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Design and Prototyping of an Electric City Car for Two Passengers
(Conference Paper)
, , , , ,
Universitas Diponegoro, Mechanical Engineering Department, Semarang, Indonesia National Center for Sustainable Transportation Technology, Indonesia
Abstract
Land transport has contributed to air pollution that occurs. This forced the car manufacturers to improve the quality of their products in order to pass the exhaust emissions standards. In addition to exhaust emissions, the limited source of vehicle fuel energy is the reason some researchers develop electric cars. This article conveys the results of research on prototyping an electric city car for two passengers with wheel hub motor type configuration as our research pilot project related to electric cars. The data acquisition aids made are equipped with a LabVIEW-based human-machine interface that makes it easier for researchers to monitor the consumption of electric cars in real- Time. Based on the design process, manufacture, until testing, the value of drag coefficient is 0.47; testing for curb- weight is 510 kg; maximum speed is 75.3 km/hour; the maximum power is 3.03 kW at 602 rpm wheel speed; and the maximum torque is 50.8 Nm at a wheel speed of 516 rpm. For the state of charge, this prototype of an electric city
car is capable of traveling up to 42.4 km from 100% to 20% SOC. © 2019 IEEE.
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Author keywords
electric city car human machine interface wheel hub motor
Indexed keywords
Engineering controlled terms:
Air quality Battery management systems Data acquisition Design Electric automobiles Fuels Man machine systems Wheels
Engineering uncontrolled terms
Car manufacturers Design process Electric cities Exhaust emission Human Machine Interface Maximum torque State of charge Wheel-hub motors
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ICEVT 2019 - Proceeding: 6th International Conference on Electric Vehicular Technology 2019 November 2019, Article number 8994015, Pages 111-118
6th International Conference on Electric Vehicular Technology, ICEVT 2019; Bali; Indonesia; 18 November 2019 through 21 November 2019; Category numberCFP19N65-ART; Code 157785
Munadi, M.a,b Haryanto, I.a,b Ariyanto, M.a,b Setiawan, J.D.a,b Kurniawan, U.a Dwifa, M.B.a
a b
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Electric vehicles | Vehicles | Electric cars
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References (15)
Engineering main heading:
Automobile manufacture
Funding details
Funding sponsor Funding number Acronym
United States Agency for International Development USAID
Funding text
This paper was supported by USAID through Sustainable Higher Education Research Alliances (SHERA) Program- Centre for Collaborative Research (CCR) National Center for Sustainable Transportation Technology (NCSTT).
Holmberg, K., Erdemir, A.
(2019) Tribology International, 135, pp. 389-396. . doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2019.03.024
Kihm, A., Trommer, S.
(2014) Energy Policy, 73, pp. 147-157. . doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2014.05.021
Kempton, W., Letendre, S.E.
(1997) Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2 (3), pp. 157-175. . doi: 10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00001-1
See opportunities by USAID⬈
ISBN: 978-172812917-4
Source Type: Conference Proceeding Original language: English
DOI: 10.1109/ICEVT48285.2019.8994015 Document Type: Conference Paper
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
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6
THINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRIC VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2019
6 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRIC VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2019
NOVEMBER 18-21, 2019
FOUR POINTS BY SHERATON BALI, UNGASAN
CONFERENCE PROCEEDING
ORGANIZED BY:
12
6TH ICEVT 2019 SCHEDULE Monday, November 18, 2019
Time Activity
All Day Participant check-in
Tuesday, November 19, 2019 (ICEVT Day 1)
Time Activity
7:30 Registration Open
08:00-09:00
Opening Ceremony:
• Dr. Agus Purwadi – Chairman of 6th ICEVT 2019
• Prof. Dr. dr. A. A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S (K) – Rector of Universitas Udayana
• Prof. Ir. Kadarsah Suryadi – Rector of Institut Teknologi Bandung
• Prof. Dr. Bambang Permadi Soemantri Brodjonegoro, S.E., M.U.P., Ph.D.
