dokumen file 978924007891326

(1)

Stunting affected an estimated 22.3 per cent or 148.1 million children under 5 globally in 2022

STUNTING

148.1 million

Wasting threatened the lives of an estimated 6.8 per cent or 45 million children under 5 globally in 2022

WASTING

45 million

Overweight affected an estimated 5.6 per cent or 37 million children under 5 globally in 2022

OVERWEIGHT

37 million

OVERWEIG HT OVERW

EIGH T OV

ERW EIGHT O

ERV EIG W O HT RW VE HT O EIG WEI VER T O GH WE VER HT IG VE O RW GEI

EROVWEIT GHHT OVERWEIGHT OVERWEIGHT OVERWEIG

HT OVERW EIGH

T OV

T OERHWEIG

ERV EIG W VER HT O HT WEIG RW OVE HT EIG ER OV EI W HG OT

VERW

EIGHT OVERWEIGHT OVERWEIGHT

OVERW EIGHT OV

ER WE

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EV W R HT EIG ER OV IG WE O HT RW VE G EI TH

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RWEIGHT OVERWEIGHT OVERW

EIGH T OVER

WEIG

T OH RW VE HT EIG O RW VE GH EI O T

WREV

EIGHT OVERWEIGHT

OVERW EIGH

T OWVER

HT EIG ERW OV HT EIG VE O RW

EIG

HT OVERWEIGHT OVERW

EIGH T OV W ER HT EIG ERW OV G EI

T H

OVERWEIGHT

OVERW EIGH VERW T O HT EIG

OV

ERWEIGHT

OVE WE R HT IG

Levels and trends in child malnutrition

UNICEF / WHO / World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Key findings of the 2023 edition

STUNTING S TU N T STUNTING STUN

TING

STU

NG NTI U ST

T N

STUNTIN G STUN

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STU

G S NTIN NTI TU S NG TU

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STUNTING STUN TING

STU TINN ST G IN UNT TU G S NG NTI TU S TI N

SGN

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STUNTING STUN

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SG

N TU G S TIN TIN TUN G S NTI TU ST NG TI UN G N

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ING STUNTING STUNTING

STUNTING S TUNTIN

G STU NTIN

G STINTUN

SG

N TU G S TIN TIN TUN TU G S NG NTI UN ST G TIN TU S TI N GN

STU

NTING STUNTING STUNTING

NTI STU S NG NTI TU ST NG TI UN G N TU S TIN GN

STUNTING STU

NTING STUNTING STUNTING STUNTIN G STUN

TING STU

NTIN G SINTUNT

SG

N TU G TIN TU S G NTIN STUNTING STUNTIN

G STU NTING

STU NTIN

G SINTTUN

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N TU G TIN TU S ING NT TUN S G S TIN TU NG NTI TU S IN NT ST G TI UN G N

T S

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NTING STUNTING STUNTING

STUNTING STUNTIN G STU

NTING STU

NTIN G STU

TN STING

NU G TIN

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TIN N TU G S G S NTIN NTI TU S NG TU NG NTI TU S IN NT ST G TI UN G N TU S TIN GN

STUNTING STUNTING STUNTING STUNTIN STUNTING

STUNTING STUNTING STUNTIN

G STUN TING

STU NTIN

G STU

NTING ST

NU G TIN

STU

TIN N TU G S ING NT UNT ST G S IN NTI TU S NG NTI TU S NG NT TU G IN UN ST NG TI TU S TIN G N

STU

STGINTN

UNTIG STU

NTING STUNTING STUNTING STUNTING

STUNTING STUNTING STUNTIN

G STU NTING

STU NTIN

G S TUN

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SG

N TU G TIN

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TIN N TU G S G ST NTIN IN UNT TU G S NTI NG TU S NG NTI TU S IN NT TU G S IN NT ST G N U N TI

SG

TU TIN GN

STUNTIN

G STUNTING STUNTING STUNTING STUNTING STUNTING

WASTIN G WA

IN ST

G WASTING

WA

ING ST W IN AST

WG

ASTING

WASTIN G WASGTIN

WAS

G W TIN IN AST W G

TSA

ING WASTING WASTING W ASTING

WAS

G TIN AST W G W IN IN AST G W TI AS

WGN

ASTING WASTING

WASTING WASTING

WAS WTING

STA

ING W

IN AST G W TIN AS AS G W N TI

WG

TINSA

G WASTING WASTING WASTING W ASTING

WA STING

IN WTAS

WG

ST A G W IN IN AST G W AS G W TIN TIN AS W G ST A

ING

WAS

TING WASTING WASTING

WASTING WA STING W

ASTIN G W

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TINS

WG

TIN AS AST G W G W IN AS G W TIN IN AST W G TI AS GN

WA

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WASTING WASTING WASTING WASTING WASTIN G WAS

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WG

SA G TIN AS W G W TIN IN AST G W AS G W TIN IN AST G W TI AS G N

WA

TIS

STAIN WGG WNASTING WASTING WASTING

(2)

Every child has the right to good nutrition.

