ura voy al,

Che nna i

– 600 095



Prof.

C.B. Dr.

SENTHILKUMAR

Ph.D.

Professor

& Head – Commerce Department

Dr.

Pri yan ka

Aga rw al

Ph.

D.

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor



Priyanka Dr.

Agarwal

Ph D

AN SH IKA

BAN SAL

NET , U -

SET Dep art men t



ANSHIKA BANSAL

NET U

Dr.

Eng .A hm ed

Kad him

Hus sei n

P.h d.

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor

Dep art men t

of Mec han ica l



Dr.Eng.Ahmed Kadhim

Hussein

P.hd.

Assistant Professor

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Vol 6 Year 2023

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Vol 1 Year 2018

MU NTJ IR

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor

Dep art men ts

of Com put er

Sci enc e

and Inf orm atio n

Tec hno log y

Col leg e

of Com put ers

and Information Technology

Taif University

P.O.

Box 888 Al- Hawiya,



MOHD.

MUNTJIR

Assistant Professor Departments Computerof

Science Informationand Technology

Dr.

A bd

El- Ale em

Saa d

Sol im an

Des ok

Pro fes sor

Ass ist ant

of Agr icu ltu ral

Zoo log y

Pla nt

Pro tec tio n

Dep art men t

Faculty of Agriculture

Sohag



Abd Dr.

Aleem El- Soliman Saad

Desok

Professor Assistant Agriculturalof

Zoology

Rud rar up

Gup ta

Aca dem ic

Res ear che r,

Rup aya n

Hou sin g

Soc iet y,

A/1 02,

Cen tra l

Roa d,

H.B .

Tow n,

Sod epu r,

P.O .

Bijo ypu r,

Kolkata ,India



Rudrarup Gupta

Academic Researcher,

Rupayan Housing

Society, A/102, Central

Road, Town,H.B.

Sodepur, Bijoypur,P.O.

Kolkata ,India Dr.

S. sor fes Pro

Jac int a

(5)

Taif, Zip Code:

21974 Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia

Sohag University^YAN ^PRI

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor ,

Dep art men t

of Mat hem atic s,

Mep co

Sch len k

Eng ine erin g

Col leg e,

Siv aka si

– 6 26

005 ,

Viru dhu nag ar,

Tam il

Nad u,

Ind ia.



Dr. S.

PRIYAN

Assistant Professor, Department Mathematicsof

Jac int a

A.O par a,F CIA

Pro fes sor

and Dire cto r

Cen tre

for Hea lth

and Env iro nm ent al

Stu die s

Uni ver sity

of Mai dug uri

P. M .B

106 9

Mai dug uri-

Nig eria

Tel :

081 633 941 41



Professor Jacinta

A.Opara,FCIA

Professor Directorand

Centre Healthfor Environmentaland

Studies Jag pre et

Sin gh

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor ,

Dep art men t

of Nan ote chn olo gy,

Sri Gur u

Gra nth

Sah ib

Wor ld

Uni ver sity ,

Fat ehg arh

Sah ib

(Pb ),

Ind ia

Pin :

140 406



JAGPREET SINGH

Assistant Professor, Department Nanotechnology,of

Sri Guru Granth

Sahib World University,

Pro f.

Dr.

A li

Sal ah

Hen nac he

Pro fes sor

Dep art men t

of Ele ctr ica l

Eng ine erin g

and App lie d

Phy sic s,

Al I mam

Moh am mad

Ibn Sau d

Isl am ic

Prof. 

ALI Dr.

HENNACHE

Professor of

Pro f.

Dr.

A li

Sal ah

Hen nac he

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor ,

Dep art men t

of Man age men t

Stu die s,

Vai sh

Col leg e

of Eng ine erin g,

Roh tak

 Dr.

Rohit Bansal

Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department

of

Dr.

Abu n

Dam ean us

Ph.

