Reg Carr had stayed at Leeds and was to continue to be at Oxford, one of the main influences in trying to think how to adapt to them. On a more innovative level, libraries need to confront the issue of the continued evolution of how their users relate to them.
Contributors
Professor David Baker, Principal, College of St Mark and St John
Professor John Barnard
Dr Lynne Brindley, Chief Executive, British Library
Marilyn Deegan, Kings College, London
Professor David Dilks FRHistS FRSL
Dr Alan Eyre, University of West Indies, Jamaica
Dr Clive Field, FRHistS, formerly Director of Scholarship and Collections, British Library
Dudley Fishburn
Professor Sir Brian Follett FRS, University of Oxford
Peter Fox, Librarian, University of Cambridge
Frederick J. Friend, University College London
Fred is involved in many initiatives through work for organizations such as JISC in the UK and international organizations such as the Open Society Institute.
Gareth Frith, University of Leeds
Mary Heaney, Director of Services, Manchester Metropolitan University
John Horton gained his first degree at the University of Oxford and qualified for the inaugural year of the Postgraduate School of Library and Information Studies at the University of Sheffield. He is also a member of the University of Bradford Council and was until recently the institutional auditor for the QAA.
Antonietta Iacono, University of Bradford
After early experience working for the late and much-lamented West Riding County Library Service, he joined the University of Bradford where he gained his MPhil and held several posts in the University Library before being appointed in 2000 to his current role of University librarian and head of the Academic Library Service. He has researched and published widely in Icelandic and Yugoslav studies and is a member of the council of the Inter-University Center for Postgraduate Studies in Dubrovnik, Croatia.
Professor Derek Law, Head of the Information Resources Directorate, University of Strathclyde
As head of the Information Resources Directorate he is responsible for IT Services, Learning Services and Library Services. He holds a chair in the Department of Computing and Information Science and is a member of the Center for Digital Libraries Research.
Dr Norbert Lossau, University of Goettingen, Germany
Professor of Law has written extensively on the development of digital libraries, on the role of information in e-learning, on digital information systems and has a minor interest in maritime history.
Professor Robert Macredie, Pro Vice-Chancellor, Brunel University
Ronald Milne, Acting Director of Oxford University Library Services, University of Oxford
Richard Ovenden, University of Oxford
Stephen Pinfield, University of Nottingham
Dr Fred Ratcliffe, CBE JP, Emeritus University Librarian of Cambridge
Chris Rusbridge, Director, Digital Curation Centre, University of Edinburgh
Bill Simpson, Librarian and Director of the John Rylands Library, University of Manchester
Simon Tanner
Dr. Thomas also managed library coordination at the Research Libraries Group in Stanford, California and was Associate Director for Technical Services at the National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland for eight years. From February 2007 Sarah Thomas is Director of University Library Services and Bodley's Librarian, University of Oxford).
John Tuck, Head of British Collections, British Library
Professor Les Watson
Professor Mike Wells
Editors
Professor Rae Earnshaw, Pro Vice-Chancellor (Strategic Systems Development), University of Bradford
Professor John Vince DSc, FBCS, CEng
Introduction
Earliest Libraries
Printing Press
Computers
The Internet
The use of the previously mentioned search tools made it possible to find specific information in the documents of the user anywhere on the Internet. Further development in this area is taking place both to provide more digitized content and to increase the sophistication of search techniques.
Digital Futures
Convergence
Net Generation
A study by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) on "Designing Spaces for Effective Learning"1 outlines some of the possibilities.
Location
Intelligence
Environments
Digitization
One such project is being led by Google and is digitizing old printed books without copyright restrictions. The Open Content Alliance, sponsored by the Internet Archive and Yahoo!, is digitizing works after seeking permission from the copyright holder, unlike Google which assumes fair use unless explicitly told not to copy from the copyright holder.
