1
DIRECTIVES SPEECH ACTS IN DISNEY’S THE LITTLE MERMAID DRAMA BOOK BY DOUG WRIGHT
Ratih Anggraini1, Sesmiyanti2, Melati Theresia2
1Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat
2Dosen Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat [email protected]
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini adalah tentang tindak tutur direktif dalam drama Disney’s The Little Mermaid Book by Doug Wright. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tipe dan maksud tindak tutur direktif yang digunakan oleh karakter-karakter di dalam drama.
Teori yang digunakan oleh peneliti dalam penelitian ini adalah teori dari Kreidler tentang tipe tindak tutur direktif yaitu: perintah, permintaan, dan saran. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan konten analisis. Data yang diambil adalah data tentang tindak tutur direktif yang diucapkan oleh karakter-karakter dalam drama. Disney’s The Little Mermaid Book by Doug Wright. Dalam pengumpulan data peneliti memakai metode simak dengan menggunakan simak libat bebas cakap yang di kombinasikan dengan teknik catat. Dalam menganalisis data peneliti mamakai metode padan dengan menggunakan teknik pilah unsur penentu yang menggunakan metode padan referensial dan metode padan pragmatis. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini peneliti membaca naskah drama tersebut dan mengidentifikasi data. Peneliti mengklasifikasikan data ke dalam tindak tutur direktif berdasarkan teori dan konteks di dalam drama. Peneliti menganalisa maksud dari tindak tutur direktif yang di pakai di dalam drama. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat tiga tipe tindak tutur direktif terdapat di dalam drama Disney’s The Little Mermaid Book by Doug Wright yaitu: perintah (command); permintaan (request); dan saran (suggestion). Setiap tipe tindak tutur direktif memiliki maksud yang berbeda berdasarkan konteks pemakaiannya.
Kata Kunci: Tindak Tutur, Direktif, Disney’s The Little Mermaid
INTRODUCTION
Speech acts are classified into three category; Locutionary acts, Illocutionary acts, and Perlocutionary acts. Locutionary acts are the word that speaker used that has meaning.
Illocutionary acts are what the speaker intends to do by uttering something.
And Perlocutionary acts are the effect of act on the hearer of what the speaker say. Searle (2010, p1) said that there are five categories of illocutionary acts:
assertive, commissives, expressives, declarations and directives.
Directives speech acts are the utterances that the speaker used to ask hearer to do an action like the speaker wants. Directives speech acts did not only occur in daily conversation, but also found in movie, novel, short story, and drama. The character’s dialogues reflect people communication which consists of directive speech act. The characters apply directive speech acts in their utterances to deliver their
2 intended purposes such as when the characters ask the hearer to do something or when the characters express their feeling.
Drama is a unique tool to explore and express human feeling. Drama is not only about performing the dialogue but also the setting, stage, lighting, gesture and facial expression to entertain the audience. Drama is one of kinds of literary work that usually use speech acts to support the story which can give different feels and atmospher to the audience. Thus, the audience can more understand about the plot of the story. The drama that will use in this research is Disney’s The Little Mermaid drama book by Doug Wright based on Hans Christian Andersen’s short story and the disney film produced by Howard ashman and John Musker. This drama was produced Yew Chung International School Secondary in Hongkong. This drama was present first in sixth november 2014. This drama tells about a little princess, mermaid princess who wants to have legs and fall in love with young prince.
Drama derives from the Greek
“draein” (“to do,” “to act”), thereby referring to a performance or representation by actors. According to
Klarer (2004, p7) drama is the dramatic or performing arts, however, combine the verbal with a number of non-verbal or optical-visual means, including stage, scenery, shifting of scenes, facial expressions, gestures, make-up, props and lighting. It means that, drama is not only performed the dialogue but also facial expressions, gestures and other to make the story more attractive.
Drama is a performance that tells a story through dialogue that performed by the actors ont the stage. It can be classic or modern story. Usually drama performed by a group of actors not only an actor. In perform a drama the actors use facial expression, gesture, make up, lighting, and props to support their acting and make the story more attracting and easy to understand.
Speech act is kind of verbal communication that perform an action through language that used by people.
Yule (2010, p8) defines that an action performed by a speaker with the utterance. It means that every utterance that speaker said have different meaning and purpose depend on the context. It depends on the language ability of speaker to convey the message in communication. Therefore, the hearer should understand about the meaning of speech clearly to do the right action.