D., Fac ulty

of t he

Col leg e

of Bus ine ss

of Div ine

Wor d

Col leg e

of Vig an,

and Div ine

Wor d

Col leg e

of Lao ag



Abun Dr.

Dameanus

Ph.D., Faculty of College ofthe

(6)

Uni ver sity

(IM SIU )-

Riy adh ,

KSA .

Pin :

116 23 Electrical Engineering

Appliedand Physics

Roh tak ,

Ind ia

Pin :

124 001

Managementof Studies,

Vaish College of Engineering,

Rohtak

Lao ag,

Phi lip pin es

Ind one sia

Res ear ch

Int ere st

(Le ade rsh ip

and Man age men t,

Rel igi on,

Bus ine ss

Eth ics

and Env iro nm ent al

Man age men t)

College of Business of Divine College ofWord Vigan and

Divine College ofWord

Laoag

Dr.

GU EN DO UZ

Moh am ed

(D oct ora te)

Civ il

eng ine erin g,

Uni ver sity

of Med ea, ,

Alg érie

Res ear ch

Int ere st

(Ci vil

Eng ine erin g)



GUENDOUZ Dr.

Mohamed

(Doctorate) Lecturer,

Civil engineering, University of Medea, Algérie

Dr.

K.

Ram a

Rao (Ph .D .,

PD F,

D.L itt )

Ass t.

Pro fes sor

of Zoo log y

Gov t.

Deg ree

& P G

Col leg e

Tekkali, Srikakulam,

AP, India Research

Interest



Dr. K.

Rama Rao

(Ph.D., D.Litt)PDF, Asst.

Professor Zoology,of

Govt.

Degree &

CollegePG

Dr.

Cho ng

SH EN

(Ph .D .)

Sen ior

Sci ent ist ,

Gut Im mun olo gy

Lab ,

Enz ym e

inn ova tio n

and dev elo pm ent ,

R&

D,

DuPont Nutrition

&

Biosciences, Brabrand, Denmark Research



Chong Dr.

SHEN

(Ph.D.) Senior Scientist, ImmunologyGut

EnzymeLab, innovation development,and

R&D, DuPont Nutrition

&

Biosciences, Brabrand,

Denmark

(7)

(Fisheries and Aquaculture;

Biodiversity)

Interest (Immunology,

Human and Animal) Denmark

Dr.

Pau lin e

Uka mak a

Um ean aet o

(Ph .D .)

Sen ior

Lec tur er

Dep art men t

of Par asi tol ogy

and Ent om olo gy,

Fac ulty

of Bio sci enc es,

Nna mdi

Azi kiw e

Uni ver sity

Aw ka

Res ear ch

Int ere st

(Pa ras ito log y

and Ent om olo gy)



Pauline Dr.

Ukamaka Umeanaeto

(Ph.D.) Department Parasitologyof Entomology,and Faculty of Biosciences,

Nnamdi Azikiwe University

Awka

Dr.

Abu n

Dam ean us

(Ph .D .)

Res ear ch

Dire cto r:

DW CV

Fac ulty

of t he

Col leg e

of Bus ine ss

of Div ine

Wor d

Col leg e

of V iga n

and Div ine

Wor d

Col leg e

of Lao ag,

Ind one sia

Res ear ch

Int ere st

(Management, Leadership, Education, Business)



Abun Dr.

Dameanus

Faculty of College ofthe Business of Divine College ofWord Vigan and

Divine College ofWord

Laoag

Dr.

Din h

Tra n

Ngo c

Huy (Ph .D .)

GSI M,

Int ern atio nal

Uni ver sity

of Jap an,

Niig ata ,

Jap an



Dinh Dr.

Ngoc Tran Huy

GSIM, International University

of Japan, Niigata,

Japan

Dr.

Sho eb

Ahm ad

(Ph .D .)

Pro fes sor ,

Al Z ahr a

Col leg e

for Wom en,

(M usc at)

Om an

Res ear ch

Int ere sts

(H RM /

SH RM ,

OB, Tra ini ng

d

 Dr.