Well-nourished children grow and develop to their full potential. They are better equipped to lead healthy lives, to be free from poverty, to learn and participate, and to continue thriving across the life course, with benefits that continue over generations.

The past decade has seen important gains in improving maternal and child nutrition, including a one-third decline in the proportion of children suffering from stunting. Yet the triple burden of malnutrition – stunting, wasting and overweight – continues to jeopardize children’s ability to survive and thrive.

Stunting is the devastating result of poor nutrition in-utero and early childhood.

Children suffering from stunting may never attain their full possible height and their brains may never develop to their full cognitive potential. These children begin their lives at a marked disadvantage with consequences continuing into adulthood:

they face learning difficulties in school, earn less as adults, and face barriers to participation in their communities.

Stunting has been declining steadily over the last decade, with 148.1 million, or 22.3 per cent of children under age 5 worldwide affected in 2022. Nearly all children affected lived in Asia (52 per cent of the global share) and Africa (43 per cent of the global share).

Child wasting is the life-threatening result of poor nutrient intake and/or recurrent illnesses. Children suffering from wasting have weakened immunity, are susceptible to long-term developmental delays and face an increased risk of death, particularly when wasting is severe. Children suffering from severe wasting require early detection and timely treatment and care to survive.

In 2022, an estimated 45 million children under 5 (6.8 per cent) were affected by wasting, of which 13.6 million (2.1 per cent) were suffering from severe wasting.

More than three quarters of all children with severe wasting live in Asia and another 22 per cent live in Africa.

Childhood overweight occurs when children’s caloric intake from food and beverages exceeds their energy requirements. This form of malnutrition is driven by failing food systems characterized by poor affordability and access to nutritious foods, the marketing of nutrient-poor ultra-processed foods, and inadequate opportunities for physical activity. There are now 37 million children under 5 living with overweight globally, an increase of nearly 4 million since 2000.

The Joint Malnutrition Estimates (JME) released in 2023 reveal insufficient progress to reach the 2025 World Health Assembly (WHA) global nutrition targets and the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 targets. Only about one third of all countries are ‘on track’ to halve the

number of children affected by stunting by 2030, with an assessment of progress to date not being possible for about one quarter of countries. Even fewer countries are expected to achieve the 2030 target of 3 per cent prevalence for overweight, with just 1 in 6 countries currently ‘on track’.

Further, an assessment of progress towards the wasting target is not possible for nearly half of countries.

More intensive efforts are required if the world is to achieve the global target of reducing the number of children with stunting to 89 million by 2030. With current progress, the 2030 target will be missed by 39.6 million children, with more than 80 per cent of these ‘missed’ children living in Africa.

All forms of malnutrition are preventable.

To stop malnutrition before it starts, children and their families need access to nutritious diets, essential services and positive practices to set them on the path to survive and thrive. But today, these vital pathways to good nutrition are under growing threat, as many countries plunge deep into a global food and nutrition crisis fueled by poverty, conflict, climate change and the enduring secondary effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the world responds to the crisis, urgent action is critical to protect maternal and child nutrition – especially in the most affected regions – and secure a future where the right to nutrition is a reality for every child.

Defining the forms of malnutrition* highlighted in this key findings report

Stunting and wasting Stunting

and overweight

Stunting refers to a child who is too short for his or her age. Children affected by stunting can suffer severe irreversible physical and cognitive damage that accompanies stunted growth. The devastating consequences of stunting can last a lifetime and even affect the next generation.

*

Some children suffer from more than one form of malnutrition – such as stunting and overweight or stunting and wasting. There are currently no joint global or regional estimates for these combined conditions.

INTRODUCTION

TRACKING THE TRIPLE THREAT OF CHILD MALNUTRITION

Wasting refers to a child who is too thin for his or her height. Wasting is the result of recent rapid weight loss or the failure to gain weight. A child who is moderately or severely wasted has an increased risk of death, but treatment is possible.