3 There are many types of speech act. Utterances can perform three kinds of act. Those are;
locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary acts.
a. Locutionary acts
A locutionary act is the simple act of saying something and meaning the things that people say. The locutionary act is the basic act of an utterance in producing a meaningful linguistic expression. For example, in the utterance “I’ve just made some coffee”, the locutionary act of this utterance is that the speaker has just made some coffee.
b. Illocutionary acts
Illocutionary act are the real actions which are performed by the utterance. It is an act of doing something. The illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance and it is an intended meaning of a speaker. For example, in the utterance “I’ve just made some coffee”, it means that, a speaker might utter it to make a request or an offer to someone else. There are five types of illocutionary acts;
assertives, directives, commissives, declarations, and expressive.
c. Perlocutionary acts
A perlocutionary act is the effect of an utterance. It deals with the effect on the hearer by means of uttering the sentences.
The example of a perlocutionary act can be see clearly in the utterance “I have just made some coffee”, which has the effect on the hearer. This utterance means that the speaker wants the hearer to drink the coffee that he or she has made.
Directive speech acts are the speaker try to get the hearer to do things. According to Kreidler (1998, p16) directive utterances are those in which the speaker tries to get the addressee to perform some act or refrain from performing an act. A directive utterance is prospective; one cannot tell other people to do something in the past. Like other kinds of utterance, a directive utterance presupposes certain condition in the hearer and in the context of situation.
For examples:
a) wait here;
b) turn to page 164;
4 In conclusion, directive speech acts are utterances that the speaker used to express their want which hearer or reader does action. It means that, in directives utterance, the speaker expresses their desire or wish for hearer to do something. It expresses what speaker wants and causes the hearer to take action.
There are three kinds of directive utterances can be recognized;
commands, requests and suggestions.
Those are explained further below:
Command
Command is effective only if the speaker has some degrees of control over the action of adressee. It means, something that said by the speaker to command the hearer to do something appropriates with the speaker wants. Speaker wants to command the hearer by using utterance in command form.
Command form are explained further below:
1) You must…
For examples: You must read this book
2) Imperative Sentence For examples: Don’t touch it!
Request
Request is the act of asking for something or something you asked for. Request is an expression of what the speaker want to addressee to do or refrain from doing. The request does not assume the speaker’s control over the person addressed.
For example: Could you open the window?
Suggestion
Suggestion is the utterance we make to other person to give our opinions as to what they should or should not. The hearer should not receive all of the speaker’s suggestion in communication. Suggestion as the speaker’s belief that contain some reason for the hearers to do what the speaker’s suggest and it will give advantages for the hearers.
Suggestion forms are explained further below:
5 I challenge you to, I propose you to, I encourage you to, I would discourage you from, I (would) remain you to, I dare you to, I suggest, I advise you to, I warn you, We suggest you, Let’s…
Context is the important part in understanding about pragmatic meaning because listener can catch the actual meaning of a speaker when uttering an utterance which has intended meaning. Context is the basic knowledge of what speaker and hearer have in their minds to understand the speaker utterance and the hearer can interpret what the speaker means in his or her utterance. According to Yule, (1996) context simply means the physical environment in which a word is used. Context also can help people understand or interpret the meaning of an utterance. If the context is ignored, misinterpretation of the meaning of the utterance may happen.
RESEARCH METHOD
The method of this research was qualitative research. Taylor and Bogdan, (2016, p31) defines that qualitative methodology refers in the broadest sense to research that produces descriptive data, people’s own written or spoken words.
Meanwhile, the source of data were
utterances that contains directives speech acts in the Disney’s The Little Mermaid drama. In this reasearch, there were two instruments. First, the main instrument was the researcher herself. Second, the secondary instrument was document checklist of analysis of directives speech acts based on kreidler’s theory (1998). The method of collecting data in this research was observational method.
According to Sudaryanto, (2015, p33) who states that observational method is a method which used by the researcher to observe the use of languange. It means observational method is a method that used to obtain the data by listening to language use.
Then, the reseacher collected the data by using non-participant observational technique and take a note technique. The data which was collected by the researcher categorized into the type of data according to Kreidler’s theory. The data noted in a paper by the reseacher.
After collecting the data, the reseacher would analyzed the data from the drama. In this research, the researcher used identity method because the reseacher analyzed outside of the language. The technique that
6 used by the researcher was dividing key factor technique.
In this research the researcher analyzed the utterances from the characters in The Little Mermaid drama by Doug Wright and find out the types and meaning of directives speech acts based on context.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION After analyzing the data, the researcher got the result of this research. In this research, the researcher tried to found out Directives speech act in Disney’s The Little Mermaid drama book by Doug Wright and found the meaning of each utterance. There were three types of directive acts performed by the characters in Disney’s The Little Mermaid drama book by Doug Wright based on Kreidler’s theory. Those were: directives speech acts as command found twenty two utterances, directive speech acts as request found four utterances, and directive speech acts as suggestion found four utterances. Each type was discussed below:
The first type is command.