Shoeb Ahmad

PROFESSOR, Al Zahra

College

(8)

Business) and

Dev elo pm ent ,

Cha nge

&

Dev elo pm ent

Man age men t,

Gen era l

Man age men t)

College Women,for (Muscat) Oman

Man ish

Son i

(Pu rsu ing

Ph.

D(c om put er

sci enc e)

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor

Dep art men t

of com put er

sci enc e,

Gov t

P.G col leg e

Man dsa ur,

Ind ia



Manish Soni

Assistant Professor Department computerof

science, Govt P.G

college Mandsaur,

India

Dr.

A.V am shi

Kri shn a

Red dy

(Ph .D . in

Env iro nm ent al

Sci enc e

&

Tec hno log y)

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor

Cen tre

for Env iro nm ent ,

Ins titu te

of Sci enc e

&

Tec hno log y,

Opp . to

St ate

Ban k,

Jaw aha rla l

Neh ru

Tec hno log ica l

Uni ver sity

Hyd era bad ,

Kuk atp ally ,

Hyd era bad ,

Tel ang ana –

500 085 .

Are a o f

Spe cia liz ati on:

Env iro nm ent al

Eng ine erin g,

Env iro nm ent al

Im pac t

Ass ess men t,

Geo mat ics

for Nat ura l

res our ce

Man age men t,

Env iro nm ent al



Dr. A.

Vamshi Krishna

Reddy

Assistant Professor Centre Environment,for

Institute Science &of Technology,

Opp. to State Bank, Jawaharlal

Nehru Technological

University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana

(9)

Pol lut ion

stu die s

&

Mod elli ng

Telangana–

500 085.

Dr.

Kav ita

Cha hal

(Ph .D . in

Mic rob iol ogy )

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor

(Bo tan y)

Gov ern men t

Col leg e,

Bic hhu a,

Chh ind war a,

M.P .

IN DIA

Are a o f

Spe cia liz ati on:

Mic rob iol ogy



Kavita Dr.

Chahal

Assistant Professor (Botany) Government

College, Bichhua,

Chhindwara,M.P

Dr.

Arg hya

Man i

(Ph .D .)

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor ,

Sch ool

of Agr icu ltu re,

Lov ely

Pro fes sio nal

Uni ver sity ,

Pha gw ara ,

Pun jab ,

IN DIA

Are a o f

Spe cia liz ati on:

Hor tic ultu re,

Foo d

Sci enc e,

Pos t-

har ves t,

Agr icu ltu re



Arghya Dr.

Mani

Assistant Professor,

School of Agriculture,

Lovely Professional University, Phagwara

MRS .

ELI ZEB ETH

RAN I. V

Ass oci ate

pro fes sor ,

Obs tet ric s

&

Gyn aec olo gy

nur sin g,

M.A .

Chi dam bar am

Col leg e

of Nur sin g,

Che nna i



ELIZEBETH MRS.

RANI.

V

Associate professor,

Dr.

Muk tpa l

Bha ler ao

MD Phy sio log y

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor D epa rtm ent

of Phy sio log y

Rur al

Med ica l

Cl l



Muktpal Dr.

Bhalerao

Assistant Professor D

Dr.

Net haj i

Ram alin gam

Pha rm .,

Ph.

D., SEF M.

Pro fes sor

& H ead ,

Dep art men t

of Pha rm ace utic s,

Dev aki

Am ma

Mem oria l

Col leg e

of



Nethaji Dr.

Ramalingam Pharm., M.

Ph.D., SEFM.

Professor

& Head,

D t t

(10)

Che nna i,

IN DIA

Are a o f

Spe cia liz ati on:

Obs tet ric s

&

Gyn eco log y

Nur sin g

pObstetrics

&

Gynaecology nursing, ChidambaramM.A.

College of Nursing, Chennai.