Push versus Pull
Follett Report
These include access to and interfaces with national networks (eg, the Joint Academic Network – JANET), navigation tools, electronic storage and delivery of documents, electronic journals, databases and datasets, library management systems, library automation, institutional information strategies, and training. The exploitation of IT was considered essential to creating the effective library of the future.
Post Follett
This is an example of converged services and seems to work well, although the cultures of the staff have historically been different (eg the former with collections of materials and the latter with the development and support of systems). Other institutions have taken the opportunity to provide new types of learning environments that are somewhat user-configurable (eg the University of Warwick Learning Grid and the Saltire Center at Glasgow Caledonian University).
The Power of Interaction with Information
Institutions are required by the Funding Councils to have a defined information strategy, and the senior person for this must take a leading role in the management of the institution. The use of electronic documents in libraries and increasing access to other libraries and resources through national networks (eg JANET) created a certain overlap between the traditional library and the Computing Center.
Digital Media
Remediation
Challenges for Libraries
This Volume
Dr Reg Carr
From 1986 to 1997 he was University Librarian Keeper of the Brotherton Collection at the University of Leeds, then became Director of University Library Services and Bodley's Librarian at the University of Oxford in 1997. In 2000, he was appointed an outside member of the Board of Overseers' Visiting Committee for the Harvard University Library, and from 2001 to 2005 served as Vice Chairman of the Digital Preservation Coalition.
He has occupied a position of influence and leadership in developments and innovations in academic research libraries. He was Secretary of CURL and Chair of SCONUL and was a member of JISC and Chair of the JISC subcommittee responsible for overseeing the influential eLib program and the development of the National Distributed Electronic Resources.
The Organization and Delivery of Digital
Information
From “Boutique” to Mass
Digitization: the Google Library Project at Oxford 1
- Introduction
- A Brief Outline History of Digitization at Oxford
- A Move from “Boutique” to Mass Digitization
- Reg Carr and Early Contacts with Google 7
- The Google Library Project
- Conclusion
It was during lunch and an extended tour of the Bodleian that the possibility of Bodleian–Google collaboration was raised. Millions of printed works will be digitized as a result of the project, which falls under the umbrella of the Google Book Search program.
Notes
The Bodleian ethos of facilitating access to the whole 'Republic of Letters' concept has found expression in the Digital Age and of this Sir Thomas would be proud. See: http://www.gale.com/EighteenthCentury/. I am indebted to Reg Carr for allowing me to use his personal notes as a source for this part of the chapter.
Digital Services in Academic Libraries: the Internet is
Setting Benchmarks 1
- Introduction
- Services and How they are Aimed at the User
- Users in Research, Teaching and Study
- The Formulation of Research Themes and Concepts
- Structuring of Content and Exchange of Relevant Information in the Project Context
- Publishing
- Summary
- Academic Users and General Internet Services
- General Experiences and Requirements of Users
- Libraries and Digital Services Today
- Libraries and Digital Services in the Near-Future
- Reorganization of Library Search Systems and Access to Full-Text
- Comprehensive, Integrated Indexing of Information Sources
- Intuitive Usability of Search Systems
- Structuring of Information Services and Search Results by Subject and Content
- Direct Access to Full-Text and Data
- Structural Changes to Services
- Existing Information Portals Made More Flexible and Modular
- Combination of Local and External Services
- New Digital Library Services 13
- Building Blocks for the Future Development of Local Services
- Joint Production of a Service Catalogue by Skilled Senior Library Management Staff in Close Cooperation with Employees
- Carrying Out a Prospective Analysis of Customer Needs Using Market Research Tools
- Analysis of Local Resources and Deciding on Areas of Emphasis
- Further Development of Senior Library Management and Employees
- Integration of External Service Providers
- Conclusion and Outlook
In the international arena, attention should be drawn to the LibQual analysis developed by the American Association of Research Libraries (ARL)5. G Shared information services from libraries and computer centres, such as has been realized at the University of Mannheim12.