– Minister of Research and Technology/Chairman of Agency for National Research and Innovation
“Arah Kebijakan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional dalam Menyongsong Revolusi Kendaraan Listrik”
09:00-09:35 Keynote Session 1 by Prof. Qing Zhou (Tsinghua University)
“Failure Mechanisms of Lithium-ion Batteries under Mechanical Loading”
09:35-10:10
Keynote Session 2 by Prof. Elham Sahraei (Temple University)
“Homogenized Modelling and Failure Characterization of Lithium-ion Battery for Electric Vehicle Application”
10:10-10:45
Keynote Session 3 by Prof. Simon Shepherd (University of Leeds)
“A Reflection on using Product Diffusion Models in Forecasting the Electric Vehicle Market”
10:45-11:20 Keynote Session 4 by Dr. Stephan Brandl (AVL Austria)
“Development of an Integrated Axle for MD Trucks for Urban Distribution Traffic”
11:20-11:55 Keynote Session 5 by Prof. Kikuo Kishimoto (Tokyo Institute of Technology)
“Multi-Material Structures and Mechanics of Materials Research”
11:55-13:25 Lunch Break 13:25-15:00 Parallel Session 1 15:00-15:30 Coffee Break 15:30-17.00 Parallel Session 2 19:00-21:00 Gala Dinner
PLENARY ABSTRACT: Prof. Qing Zhou
Failure mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries under mechanical loading Qing Zhou
School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, China
This talk will introduce failure mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries under mechanical loading and modeling for predicting battery responses and failures. For pouch cells under out-of-plane indentation loads, mechanical damages of battery materials may lead to occurrence of internal short circuit and the mechanisms include fractures of the separators as well as interactions between the separators and the coating layers on the anodes. In the multi-layer structure of battery, the separator, cathode, anode, coating and electrolyte are all have different material behaviors, they influence each other and jointly determine the overall responses of battery cells, making the battery model and failure prediction challenging. These understandings would benefit battery protection against impact loading with consideration of lightweighting at vehicle level.
PLENARY ABSTRACT: Prof. Elham Sahraei
Homogenized modelling and failure characterization of Lithium-ion battery for electric vehicle application
Elham Sahraei Temple University, USA
Lithium-ion batteries have been used extensively in the past decade in a variety of applications from portable devices to airplanes and electric vehicles. Battery packages used in electric vehicles experience dynamic loadings, shocks, and large deformations during normal operation as well as in a crash scenario. It is of paramount importance to battery manufacturers and the automotive industry to better understand how cells deform under such loadings and what conditions might damage a cell and lead to failure. This talk will focus on the experimental methods used to characterize material properties of lithium-ion batteries under large mechanical loading. Then using these materials for modeling crash response of batteries will be discussed. The models that will be discussed are capable of predicting profile of deformation and onset of short circuit in batteries in case of mechanical abusive loads.
32
PLENARY ABSTRACT: Prof. Simon Shepherd
A reflection on using product diffusion models in forecasting the electric vehicle market
Simon Shepherd
Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK
In this paper, I reflect on the use of product diffusion models using a system dynamics approach in the forecasting of transition pathways around the uptake of electric vehicles. I look back at how realistic my previous work was for the UK given we now have 8 years of sales data. I find that the previous forecast was overly optimistic and after re-validating the model the forecast is for a weal uptake at best. I consider the different elements of uncertainty in the used models. There are uncertainties in terms of input parameters based on validation with limited sales data, uncertainty from assumed behavioural parameters within the product diffusion process and the choice model.
Structural uncertainty in terms of assumed availability and finally structural uncertainty in terms of delay structure assumed in the typical models used to model fleet turn-over is considered. This last structure has important implications on the most optimistic transitions often in the minds of key stakeholders and policy makers. Finally, I look at the use of such a model in the electric scooter market for Bandung.
Keywords: system dynamics, transition pathways, modelling, policy PLENARY ABSTRACT: Dr. Stephan Brandl
Development of an Integrated Axle for MD Trucks for Urban Distribution Traffic Jürgen Tochtermann1, Stephan Brandl2
1AVL Commercial Driveline & Tractor Engineering GmbH, Steyr, Austria
2AVL List GmbH, Graz, Austria
The need for zero emission transport solutions in urban areas is strongly driven by topics like local air pollution, noise emissions as well as global CO2 reduction and public pressure. One solution for this demand are battery electric vehicles with the focus to provide emission free urban transportation combined with lowest total cost of ownership and consequently a positive business case for the end customers. Requirements and approaches to achieve this important goal are discussed in this paper.
Keywords: electrification, e-axle, cooling, powertrain integration
PLENARY ABSTRACT: Prof. Kikuo Kishimoto
Multi-Material Structures and Mechanics of Materials Research Kikuo Kishimoto
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Modern machines and structures are composed of various types of materials to realize required various demands. Multi-material structures become common and effective design methodology needs to be developed to treat complex problem of multi-materials design. In order to satisfy the design requirements and ensure the safety and reliability, it is important to understand the mechanical characteristics of materials to be employed. Bi-material system is basic element in multi- material structures and the performance of this system strongly depends on the strength of interface.
Understanding the interface strength is crucial issue.
In this presentation, several mechanics of material researches relating to multi-material structures are presented such as characterization and modeling of the mechanical behaviors of the materials which are used for automobile components. The materials studied are the aluminum alloys and polymer materials and their performances are investigated under impact loading and repeated loading. Various approaches of interfacial mechanics are also reviewed. Molecular dynamic approach, singular stress approach, energy release rate approach and cohesive zone model approach are introduced and their characteristics are examined. As an example of multi-material structures, multilayer structures composed of adhesive layer is picked up. Several testing methods for adhesive films are presented such as adhesion test, peeling test, Nano-indentation test and probe tach test. The characteristic parameters such as energy release rate is examined.