Col leg e

PIM S

(D U)

Ind ia

Department Physiologyof

Rural Medical

College PIMS (DU)

India

of Pha rm acy ,

Pul lip ara mba

Pos t,

Che lem bra ,

Mal app ura m

Dt, Ker ala –

673 634

Are a o f

Spe cia lia zat ion :

Pha rm acy

– Pha rm ace utic s

Department Pharmaceutics,of

Devaki MemorialAmma College of Pharmacy, Pulliparamba

Post, Chelembra, Malappuram Dt, Kerala

– 673634

Dr.

P.

Sen thi lva lav an

M.S c.

(A g.),

Ph.

D.

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor

Dep art men t

of S oil

Sci enc e

&

Agr icu ltu ral

Che mis try

Fac ulty

of Agr icu ltu re

Ann am ala i

Uni ver sity

Ann am ala ina gar ,Ch ida

Tam il

Nad u,

Ind ia

Are a o f

Spe cia liz atio n:

Soi l

Sci enc e

and Agr icu ltu ral



Dr. P.

Senthilvalavan

Assistant Professor Department

of Soil Science &

Agricultural Chemistry

Faculty of Agriculture Annamalai University

Annamalainagar,Chidambaram Tamil

Dr.

M .

C.

Man jun ath a

M.S c.,

PG DG IS,

PhD ,

FIS CA,

FM SI,

FIA EM E

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor ,

Dep art men t

of C ivi l

Eng ine erin g,

Mah ara ja

Ins titu te

of Tec hno log y,

Tha nda vap ura ,

Mys uru

-57 1

302 Are a o f

Spe cia liz atio n:

Rem ote

Sen sin g,

GIS ,

Geo log y,

Env iro nm ent al



Dr. M.

Manjunatha C.

Assistant Professor, Department

of Civil

Engineering, Maharaja

Institute Technology,of Thandavapura

Dr.

Ber dim bet ov

Tim ur

Tle ube rge nov ich

Ph.

D.

Hea d o f

Dep art men t

of Int ern atio nal

Rel atio ns

and Tea che r

Nuk us

Bra nch

of Tas hke nt

Uni ver sity

of Inf orm atio n

Tec hno log ies

Nam ed

Aft er

Muh am mad

Al- Khw ariz mi

Are a o f

Spe cia liz atio n:

Env iro nm ent ,

clim ate



Berdimbetov Dr.

Timur

Tleubergenovich

Head of Department Internationalof

Relations Teacherand

Nukus Branch of

Tashkent University Informationof

(11)

Agr icu ltu ral

Che mis try

Tamil Nadu, India

Sci enc e,

Lan d

and Wat er

sus tai nab ilit y

stu die s

Thandavapura, Mysuru

-571 302 , nge cha hyd rol ogy

Technologies Named

After Muhammad KhwarizmiAl-

Dr.

I Gus ti

Bag us

Rai Uta ma

Ph.

D.

(To uri sm

Stu die s )

Ass oci ate

Pro fes sor

of Tou ris m

in the

Fac ulty

of Eco nom ics ,

Bus ine ss,

and Hum ani ty,

Dhy ana

Pura University,

Bali, Indonesia

Area of Specialization:

Economic Tourism,



Dr. I Gusti Bagus Utama Rai

Associate Professor Tourismof

in the Faculty of Economics,

Business, Humanity,and

Dhyana University,Pura

Bali, Indonesia

Dr.

M Nav een

Kum ar

Mrs .

Moh sin a

Joh an

Sev eri nus

Tat i

(12)

Agritourism, Destination Management,

and Senior Tourism Ph.

D.

(Co mpu ter

Sci enc e)

Sys tem

Adm ini str ato r

in Tel ang ana

Uni ver sity ,

Niz am aba d

Are a o f

Spe cia liz atio n:

Com put er

Sci enc e

– D ata

Min ing ,

Net wor kin g,

Mac hin e

Lea rni ng



Dr. M Naveen Kumar

System Administrator Telanganain University, Nizamabad

F.P M.P HAR M-

(Ph arm aco log y

and Tox ico log y)

Ass oci ate

Pro fes sor ,

Luq man

col leg e

of Pha rm acy ,

Gul bar ga,

Kar nat aka

Are a o f

Spe cia liz atio n:

Pha rm acy ,

Pha rm aco log y



Mohsina Mrs.