The Early Years of the United Kingdom Joint Academic
Network (JANET)
Introduction
The Computer Board
- Early Days
- Grosch’s Law: Regional Computer Centres
A report by Professor Brian Flowers (1966) led to the establishment of the Computing Committee, which met for the first time in September 1966. It should be clearly understood that the Committee was not part of the University's Grants Committee.
The Network Reports of 1973 and 1975
- UK Academic Networks in 1975
This finding of fact was a fairly simple answer to the second task. The reason was the response of users to the provision of network access.
A Technical Digression
- Switching
- Protocols and Network Architecture
- Network Reliability
The address of the destination is appended to each packet as it is transmitted from the source. Because of the way switches work together to send packets, there is very little to do by way of administration.
The Network Unit
- The Manning Unjamming
- Coloured Books
JNT and NE staff could not be directly employed in the administration. The GPO had recently established its own packet switching service, PSS, and it was proposed that this would form the backbone of the academic network.
The National Academic Network
- The Formal Start of JANET
- JANET User Groups
- Upgrading JANET
A large network is constantly undergoing changes in both the network configuration and the systems accessible via the network. This can cause unnecessary tension between the site's data center staff and the site's users.
Hindsight
Details of the current configuration are available on the JANET website at http://www.ja.net/. These are impressive numbers for growth in scale and improvements in performance. The growth in size reflects the confidence in JANET of the existing user base at any given time and the willingness of others in the academic sector to participate.
The World Library – Collaboration and
Sharing of Information
World-Class Universities Need World-Class Libraries and
Information Resources: But How Can they be Provided?
- Introduction
- The Increasing Importance of Universities
- Funding the Library
- A National Approach
- The Research Information Network
- The RIN’s Immediate Tasks
However, we know that over half of the activity at the British Library is the provision of research resources. My colleague Stevan Harnad in Southampton, who is very active in the Open Access debate, gave me an overview of the current situation.
My involvement in library matters over the years has been very much as an amateur and an enthusiastic supporter of libraries and librarians. It will not disappear quickly or equally across all academic disciplines, but slowly as the system becomes more and more commercialized for profit, then the risks increase.
The International Dimensions of Digital Science and
Scholarship: Aspirations of the British Library in Serving the
- Introduction
- Context
- British Library: International Profile and Activities
- International Digital Scholarship Projects
- The Codex Siniaticus
- The International Dunhuang Project
- Mass Digitization Projects
- Responding to the Needs of Researchers in the Main Disciplinary Areas: Science, Technology, Medicine, Social
- Reaching out to Scientists and Scholars to Advise on the British Library’s Agenda
- Reflections for Discussion
These, perhaps, are two outstanding examples of art capable of changing the face of scholarship in the digital age. At STM we have a critical role to play in the digital preservation of science data and we are working closely with the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (National Library of the Netherlands) who are leading the European Task Force on Permanent Access to Science Data.
CURL – Research Libraries in the British Isles
- Introduction
- History of CURL
- CURL’s First Strategic Plan
- CAUL
- SCONUL
- Wolfson Foundation
- SPARC
- SHERPA
- British Library
- JISC
- Conclusion
By the end of the project, approximately 42,000 new online catalog records will have been created. The second of the three main directions in the 1997-2000 strategic plan was "access to resources".
Acknowledgements
It envisions a time when researchers, anywhere in the world and regardless of their discipline, will be able to identify resources in any form from their desktop, have access to an ever-increasing range of electronic resources, both native and digitized, have physical access to manuscripts or printed items that have not been digitized and cannot be moved, and have other printed items delivered to them efficiently from outside their institutions (http://www.curl.ac.uk/about/vision .htm). What they achieved by using automation to make catalog records more widely available, their successors are now doing by providing access to the entire contents of their collections.
Cultural and Strategic Implications of Digital
Libraries
- Introduction
- Style Matters
- And the Substance
- The Ecstasy of e-
- Power to the People?