PLENARY ABSTRACT: Prof. Masaki Omiya
Fracture and Strength of Advanced High Strength Steels for Car Body Structure Masaki Omiya
Keio University, Japan
Recently, Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSSs) have been widely applied to the body parts in automobile industry. AHSSs have high tensile strength but poor ductility. Many researches about the fracture prediction of AHSSs have been carried out and the prediction scheme for crack initiation and propagation based on numerical simulation have been successfully developed. In this presentation, the research activity of AHSSs in JSAE Structure & Strength Committee and the design approach based on load path theory for protecting occupants and batteries during side impact will be introduced.
6
6TH ICEVT 2019 COMMITTEE Chairman: Dr. Agus Purwadi
Vice Chairman: Dr. Eng. I Made Gatot Karohika Technical Committee:
Dr. Bentang A Budiman Ainul Ghurri, Ph.D. Dr. I Made Parwata Dr. Poetro L Sambegoro I Ketut Adi Atmika, M.T. Ketut Astawa, M.T.
Dr. Tua A Tamba Dr. Wayan Nata Septiadi Cok Istri Putri Kusuma K, M.Si.
Dr. Arwindra Rizqiawan I Made Widiyarta, Ph.D. I Putu Lokantara, M.T.
Muhammad Farda, M.Sc. Natasya Coniyanti, M.Sc. I Gusti Agung Kade Suriadi, M.T.
Dita Novizayanti, S.Si. Rika Felicita, S.Si. I Nyoman Budiarsa, Ph.D.
Yosa Esvianda, M.M. Bejo Ropii, S.Si.
Advisory Board:
Prof. I Nyoman Gede Antara (Universitas Udayana, Indonesia)
Prof. Iswandi Imran
(Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia) Prof. Muhammad Nizam, Ph.D.
(Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia)
Prof. Masyhur Irsyam
(Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia) Prof. Yanuarsyah Haroen
(Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia)
Prof. Ade Sjafruddin
(Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia) Prof. Muhammad Aziz
(University of Tokyo, Japan)
Prof. Sudarso Kaderi
(Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia) Prof. Andi Isra M
(Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia)
Sigit Puji Santosa, Sc.D.
(Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia) Prof. Ichsan Setyaputra
(Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia)
Dr. Hilwadi Hindersah
(Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia) Prof. Yatna Yuwana
(Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia)
Dr. Puguh B Prakoso
(Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Indonesia) Prof. Yul Y Nazaruddin
(Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia)
Sulistyo, Ph.D.
(Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia) Prof. Muljo Widodo K
(Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia)
Dr. Muhammad Muntaha
(Institut Teknologi Kalimantan, Indonesia) Prof. Tatacipta Dirgantara
(Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia)
Dr. Joni Arliansyah
(Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia) Prof. Mardjono S
(Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia)
Semuel Y.R. Rompis, Ph.D.
(Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Indonesia)
INVITED PAPERS
1_RP-264 Development of an Integrated Axle for MD Trucks for Urban Distribution
Traffic 1
PARALLEL SESSION 1 SCHEDULE Padang-padang 1 Meeting Room
2_RP-245 Development of Active Cell to Cell Battery Balancing System for Electric Vehicle Applications
4 3_RP-236 Effect of NaTi
2(PO
4)
3Coating on Improving Capacity Retention of Li-rich
Li
1.13Ni
0.2Co
0.2Mn
0.47O
2Cathode 11
4_RP-235 Reducing Synthesis Time of LiNi
0.8Co
0.15Al
0.05O
2(NCA) Cathode Material by Microwave Heat Treatment
14 5_RP-218 Synthesis of Exfoliated Graphene as Anode Material using a Modified
Electrochemical Process 17
6_RP-132 Low Cost Charging Station for Electric Vehicle: Design and Prototyping 20 7_RP-154 Modeling and Simulation of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Using Modified
Battery Cell Model
25
PARALLEL SESSION 1 SCHEDULE Padang-padang 2 Meeting Room
8_RP-259 An Input-to-State Stable Implementation of Event-Triggered CBTC 31 9_RP-215 Estimation of Received Signal Power 5G-Railway Communication
Systems
35 10_RP-231 Implementation of Motion Cueing and Motor Position Control for Vehicle
Simulator with 4-DOF-Platform
40 11_RP-229 Real-Time Image Processing Method Using Raspberry Pi for a Car Model 46 12_RP-133 Added Mass and Drag Prediction Using CFD Fluent Simulation for an
Autonomous Barge Parameters
52 13_RP-233 Using Particle Swarm and Brain Storm Optimization for Predicting Bus
Arrival Time
58
PARALLEL SESSION 1 SCHEDULE Balangan 1 Meeting Room