F.P

Associate Professor,

Luqman college of Pharmacy, Gulbarga, Karnataka

Eng lis h

Lec tur er,

Pol ite kni k

Kot a

Kin aba lu,

Kot a

Kin aba lu,

Sab ah

Mal ays ia

Are a o f

Spe cia liz atio n:

Sec ond

lan gua ge

tea chi ng

&

lea rni ng,

tea chi ng

met hod olo gy

and soc iol ing uis tic



Johan Severinus

Tati

English Lecturer, Politeknik

Kinabalu,Kota Kinabalu,Kota Sabah Malaysia

Dr.

U ko,

Ibe abu chi

Ph.

D.

(W eed

Sci enc e)

Sub -

Dea

n, . o Fac

f Agr icu ltu re,

Nna mdi

Azi kiw e

Uni ver sity ,

Aw ka.



Uko, Dr.

Ibeabuchi

Dean,Sub- Fac. of

Agriculture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University,

Dr.

Nis ha

Ran a

Ph.

D. ( Zoo log y)

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor ,

Dep art men t

Of Zoo log y,

Ker al

Ver ma

Sub har ti

Col leg e

of Sci enc e,

Sw am i

Viv eka nan d

Sub har ti

Uni ver sity ,

Mee rut

Are a o f

Spe cia liz ati on:



Nisha Dr.

Assistant

Rana

Professor, Department

Zoology,Of Keral Verma Subharti College of

Dr.

Dav id

Pan gar ibu an,

SE, M .Si

Lec tur er

at Bha yan gka ra

Uni ver sity ,

Gre ate r

Jak art a

Are a o f

Spe cia liz ati on:

Acc oun tin g



David Dr.

Pangaribuan, M.Si SE,

Lecturer Bhayangkaraat University,

Greater

(13)

Are a o f

Spe cia liz atio n:

Wee d

Sci enc e

Awka. y log Zoo

(F ish

and Fis her ies ,

Mol ecu lar

Tax ono my)

Science, Swami Vivekanand

Subharti University,

Meerut

Acc oun tin g

Fin anc e

and Eco mom ic

Greater Jakarta

Shi van and

Kol age ri

Ass ist ant

Pro fes sor

at I kon

Pha rm acy

Col leg e,

Ben gal uru -

562 109

Are a o f

Spe cia liz ati on:

Syn the tic

org ani c

and Med ici nal

Che mis try

inc lud ing

the des ign ,

syn the sis

and dev elo pm ent

of bio act ive

het ero cyc lic

com pou nds

for tre atm ent

of tub erc ula r,

bac ter ial ,

fun gal

inf ect ion s,

dev elo pm ent

new che mic al

ent itie s

as ant iox ida nt

and ant i-

in am mat ory



Shivanand Kolageri

Assistant Professor at Ikon Pharmacy

College, Bengaluru-

562109

(14)

age nts

Anu rag

Haz ari ka

Tea chi ng

Fac ulty

of Man age men t

Stu die s

and Com mer ce,

KK Han diq ue

Sta te

Ope n

Uni ver sity ,

Tez pur

Col leg e

Stu dy

Cen tre ,

Ass am ,

Ind ia

Are a o f

Spe cia liz ati on:

Man age men t

Stu die s

&

Commerce



Anurag Hazarika

Pursuing Ph. D, Teaching Faculty of Management

Studies Commerce,and HandiqueKK

State University,Open

Tezpur College Study Centre, Assam, India

Dr.

P.