- Jeux sans Frontières
- Sed Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes?
All this, with the total reliance on print, meant that libraries had a sense of permanence, both in their physical appearance and in the scale and nature of the activities that took place in them. What seems to have been lost in the process is much of the interaction between staff and users and the empathy that developed as a result.
Combining the Best of Both Worlds: the Hybrid
- Introduction
- What is a Hybrid Library?
- Recent History
- Content and Usage
- Integration
- Engagement and Embeddedness
- Economics
- Summary
The best may be "the enemy of the good", but the overly ready availability of the Internet often leads to a lack of critical evaluation of search results by both staff and students. There is no turning back: indeed, the pace of change is accelerating, and the challenge of managing that change is perhaps the most important element of the future of the hybrid library.
Barriers to Sharing Resources Between Higher Education Libraries: A Report to the Research Support Libraries Program (RSLP). The New Review Of Academic Librarianship,7, 101–210.
Beyond the Hybrid Library
Libraries in a Web 2.0 World
- Introduction
- The New Users
- Content
- The Research Process
- Social Systems as Competitors to Libraries
- Future Library Services
- Beyond the Hybrid Library
Any library with more than a few thousand titles (ie the vast majority of libraries) knows all about the long tail. 2006) It is the 'digital natives' versus the 'immigrants' when children go to work. The Observer, 1 October.
Libraries and Open Access: the Implications of Open-Access
Education Institutions
Introduction
Open access can benefit the research community in particular and society in general by improving information provision. Each of these points will be discussed in turn, but first a few remarks on the phenomenon of open access itself.
10.2 “Open Access”
- Benefits of OA
- The Range of OA Material
- The Impact of OA on Libraries
- New Roles
- The Future of Libraries
- Implementing OA in Institutions
- Conclusion
In this way, it is very easy for some great big deals to become "must haves". One specific function of information management that will continue to be important is storage.
Shaking the Foundations – Librarianship in
Transition
Scholarship and Libraries
Collectors and Collections
- Introduction
- Early Application of Computers to Libraries
- Professional Librarianship
- Use of Information Technology
- Collections
- Space Requirements
- Resourcing
- Further Institutional Collections
- Conclusions
9. As a result, many of the young researchers appointed by me during my librarianship secured senior positions in the university library field.
When is a Librarian not a Librarian?
- Introduction
- Learning Priorities in Manchester University Library
- Traditional Career Paths
- The Librarian’s Responsibilities
- Changing Roles?
- Conclusions
Many books were stolen from libraries, and library staff were very aware of the number of occasions when a reader looked for a book on the library shelves and found it missing. This aspect of being a librarian is not something to be learned from a textbook, but is part of the person himself.
New Dimensions of
Information Provision
Restructuring, Innovation, and
From Integration to Web Archiving
- Introduction
- Web Archiving
- Web Archiving Policy
- Challenges and Benefits
- Joint Initiatives
- Regulation
- National Web Archiving Strategy
- Global Exchange and Collaboration
- Further Issues
The largest Web archiving organization is the Internet Archive, which attempts to maintain an archive of the entire Web. It is within the context of developing and using common tools, techniques and standards that the British Library is involved in two important developments: the Web Curator Tool (WCT) and the Intelligent Automated Crawler.
Bibliography
Web archiving is quite a heavy backpack, but it is full of interesting challenges of all kinds: scientific, technical, legal and operational. In his 2005 presentation to the Union League of Philadelphia (Carr, 2005), Reg Carr asks “But where do all the great libraries of the world fit into the new digital environment.
Not Just a Box of Books: From Repository to Service Innovator
- Introduction
- Box of Books
- Information Access
- Transformation of Libraries and Librarians
- New Services
- Collaboration
- Innovation in Services
The huge structures of university libraries often reinforce the concept of the library as primarily a "box of books". After the media center moved to the same central facility, the use of DVDs and other media also increased significantly.
Learning Enhancement through Strategic Project
Introduction
