The transfer of university technology was initiated by the 1980 amendment to the United States Patent Act, known as the “Bayh Dole Act”5 (hereinafter “the Act”). The main purpose of the law was to promote technology transfer activities in the academic field, especially for technology developed with government funding. The Act has led to tremendous progress in university technology transfer in the United States (hereinafter referred to as “the US”).
Supporters of the law argue that the existence of the Bayh Dole Act has indeed provided an incentive for university technology transfer. Contrary to the above, opponents of the Act argue that the existence of the Act was not the single factor affecting university technology transfer. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Historically, the movement of technology transfer in the educational zone by the U.S.
In the US, the growth of university technology transfer has been identified as an influence of the patent law amendment, called the "Bayh Dole Act". With the substantial achievement of the Act, scholars argue that the development of technology transfer in the US. In addition to supporters and opponents of the Act, there are scholars who continue to question the influence of the Act on university technology transfer activity.
Ivory Tower And Industrial Innovation: University Industry Technology Transfer Before And After The Bayh-Dole Act (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), s.
The Rapid Growth of University Technology Transfer in South Korea
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ROADMAP
Technology transfer activities involve a complex process from the developed research idea to the application of the research, as can be seen in the figure below. Technology transfer involves several activities starting from research idea, finding research fund, conducting research to discover new technology, protecting intellectual property, prototyping, finding a counterparty to enter the application phase, collaborating with partners, manufacturing a product or technology, marketing of the product, the sharing of financial benefits and the sharing of the contribution of the parties involved. The first phase begins with a research idea, obtaining financial support for the implementation of the research idea, conducting research at the university that ends in a new technology or product, and processing intellectual property protection for the research result.66 Financial support in the first phase mostly comes from state funds .
66 Elements that create technology in the technology development phase are respectively closely related to the inputs for the preparation of sufficient supply of technology that “require appropriate combination and quantities of the inputs. Harlow, "The Theory of Supply with Applications to the Ethical Pharmaceutical Industry," Journal Of Law And Economics pp. Once the research is done, the question will arise as to whether the technology needs protection against intellectual property, as well as the question of who will become the owner of the technology in question.
Technology developed in the early stages at the university is difficult to apply to a marketable product. Another phase will be needed to advance the technology and apply it to a salable product. To enter the second phase, the technology use phase, the university must complete the technology development phase.
The achievement of the technology development phase can be measured based on the availability and quality of technology that resulted from research activity in the technology development phase. The second phase, the technology utilization, starts with the assessment process, prototyping, product manufacturing, to marketing the product. In this second phase, the university will promote through the Technology Transfer Office to transfer the available technology or product to the other party (industry or company) through various schemes, including but not limited to licensing and selling technology.
In some cases, technology transfer occurs through the creation of a start-up or spin-off company. In the event that low-readiness technology is transferred through any of the schemes described above, it will require further investment from the university counterpart with regard to advancing the technology into a salable product. Additional investment by the counterparty may take the form of research pre-development, prototyping, production phase and final product marketing.
PATENT AND COMMERCIALIZATION
IDENTIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ACTIVITY IN INDONESIAN STATE UNIVERSITIES
Methodology
- Research Financial Support
- University Internal Policy in IPR Protection and Technology Transfer Both universities have internal policies that regulate IPR protection of technology
- University Perspective on Technology Transfer
- Technology Readiness Level
- The IPR Protection and Its Benefits
- Technology Transfer Schemes Employed by UI and IPB
- Parties Involved in Technology Transfer Activity and Their Roles at Universities
- CONCLUSION
On the part of the government, the herbal pharmaceutical industry has also received special attention and assistance from the Empirical Evidence of Technology Transfer Activity in Indonesia's State Universities. Through such an empirical study, some data and information were collected regarding the current situation in both universities (IPB and UI) in carrying out technology transfer. As a brief overview, through in-depth interviews the same situation was found regarding some elements of technology transfer in both universities.
Similar conditions were found regarding the issue of financial support for research, level of technology readiness, researcher mindset, relationship with industry, incentives for researchers, market demand for herbal products, internal university policy on intellectual property protection and technology transfer, university productivity in patents and government support for technology transfer at the respective university. Such a difference was found in relation to the issue of university perspective of technology transfer, parties within the university involved in technology transfer and their respective roles, technology transfer schemes, product manufacturing strategy, marketing strategy and benefits of technology transfer. In the application or commercialization phase of the product, based on IPB's experience, IPB's holding company, namely BLST Co., which facilitates the technology transfer activity, does not require a patent or any other IP protection to manufacture or market the product.
The first-year LPDP Grant program in support of the university's technology transfer activity offers support in the production phase of a product or technology. In IPB, technology transfer activities are mostly handled by the academic business unit (sometimes also called the commercial business unit). Among the business activities carried out by academic business units, technology transfer took place through several activities as follows:
The role of such parties at UI is as follows:. a) The head of department facilitates administrative and management matters on behalf of the researcher. The role of the relevant parties at IPB is as follows:. a) The Directorate for Business Development has a duty to manage university assets, especially those related to land, research expertise and networks. They shall supervise academic business units managed under the department/. b) The Directorate for Research and Innovation has the duty to manage all IPB technologies that are based on IPR protection.
The institute also conducts non-commercial technology transfer through a community service program. d) The role of the Research Center is to conduct basic and advanced research. In addition, the holding company also supports IPB in identifying counterparts for university technology or products and facilitates business negotiations. g) SERAMBI BOTANI (Marketing Unit). Although supported by limited resources and despite encountering some problems as described above, both universities have been able to carry out some technology transfer activities.
Based on the empirical study conducted in 2 (two) universities, namely IPB and UI, activities related to university technology transfer have actually involved IPR protection for technology and products resulting from research activity in the said universities. However, with regard to technology transfer activities (the technology exploitation phase), intellectual property rights do not seem to play a significant role. In addition, the IPB holding company (BLST.Co.), which is closely involved in technology transfer activities, also stated that with or without IPRs, technology exploitation is still happening.
Is Technology Transfer a Winning Proposition?” In Developing University-Industry Relationships – Pathways to Innovation from the West Coast.