14_RP-173 Acceptance of Electric Vehicle in Indonesia: Case Study in Bandung 63 15_RP-249 A Study of the Passenger Expectations of the Public Transportation Service
in the City of Martapura
72 16_RP-165 Socioeconomic Impacts and Consumer Preferences Analysis of Electrified
Vehicle in Indonesia
80 17_RP-167 Estimating the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Electrified Vehicle in
Indonesia
88
PARALLEL SESSION 1 SCHEDULE Balangan 2 Meeting Room
18_RP-234 Side Collision Analysis of Electric Bus Frame using Finite Element Method
100
19_RP-241 Energy Consumption Simulation and Analysis of Rear-Driven Electric Bus
with Regenerative Braking 105
20_RP-214 Design and Prototyping of an Electric City Car for Two Passengers 111 21_RP-152 Machining Simulation of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Using Finite Element Method
(FEM)
119 22_RP-222 Sandwich Panel Composite Based Light-Weight Structure Design for
Reserved Energy Storage System (RESS) Protection
124
PARALLEL SESSION 1 SCHEDULE Balangan 3 Meeting Room
23_RP-137 PHEV Mode Selection Strategy for Full Battery Consumption and Known Traffic Condition on Intercity Commuting
135 24_RP-126 Energy Effectiveness of Advanced Vehicle for Urban Transportation 138 25_RP-161 Characterization of Pole Location on Unipolar Axial Eddy Current Brake 143 26_RP-117 The Influence of Aluminum Conductor Shape Modification on Eddy-
Current Brake Using Finite Element Method
146
PARALLEL SESSION 2 SCHEDULE Padang-padang 1 Meeting Room
27_RP-248 Development of Big Data Analytics Platform for Electric Vehicle Battery Management System
151 28_RP-272 Modelling, identification and simulation of hybrid battery/supercapacitor
storage system used in vehicular applications
156 29_RP-171 Design Study of Battery System Protection Structure Based on Hybrid
Material Fiber Metal Laminate (FML)
163 30_RP-262 Design of Battery Management System (BMS) for Lithium Iron Phosphate
(LFP) Battery 170
31_RP-226 Synthesis of Nanostructured Silicon Nanoparticles for Anodes of Li-Ion Battery
175
PARALLEL SESSION 2 SCHEDULE Padang-padang 2 Meeting Room
32_RP-138 The Effect of Vehicle Inertia on Regenerative Braking Systems of Pure
Electric Vehicles 179
33_RP-260 Power Optimization of Electric Motor using PID-Fuzzy Logic Controller 189 34_RP-150 Experimental Investigation on Implementing Autonomous Bus Control
Using Lyapunov Approach 196
35_RP-230 Localization Method for Autonomous Car Using Virtual Sensing System 202 36_RP-268 System Identification of Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) Using Black
Box Method for Electric Vehicle Speed Control System
208 37_RP-204 Experimental Study on the Aerodynamic Performance of Autonomous Boat
with Wind Propulsion and Solar Power
213 38_RP-223 Channel Measurement-based Ray-tracing Analysis for High Speed Railway
Scenario at 800MHz
220
PARALLEL SESSION 2 SCHEDULE Balangan 2 Meeting Room
39_RP-246 Rectangular Crash Boxes Implementation on Impact Energy Absorbing
System for Lightweight Rail Vehicle Application 225 40_RP-140 Characterization of Multi-Cell Thin-walled Columned Subjected to Axial
Loading
231 41_RP-151 Lightweight Structure Characterisation of Thin-walled Column Subjected
to Biaxial Loadings 238
42_RP-122 Using Multi-Quadrotor System for Effective Road Mapping 246 43_RP-263 Automotive Real-Time Operating System in Vehicular Technology
Progress Review
253 44_RP-115 Design of DC Fast Charging Buck Converter for LFP Battery on Electric
Car
258 45_RP-209 Designing Automatic Syringe Shaker as The Supporting Media for Method
of Dissolved Gas Transformer Oil Analysis
263 46_RP-178 Sensorless Control of Railway Traction Motor in The Energy Point of
View
267
PARALLEL SESSION 2 SCHEDULE Balangan 3 Meeting Room
47_RP-177 Experimental Method for Improving Efficiency on Photovoltaic Cell Using Passive Cooling and Floating Method
272 48_RP-174 Placement Static Var Compensator (SVC) for Improving Voltage Stability
Based on Sensitivity Analysis : A Case Study Of 500 KV Java-Bali Electrical Power System
276
49_RP-175 Design Close-Loop Control of BLDC Motor Speed Using Fuzzy Logic Method in Solar Power Water Pump with MATLAB/Simulink
281
50_RP-131 Optimization of Multiphase Cascaded DC-DC Boost Converters 285 51_RP-186 Magnetic Flux Modelling and Analysis of 120 kW Brushless DC Motor for
Medium Bus Application Based with JMAG
290 52_RP-265 Magnetostatic simulation in a novel magnetorheological elastomer-based
loudspeaker surround
295 53_RP-129 Performance Improvement of Axial Switched Reluctance Motor using