Raj ini

Ass oci ate

Pro fes sor

and HoD ,

Pos t

Gra dua te

and Res ear ch,

Sch ool

of Com mer ce

-PG Rat hna vel

Sub ram ani am

Col leg e

of A rts

and Sci enc e,

(Au ton om ous ),

Sul ur,

Coi mba tor e

– 641 402 ,

Ind ia

Area of Specialization:

Finance, Marketing

and Human



Dr. P.

Rajini

Associate Professor and HoD Research– – School Commerce,of

Dr.

M



.

Pro f.

(D r.)

Nar esh

Sac hde v

PhD (M ana gem ent )

D



Prof.

(Dr.)

Dr.

Gur mee t

Sin gh

Bha tia

MSc .

(M ath em atic s),

MPh il.

(M ath em atic ),

PhD



PG

Digital Repository Universitas Jember

(15)

Human Resource Management HEM

A Are a o f

Spe cia liz ati on:

Mic rob iol ogy ,

Bio inf orm atic s



Dr. M.

HEMA

Dea n

(Co rpo rat e

Rel atio ns)

PCT E

Gro up

of Ins titu tes ,

Lud hia na

142 021 .

Are a o f

Spe cia liz ati on:

Man age men t

Naresh Sachdev

(Management)PhD (CorporateDean Relations)

Group ofPCTE Institutes,

Ludhiana 142021.

PhD , P G

Dip lom a

in Sta tis tic s

P.G .

Ass oci ate

Pro fes sor ,

Dep art men t

of Mat hem atic s

Kha lsa

Col leg e

Pat ial a

Are a o f

Spe cia liz ati on:

Geo met ric

fun ctio n

the ory ,

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Cultural Study of Natural Environment Exploitation: Eating Culture of the Joseon People through the Novel “Thousand-Year Kingdom” [https://ijcsrr.org/single-view/?

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Tam, Minh Nguyen, Thuy, Thi Tran, Kiet, Tuan Tran, Ha, Thi Thu Nguyen

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Long-Term E ects of Taking Refractive Surgery (LASIK) on Thai People

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Four New Techniques of Addition and Subtraction of any Two Numbers [https://ijcsrr.org/single-view/?

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Rizky Amalia Dhiaul Zaini, Wiryanto ., Rooselyna Ekawati Page No. 3408-3415

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The Portrait of the Tirta Agung Tourism Village as a Geological Tourist Destination:

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I Ketut Mastika, Pandu Satriya Hutama, Didik Eko Julianto, Dwi Windradini, B.P., Pramesi Lokaprasida, Panca

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International Journal of Current Science Research and Review

ISSN: 2581-8341

Volume 06 Issue 06 June 2023

DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V6-i6-11, Impact Factor: 6.789

IJCSRR @ 2023

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Corresponding Author: Dwi Wahyuni Volume 06 Issue 06 June 2023

Available at: www.ijcsrr.org

Page No. 3179-3187

The Differences in Toxicity of Pletekan Leaf Extracts (Ruellia tuberosa L.) and Lime (Citrus auraiflia) on Mortality of Culex sp. Mosquito Larvae

Dwi Wahyuni

¹

*, Adelia Septi Rihada

¹

, Retno Maulidina

¹

1 Biology Education Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Jember, Indonesia

ABSTRACT: Mosquitoes Culex sp. is the main vector of filariasis. Population control using chemical larvicides continuously can cause resistance. The leaves of the pletekan plant (Ruellia tuberosa L.) and lime fruit (Citrus aurantifolia) have the potential as natural larvicides. This study aims to determine the differences in high toxicity (LC50) of pletekan leaf extract and lime fruit on the mortality of Culex sp. mosquito larvae with an exposure time of 24 hours. Pletekan leaf extract and lime fruit were extracted by maceration using 97% ethanol. The LC50 can use probit analysis with SPSS applications. The results showed that pletekan leaves were toxic to Culex sp. mosquito larvae with an LC50 value of 710.169 ppm with the lowest concentration of 615.231 ppm and the highest concentration of 796.157 ppm. The LC50 value of lime fruit extract was 1026.749 ppm, with a lower limit of 846.406 ppm and an upper limit of 1294.531 ppm.