Command is a kind of directive speech act which tells the hearer to do an action like the speaker said. The speaker commands the hearer to do
what he or she want. The example of command in Disney the Litle Mermaid drama is performed by Grimsby in dialogue with Prince Eric (Datum 18).
The context of conversation happened at the Palace Ballroom. Grimsby host a marvellous ball and invite all of countless eligible young ladies from far and wide country at Prince Eric’s twenty-first birthday party. Then grimsby make a contest, a singing contest. When the contest is going, Prince Eric looking for the mysterious voice he heard when a girl rescue him.
But, he never heard the mysterious voice. Grimsby said that the lovely voice from the contestant will match with the music in his heart. But, he keep looking for the mysterious voice.
Grimsby get unpatient and ordered him to choose someone to be his wife before his birthday is over. Grimsby’s utterance “You must choose someone”
is categorized as command because it is suitable with the indicator of command in kreidler’s theory. The utterance was consist of the word
“must”. The word “must” is used in imperative to make someone do something in which he cannot refuse it.
In this case, Prince Eric doo what Grimsby said and choose Ariel to be his wife. Based on the context and
7 theory above the researcher figure out meaning of Grimsby’s utterance is to instructed Prince Eric to choose someone and Prince Eric was agree.
The second type is request.
Request is an utterance that shows the speaker’s want the hearer to do something. Request something from somebody means to ask for something politely. The example of request in Disney’s The Little Mermaid drama is performed by Ariel in conversation with Ursula (Datum 1). The context of the conversation happened in Ursula’s lair. Ariel told his father did not understand her. Then, Ursula said she understand what Ariel’s want and she want Ariel to tell her everything. Ariel said she was fall in love to the Prince and Ursula said Ariel have to become a human. Ariel ask Ursula to help her and Ursula want to help Ariel to get her love. Ariel’s utterance “Can you help me?” in act one scene ten is directives speech act because the speaker ask the hearer to do what she said. In this case, the speaker (Ariel) ask the hearer (Ursula) to help her become a human and get her love. It is categorized as request because it is suitable with the indicator can that indicate the speaker ask the hearer to help her without forced. Based on the context and theory
above, the researcher figure out meaning of Ariel’s utterance is to ask Ursula do help her without a forced.
The last type is suggestion.
Suggestion is the utterance that made to other person to give our opinion as to what they should or should not do.
The example of suggestion in Disney’s The Little Mermaid drama is performed by Grimsby in conversation with Prince Eric (Datum 1). The context of the conversation above happened in the shore. He heard a girl voice when he was unconcious and he told it to grimsby but, Grimsby did not believe him. Grimsby said it just a sound of the sea and he suggest Prince Eric to come with him to the palace. Prince Eric insist that he heard a gils voice singing and he believe that girl safe him from the surf. He ask Grimsby to believe and he would prove it. Grimsby’s utterance
“You’d best come with me” is directives speech act because he suggest prince Eric to come with him to the palace and Prince Eric do it. It is categorized as Suggestion because it suitable with the indicator suggest in Kreidler’s Theory. He used “Would”
that indicate he gave a suggestion to the hearer. Based on the context and theory above, the researcher figure out meaning of Grimsby’s utterance is to
8 suggest Prince Eric to go to palace with him and take a rest until he felt good.
Based on the result above, it answered the research question in this research about types and meaning of directives speech act that are found in Disney The Little Mermaid drama book by Doug Wright. Based on finding, the researcher found three types directive speech acts in Disney The Little Mermaid drama. The types were:
command; request and suggestion. The researcher hopes this research can be useful for the next researcher who wants conduct the research about directive acts.
CONCLUSION
After conducting this research, the researcher found that there were three types of directive acts performed by the characters in Disney’s The Little Mermaid drama book by Doug Wright.
They were: command as directives speech acts; request as directive speech acts; and suggestion as directive speech acts.
REFERENCES
Disney’s The Little Mermaid Technical Script. Retrieve on
march from
http://ycisdisneyslittlemermaid.w eebly.com
Klarer, Mario. 2004. An Introduction to Literary Studies Second Edition. New York: Routledge.
Kreidler, Charles W. 1998.
Introducing English Semantics.
London: Routledge.
Mahsun, M. S. 2007. Metode Penelitian Bahasa: Tahapan Strategi, Metode, dan Tekniknya. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.
Searle, Jhon R. 2010.Classification of Illocutionary Acts. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press Sudaryanto. 2015. Metode dan Aneka
Teknis Analisis Bahasa.
Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University Press.
Taylor, Steven, R. Bogdan. 2016.
Introduction to Qualitative Research Method. Hoboken:
John Wiley & Sons
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press.