Low-Cost Magnet 300
PARALLEL SESSION 3 SCHEDULE Padang-padang 1 Meeting Room
54_RP-256 Preparation of Kerosene Soot Carbon Electrode and Its Application in Lithium Ion Battery
304
55_RP-141 Review of Solid State Battery Technology Progress 310 56_RP-247 Battery Temperature Rate of Change Estimation by Using Machine
Learning 316
57_RP-261 Chaotic Behavior of Battery State of Health 323
58_RP-257 Modelling and Optimization of Energy Range Extended Electric Bus
Strategy Management System Using Dynamic Programming 328 59_RP-266 Simulation Method for Extended-Range Electric Vehicle Battery State of
Charge and Energy Consumption Simulation based on Driving Cycle
336
PARALLEL SESSION 3 SCHEDULE Padang-padang 2 Meeting Room
60_RP-172 Prototyping of Bluetooth-Based Wireless Strain Measurement System for
Freight Overload Prevention 345
61_RP-221 Road Crack Detection using Support Vector Machine (SVM) and OTSU Algorithm
349 62_RP-217 The Effect of Air Gap on Braking Performance of Eddy Current Brakes on
Electric Vehicle Braking Systems
355
PARALLEL SESSION 4 SCHEDULE Padang-padang 2 Meeting Room
63_RP-250 Finite Element Analysis of CRCP Slab Track Built with Active Crack Control System
359 64_RP-242 Simulation Study on Thermal Characteristics and Temperature Distribution
of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack in Electric Trike
368
65_RP-243 Battery Thermal Characteristics Estimation Using Finite Element Method 372 66_RP-244 Battery Discharging Temperature Prediction Using Holt’s Double
Exponential Smoothing
378 67_RP-212 Modelling of Field Orientation Control (FOC) Method in 120 kW
Brushless DC Motor (BLDC)
383 68_RP-270 Comparison Power Consumption 125 Watts Pump by Using AC and DC
Based on Solar Energy 390
69_RP-127 Design of Five Stages Cockroft-Walton with Passive Filter 393
[ABS-93]
Design and Prototyping of an Electric City Car for Two Passengers
Munadi1*, Ismoyo Haryanto1,2, Mochammad Ariyanto1,2, Joga Dharma Setiawan1,2, Urip Kurniawan1, M. Beny Dwifa1
1Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
2National Center for Sustainable Transportation Technology, Indonesia
Abstract
Land transport has contributed to air pollution that occurs. This forced the car manufacturers to improve the quality of their products in order to pass the exhaust emissions standards. In addition to exhaust emissions, the limited source of vehicle fuel energy is the reason some researchers develop electric cars. This article conveys the results of research on prototyping an electric city car for two passengers with wheel hub motor type configuration as our research pilot project related to electric cars. The data acquisition aids made are equipped with a LabVIEW-based human-machine interface that makes it easier for researchers to monitor the consumption of electric cars in real-time. Based on the design process, manufacture, until testing, the value of drag coefficient is 0.42; testing for curb-weight is 510 kg; maximum speed is 75.3 km/hour; the maximum power is 3.03 kW at 602 rpm wheel speed; and the maximum torque is 50.8 Nm at a wheel speed of 516 rpm. For the state of charge, this prototype of an electric city car is capable of traveling up to 42.4 km from 100% to 20% SOC.
Keywords: electric city car, wheel hub motor, human machine interface Topic: EV Body, Chassis, and Platform
46
ABSTRACT LIST: PARALLEL SESSION 1, Balangan 1 Meeting Room [ABS-87]
Electric scooter use: Lessons from Asian cities, prospects and challenges for Indonesia Chandra Balijepalli
Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK
Abstract
This paper reviews the electric scooter (motorcycle) use in three countries viz., China, Taiwan and Vietnam and identifies the prospects for Indonesia. This review is based on published information in scientific journals and the prospects projected for Indonesia are based on a collective learning experience from other countries rather than as a result of the implementation of policy. Towards the end of twentieth century, several Chinese cities have implemented regulatory measures such as suspending issuance of new licences, banning the entry of motorcycles/scooters to city centres, capping/auctioning of licence plates. These regulatory measures created favourable conditions for the promotion of electric scooters in Chinee cities. Weak enforcement of standards also helped the electric scooter market further which resulted in a boom in their numbers from a mere 56000 in 1998 to 21million in just 10 years.