KEYWORDS: Citrus aurantifolia, Culex sp., Ruellia tuberosa L, Toxicity.

INTRODUCTION

Culex sp. mosquitoes can potentially carry vectors for several serious diseases, such as bancroftian filariasis, West Nile virus, and encephalitis (Andrianto, 2020). Filariasis is an infectious disease caused by filarial worms Brugia timori, Brugia malayi, and Wucheria bancrofti. Filariasis is not lethal, but it can cause chronic physical pain and even permanent disability, resulting in decreased patient productivity and activity (Portunasari et al., 2016). Indonesia is the second most endemic country for filariasis after India (Okona in Portunasari, 2016). According to the East Java Health Office (2021), in East Java, 329 cases of elephantiasis or chronic clinical filariasis were recorded until 2020, occurring in 34 districts/cities. Unhealthy environments, such as stagnant dirty water, rivers full of garbage, and the presence of bushes, can contribute to the increased population density of Culex sp. mosquitoes (Juariah and Irawan, 2017; Milati and Siwiendrayanti, 2021).

The community utilizes chemical methods, such as synthetic insecticide abate, to control the population of Culex sp. mosquitoes.

Continuous and long-term use of chemical insecticides or larvicides can lead to the contamination of pesticide residues in water and result in resistance among Culex sp. mosquito larvae (Santoso and Haminudin, 2018). The use of natural larvicides is expected to reduce the negative impacts associated with the use of chemical insecticides. One potential natural insecticide is the pleketan or purple queen plant (Ruellia tuberosa L.) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia).

The pleketan plant (Ruellia tuberosa L.) typically grows as a weed or wild grass that can be found around houses. According to the research by Vitalia et al. (2016), it is known that the pleketan plant contains relatively high levels of secondary metabolite compounds, which are used to kill A. salina Leach larvae. The secondary metabolite compounds in the pleketan plant can inhibit feeding and oviposition. Some secondary metabolite compounds in pleketan leaves include flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, triterpenoids, and steroids (Khachitpongpanit et al., 2016). Secondary metabolite compounds in plants, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, have the potential to act as larvicides (Cahyati et al., 2017). It is necessary to conduct experiments to determine the toxicity of pleketan leaf extract on the mortality of Culex sp. mosquito larvae.

Lime, scientifically known as Citrus aurantiifolia, is a perennial plant that produces round-shaped fruits resembling ping-pong balls and can grow up to 3 meters tall. Its compound leaves have elliptical shapes with rounded bases, blunt tips, and serrated edges, measuring approximately 3-10 cm in length and 2-5 cm in width, with winged petioles (Kurniawati, 2010). Lime fruit (Citrus aurantifolia) is highly suitable for development as a larvicide. The fruit contains compounds such as flavonoids that can act as antimicrobials against microorganisms. Lime also contains various chemical compounds such as citric acid, amino acids (tryptophan and lysine), flavonoids, essential oils (limonene, linalyl acetate, geranyl acetate, phellandrene, citral, camphor, kadine, acetaldehyde, and anisaldehyde), as well as vitamins A, B1, and C (Haq et al., 2010). Therefore, research is needed to investigate the differences in

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International Journal of Current Science Research and Review

ISSN: 2581-8341

Volume 06 Issue 06 June 2023

DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V6-i6-11, Impact Factor: 6.789

IJCSRR @ 2023

www.ijcsrr.org

3180 ^*

Corresponding Author: Dwi Wahyuni Volume 06 Issue 06 June 2023

Available at: www.ijcsrr.org

Page No. 3179-3187

toxicity between pleketan leaf extract (Ruellia tuberosa L.) and lime fruit (Citrus aurantifolia) on the mortality of Culex sp. mosquito larvae.