However the policy at regional level is inconsistent which makes the future of electric scooter uncertain in China. Taiwan made a conscious effort persistently over a number of decades to promote electric scooters firstly to sustain the oil shock and then to improve the air quality in their cities. Instead of adopting a regulatory approach, they relied on subsidies as a strategy to promote e-scooters which was quite successful as the sales went up by 8.79 times (779% increase) from 1500 in 1998 to 13000 vehicles in year 2000. However, inconsistent quality and inadequate maintenance quickly dampened e- scooter sales that led to the suspension of the subsidy programme. In 2009 Taiwan revived the promotion again by addressing three key issues identified – cruise range/long charging time, durability of battery/high running cost and nationwide recharging network. Vietnam has a high motorcycle population (>90% of total number of vehicles) and can potentially benefit from adopting e-scooters to reduce the air pollution. A stated preference experiment found that consumers are highly sensitive to fuel prices though they discount the fuel cost savings at much higher rates (up to 40%) due to the uncertainty involved. Superior technology of e-scooters is valued at VND 10 million which implies that if better technology is delivered at cheaper prices, the adoption rate will significantly improve. Finally consumers are willing to pay VND 1.64 million to avoid a sales tax of one million. This equates to reducing the recharge time by 3.5h or increasing the range by 90km. Thus incentivising the consumers is likely to help boosting the e-scooter sales by a significant margin. Learning from the experience, Indonesia may develop an appropriate strategy to launch their e-scooter programme which is balanced between incentivising the consumers/manufacturers/ charging station operators and regulatory measures such as phasing out polluting internal combustion engines by raising the emission standards.
Significant adoption rate in Indonesia will improve the air quality in Indonesian cities.
Keywords: Electric scooter, suitable development, air quality Topic: EV Socio-Economical Impact
[ABS-19]
Estimating the uptake of electric motorcycles in Bandung city using discrete choice modelling methods
Muhammad Farda1, Simon Shepherd2, Chandra Balijepalli2, Romain Crastes dit Sourd2, Tryas Praesha1, Harun Alrasyid Lubis1
1Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia
2University of Leeds, UK
Abstract
Transportation sector has been the main contributor to greenhouse gas emissions globally and is more significant in emerging economies where the vehicle growth is very high. Immediate as well as long term strategic measures need to be developed and implemented to tackle the growing problem.
Indonesia is a country with high vehicle population particularly dominated by gasoline motorcycles. The Indonesian government has acknowledged the problem and been formulating policies to support vehicle electrification as the way ahead. A joint Indonesian industry and research institution has been designing an electric motorcycle to promote the policy on vehicle electrification. However, the question emerges whether electric motorcycles can compete with gasoline motorcycles in Indonesia. This study assesses the uptake of electric motorcycle in Indonesia, particularly in Bandung city which is the 3rd most populous city in the country. This study designed a bespoke stated preference survey questionnaire to capture the preferences of the users and analysed data using discrete choice methods. In particular, three models, namely multinomial logit, mixed logit and hybrid logit are used to assess the share of electric motorcycles. This study contributes to the literature by adding new charging methods, namely plug-in and battery swap, either at home / office parking or charging station. In addition, this study measures the importance of electric motorcycle attributes, such as purchase price, operational cost, maximum speed and range per charging, and estimates the marginal willingness to pay. An understanding on factors influencing electric motorcycle uptake will be beneficial for manufacturers to improve the performance of electric motorcycles. Moreover, the policy makers will also benefit by knowing which aspects of electric motorcycle they need to support for it to reach a high penetration.
The outcomes of choice models feed into a system dynamic diffusion model which considers broader factors affecting the electric motorcycle uptake over a period of time which is presented in a separate paper.
Keywords: Electric Motorcycle, Choice Modelling, Stated Preference Topic: EV Socio-Economical Impact
50
[ABS-21]
Investigating Factors to Support Electric Scooter Uptake: The Case of Bandung City Simon Shepherd2, Tryas Praesha1, Chandra Balijepalli2, Muhammad Farda1
1Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan Institut Teknologi Bandung
2Institute for Transport Studies University of Leeds
Abstract
The negative impact of air pollution resulted from transportation sector gives a strong signal to many countries, including Indonesia, in order to deliver less polluting and more energy efficient modes of transport. Indonesia is the one of the highest greenhouse gas emitters in the world with progressive growth of gasoline cars and motorcycles sales over the years. Indonesian government has identified the problem and has been planning to support the implementation of Electric Vehicles (EV). One new local electric scooter manufacturer named GESITS has been developing the electric scooter in response to the Indonesian government’s plan of vehicle electrification. The question then arises as to what sort of policy required to foster the electric vehicles introduction to the market and to make the uptake self- sustaining. This study reports on system dynamics model-based study of factors which may influence demand for electric vehicles with Bandung City as the study area. The core of this paper is system dynamic model, which enable us to identify significant factors to get successful diffusion of Electric Scooters taking into account the complexity of several interrelated elements. The model used in this study builds on system dynamic work by Struben and Sterman (2008) and extends it with similar approach done by Shepherd et al (2012) to allow analysis of the Bandung market. This study contributes to past literature since none of them studied the diffusion model for electric scooters. We show that certain attributes such as price and range have a decent impact on take-up under business as usual case if we set them as dynamic value that affected by cumulative experience instead of fixed value, while subsidies have little impact on take-up. We introduce a conditional marketing scenario and tests the impact of policies such as removal of fuel subsidies and instead adding a fuel tax on gasoline motorcycle, as well as impact of vehicle attribute factors such as charging method to tip the market into successful trajectory. This study explored the sensitivity of the results to assumptions on reference rate of social exposure, average scooter life, and word of mouth. The results of this study have significant policy implications that will benefit policy makers
Keywords: electric scooter, system dynamics Topic: EV Socio-Economical Impact
[ABS-18]
Side Collision Analysis of Electric Bus using Finite Element Method Ojo Kurdi1,2*, Djoeli Satrijo1, Ismoyo Haryanto1,2, Agus Suprihanto1, Shukri Yob3, Iqbal
Taufiqurrahman1
1Mechanical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
2National Center of Sustainable Transportation Technology, Indonesia
3Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Melaka (UTEM), Melaka, Malaysia
Abstract
At present the bus is a means of transportation which is believed to be able to overcome the problem of mass transportation and is expected to reduce the density of traffic flow. The reality in the field of traffic accidents involving buses often occurs, including buses that have slips, rolled over, collided with other vehicles or fellow buses from the front, rear and side, and so on. The choice of material in the frame structure must be considered, where the material must have characteristics that are light, strong against impact, because it will experience static and dynamic loading. This is intended so that there is no structural failure at any time. In this study, a side crash simulation was carried out on the frame structure of a medium-sized electric bus using 3 different types of material. The first material is the standard material of JIS 3445 STKM 13A. Then after simulating with a safe standard material, a simulation with alternative materials is carried out namely Aluminum 6005A T6 and Aluminum 6061 T6.
The choice of alternative materials aims to reduce the weight of the vehicle and still pay attention to the security factor in the form of residual space. In the three types of simulated materials, the Baja JIS 3445 STKM 13A material weighs 2456 Kg, displaces 96.72 mm and voltage 215.5 MPa. Then the material of Aluminum 6005A T6 has a weight of 1122 Kg, displacement of 109.8 mm, and a voltage of 230.5 MPa.
While the material of Aluminum 6061 T6 has a weight of 941.9 kg, displacement of 103 mm, and voltage of 270.5 MPa. From the results of the simulations that have been made, the recommendations for the material that can be used on a medium size electric bus are Aluminum 6061 T6.
Keywords: Electric Bus, Side Collision, Superstucture, Residual Space, Alternative Material Topic: EV Body, Chassis, and Platform
63
[ABS-7]
A Review On DC–DC Converter Topologies and Controls for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications
Pronay Kumar Chakrobarty*, Shruthi Mukundan, Eshaan Ghosh, Narayan C. Kar,
Centre for Hybrid Automotive Research and Green Energy, University of Windsor, ON, Canada
Abstract
Fuel cells are being widely implemented as energy sources for various applications including hybrid electric vehicles as they offer lower emissions and improve the environmental conditions. However, due to their low output voltage and wide variation from no-load to full-load, a DC-DC converter is required to interface the fuel cell with the load. The major challenges associated with such DC-DC converters are to obtain high voltage gains and high efficiency for the overall performance of the fuel cell hybrid vehicle system. Therefore, it is of primary importance to select a suitable converter topology and flexible controls system which can capable of satisfying all the performance requirements. Thus, this paper presents a comparative review of DC –DC converters in power conditioning for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles with discussion on recent trends in converter control strategies.
Keywords: Converter, Control strategy, Electric Vehicle, Fuel Cell, Topology Topic: Power Electronics and Its Applications
[ABS-11]
Modelling, identification and simulation of hybrid battery/supercapacitor storage system used in vehicular applications
Ghoulam Yasser*, Mesbahi Tedjani, Durand Sylvain, Paul Théophile
ICube laboratory (UMR CNRS 7357) - INSA Strasbourg
Abstract
The energy transition in the field of individual transport requires first of all changes in thinking: Do we need such important mobility ranges in our everyday lifes? How to use the vehicles stopping times for battery charging? etc. However, this energy transition also requires technological improvements, mainly in the storage of electrical energy. In this context, the electric vehicle application is a rather particular field of application since it requires both a high degree of energy and a high-power requirement. It tends not to be compatible with existing storage systems. One of the ideas to overcome this problem is to use a High Energy lithium-ion battery (HE) coupled with supercapacitors. The latter is used as a buffer to assist and preserve the battery, by responding to high and medium changes of current. It can also be charged during the deceleration and braking phases. In this case, the battery only sees the slow current changes. This paper presents a modelling, identification and validation of the behavior of the two main energy storage devices, battery and supercapacitor, of the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in electric vehicle applications. Besides of both main storage elements, the HESS includes a bi-directional DC/DC power converter suitable for power electronic interface between the battery main energy storage system and the supercapacitor. This work begins by the modeling of DC/DC converter. Then the electric state space models of both power sources, battery and supercapacitor, are also developed. And following that lead, the identification of both storage components constituting the HESS is carried out via many optimization methods based on experimental data of an urban electric vehicle. For that, a test bench is used for battery and supercapacitor characterization, while trying to be as close as possible to the real electric vehicle application. The obtained results show the good performance of the state space developed models comparing with the experimental results from a test bench developped in our laboratory at INSA Strasbourg.