METHODS

The research on the differences in toxicity between pleketan leaf extract (Ruellia tuberosa L.) and lime fruit (Citrus aurantifolia) on the mortality of Culex sp. mosquito larvae was conducted as a laboratory experiment using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Biology Education Program, Faculty of Education and Educational Sciences, University of Jember.

A. Preparation

The preparation stage is a phase or step before the research, including equipment preparation, test larvae preparation, and extract preparation. This stage optimizes the working procedures to ensure the required equipment is available. The larvae preparation stage involves identifying the larvae to determine if the selected larvae species is suitable for the desired purpose. Additionally, the selection of late-third instar to early-fourth instar larvae is conducted.

B. Tools and materials

The equipment used in this research includes scissors, a blender, a stirrer, a spatula, jars, plastic cups, beaker glass, a digital scale, Erlenmeyer, a dropper pipette, measuring glass, rotary evaporator, filter paper, 250 ml glass jars, timer, sterilized toothpicks, microscope, cover glass, filter paper, and oven. Meanwhile, the materials required for this research include pleketan leaves (Ruellia tuberosa L.), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), Culex sp. mosquito larvae late-third instar to early-fourth instar, distilled water, 97% ethanol, and 1 g Abate brand.

C. Preparation of Pletekan Leaf Extract and Lime Fruit

The process of making pleketan leaf extract in this research is based on Wahyuni et al. (2016), which involves selecting high- quality pleketan leaves without pests or diseases. Next, the leaves are cleaned and chopped into small pieces until clean. The next step is to dry the pleketan leaves under sunlight until they reach a dry weight. Once dry, the pleketan leaves are ground into powder and weighed 250 grams into a container. The extraction process is conducted through maceration by adding 97% ethanol in a ratio of 1:3 (750 ml ethanol) to the container. The mixture is stirred until homogenous and covered. Stirring is performed every hour to ensure homogeneous mixing. This maceration process is carried out for 3x24 hours. The mixture is then filtered using filter paper to separate the sediment from the liquid. The 97% ethanol solvent is separated from the extract using a rotary evaporator at a temperature of 50°C for 2 hours. The result from the rotary evaporator is oven-dried at 40°C until a thick extract is obtained. The next step is to store the extract in a container and place it in a refrigerator.

The process of making lime fruit extract in this research begins with drying thinly sliced lime fruit for approximately one week.

Then, it is ground into powder using a blender. Next, 200 grams of lime fruit powder is subjected to maceration. The maceration process involves dissolving the powder in 600 ml of 97% ethanol at a ratio of 1:3, stirring it with a spatula until homogenous, and tightly sealing the container. The maceration process takes place for 3x24 hours, requiring periodic stirring. The filtered maceration result is then processed using a rotary evaporator at 50°C for 3 hours. If the extract is still slightly diluted, it must be left in the oven at 50°C until a thick lime fruit extract is obtained.

D. Toxicity Test of Pletekan Leaf Extract (Ruellia tuberosa L.) and Lime Fruit (Citrus aurantifolia).

The pleketan leaf extract toxicity test (Ruellia tuberosa L.) was conducted using a serial concentration method. The test was carried out by preparing eight plastic cups filled with 100 ml of distilled water. Next, the pleketan leaf extract was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water to obtain concentrations of 50 ppm, 340 ppm, 630 ppm, 920 ppm, 1210 ppm, and 1500 ppm, as well as a positive control (abate) and a negative control (distilled water). The next step was to introduce 20 larvae of Culex sp. mosquitoes into each of the 8 plastic cups containing the pleketan leaf extract solutions. Then, observations were made, and the larvae's mortality (number of deaths) was recorded after 24 hours.

The toxicity test of lime fruit extract (Citrus aurantifolia) consisted of 8 treatments with four replications. The treatments involved mixing distilled water with lime extract, with six serial concentrations including 50 ppm, 360 ppm, 670 ppm, 980 ppm, 1290 ppm, and 1600 ppm. The other two treatments were the negative