Keywords: Electric vehicle, hybrid energy storage system, lithium-ion battery, supercapacitor, optimization algorithm, bidirectional DC/DC converter, state space, identification, test bench Topic: Battery Technology and Management System
75
[ABS-35]
Channel Measurement based Ray-Tracing Analysis for High Speed Railway Scenario at 800MHz
Irsyad Ridwany1*, Adit Kurniawan1,2, Tutun Juhana1,2, Bo Ai3, Longhe Wang3
1School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
2National Center for Sustainable Transportation Technology (NCSTT), Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
3State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044, Beijing, China
Abstract
The analysis of channel measurement based ray-tracing (RT) simulation nowadays is considered as one of the most effective in solving traffic railway communication. In order to handle the increasing capacity demand for higher transmission capabilities, the railway communication system should be support by high data rate connectivity and feasible in many areas included urban area. The channel characteristic for railway scenario are explored by RT analysis method in the simulation at 800 MHz with 20 MHz bandwidth. Also most straightforward way to increase capacity is to add more bandwidth.
The scenario for high speed railway (HSR) are modeling in urban area. However due to channel information parameters are extracted and incorporated into a 3GPP-like random channel generator.
Well to analysis the channel measurement depend on ray-tracing for HSR can be adjusted with the channel information on the area.
Keywords: Channel measurement, ray tracing, bandwidth, and modeling Topic: Transportation Safety
ABSTRACT LIST: PARALLEL SESSION 3, Balangan 1 Meeting Room [ABS-91]
How Engineering Service Providers Can Support Local EV Development Stephan Brandl*
AVL GmbH, Austria
*[email protected] Abstract
Content of this session will be how engineering service suppliers can support Indonesia economy and Indonesian OEMs to boost local EV development. In the beginning, most important components for future EVs and required charging solutions will be highlighted. Additionally, a brief overview of potential component developments and integration of off-the-shelf systems as well as production and cost engineering will be presented.
Keywords: Engineering, Local EV development, OEM Topic: Electric System, Drives, Motors, Machinery
106
[ABS-16]
Novel Design of Four-Wheeler Electric vehicle with Semi-Autonomous Control System for Developing Countries
Mohammad Zahirul Islam, Ali Ahsan, A.K.M. Waliuzzaman*, Mohammad Abdul Hannan, Md Khalilur Rhaman, Md Saiful Islam
BRAC University, Dhaka
Abstract
Electric three-wheeler vehicles are getting popular in many progressive countries and Bangladesh is one of them. Based on the study of current vehicle systems in Bangladesh novel design of a four- wheeler low cost safe electric vehicle has been approached in this research paper for daily uses. Double wishbone independent suspension system with high performance shock absorber helps the design to ensure a smooth movement. Implementation of CAN Bus system minimizes wire management and ensures a flawless data transfer with interactive control system. Sensor node based forward collision avoidance algorithm has been proposed to assuring safety and introducing a semi-autonomous control system. Custom designed integrated GPS tracking system diminish the chance of unwanted theft threat and maintain a strong navigation system. Different software-based simulation with a couple of real-life experiments in different road condition justify the sustainability and accuracy for all the designed systems.
Keywords: Electric car, Collision avoidance, CAN bus System Topic: Electric System, Drives, Motors, Machinery
ABSTRACT LIST: PARALLEL SESSION 4, Padang-padang 2 Meeting Room [ABS-68]
Finite Element Analysis of CRCP Slab Track Built with Active Crack Control System Puguh Budi Prakoso1,2*, Bernhard Lechner3
1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universitas Lambung Mangkurat,
2National Center for Sustainable Transportation Technology, Indonesia
3Chair and Institute of Road, Railway and Airfield Construction, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Abstract
Ballastless track is designed for long time period of service up to 60 years or even more. It has main goal to achieve a high performance and less significant maintenance during the service. One development of the standard design, which can be introduced to improve a continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) railway track is by implementing active crack control construction type on the conventional CRCP track. In this system, the in-situ casted of CRCP slab is cut in a spacing interval immediately after it reaches a certain level of sufficient hardening state. This study is conducted to discuss the standard design procedures and the performance of slab track Rheda-2000 based on the long year experience of its implementation in Germany and to study parameters of cut spacing and subgrade bearing capacity of the Rheda-2000 built with active crack control system. The static Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has been carried out using 3D model in ANSYS to assess the performance of the standard Rheda-2000 built with active crack control system based on ultimate limit state design criteria. The substructure support is also ranged to investigate the limit performance of the system and to represent different levels of subgrade bearing capacity. The assessment is mainly based on the safety factor and comprises a combination of theoretical, analytical, empirical and FEA methods of ballastless track design procedures. The results demonstrate that there is a critical length of cut spacing of the slab and certain required bearing capacity limit of the substructure to achieve an equilibrium and optimal slab track designed with active crack control system.
Keywords: Rheda-2000, CRCP, active crack control, slab track, FEA Topic: Transportation Safety