Overweight refers to a child who is too heavy for his or her height. This form of malnutrition results when energy intakes from food and beverages exceed children’s energy requirements. Overweight increases the risk of diet-related noncommunicable diseases later in life.

The new Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates of 2023 supersede former analyses and results published

by UNICEF, WHO and the World Bank Group

(3)

At the midpoint of the SDG period, the world is

worryingly off-track to meet the global stunting target. Globally, the annuall average rate of reduction (AARR) for stunting based on the current trend from 2012 to 2022 is only 1.65 per cent per year. But an AARR of 6.08 is required from now to 2030 to achieve the global target of reducing the number of children with stunting to 88.9 million. This rate of reduction is almost four-fold higher than what has been achieved in the last decade (Figure 1a).

If current trends continue, an estimated 128.5 million children (19.5 per cent) will be stunted in 2030 – 39.6 million more than the target.

About half of those missed will be children living in Western Africa and Middle Africa (Figure 1b).

Two sub-regions, Eastern Asia and Central Asia, have experienced significant progress (or greater progress than expected) and are set to exceed the 2030 target if their current trends continue;

without the greater-than-expected progress in these these two regions, the world would be even further off from the target.

In most regions, the required AARRs between 2022 and 2030 are substantially higher than the AARRs achieved in the last decade (Figure 2);

the largest increases in rates of acceleration are needed in Middle Africa, Oceania (excluding

Australia and New Zealand) and Western Africa.

On average, countries in Middle Africa will need a rate of reduction of 13.02 per cent per year between 2022 and 2030 to achieve the target.

It is not too late to get countries and regions on-track; but as they move further away from

the target with each passing year, the window for enabling acceleration grows smaller. Countries must act now to shift course – through bold leadership, investments, programme scale- up and the support of development partners – to drive faster progress towards an end to malnutrition for children everywhere.

A CALL TO ACCELERATE ACTION ON STUNTING REDUCTION

It is not too late to change the stunting trajectory – but we must act now

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 33.0%

19.5%

13.5%

2022 2012

2000 2030

Current trend (2012–2022) Projected trend (2022–2030) New trajectory needed (2022–2030)

Percentage of children with stunting

Western Africa

24% Middle Africa

23%

Eastern Africa 19%

Southern Asia 10%

South-eastern Asia 9%

Northern Africa 6%

Western Asia 1%

Latin America and Caribbean 4%

Southern Africa 2%

Oceania²1%

19.5%  projected 2030 prevalence if current trends continue, which projects to 128.5 million children with stunting

Figure 1b.

Breakdown of share of missed¹ children in 2030 Figure 1a.

Percentage of children with stunting 2000–2022 and projections to 2030

Gap  39.6 million more 'missed' children with stunting if the target is not reached

13.5%  2030 target stunting prevalence, which is 88.9 million children with stunting 26.3%

22.3%

Current trend AARR for 2012–2022 = 1.65% per year

Slope of reduction needed between 2022

and 2030 to reach the target AARR = 6.08% per year

South- eastern Asia Western Asia Southern Asia

Central Asia³ Eastern Asia³

1.3 9.8

ASIA

2.4

4.4 6.4 3.6

2.8 4.2 3.1 4.9

1.3 5.8

- 0.8 10.2

1.6 0.9 0.9

2.3 8.6

0.7 8.3

0.2 7.6

1.4 10.0

0.04 13.0

Required AARR from 2022–2030 to reach the SDG target Actual AARR from 2012–2022

Southern Africa Northern Africa Eastern Africa Western Africa Middle Africa

AFRICA

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

GLOBAL

Northern America, Europe and Australia and New Zealand³ Latin America and Caribbean

Oceania²

Off track–worsening Off track–no progress

Off track–some progress On track

Progress assessment categories based on 2012–2022 AARR⁴:

AARR (per cent per year) AARR (per cent per year) AARR (per cent per year)

6.1 5.6

2022

2012

2000 2030

Percentage of children with stunting 33.0%

26.3% 22.3%

19.5%

13.5%

Current trend (2012–2022) Projected trend (2022–2030) New trajectory needed (2022–2030)

Current trend AARR for 2012–2022 = 1.65%^{per year}

Western Africa 24%

Middle Africa 23%

Eastern Africa 19%

Southern Asia 10%

South-eastern Asia9%

Northern Africa 6%

Latin American and Caribbean 4%

Western Asia 1%

Southern Africa 2%

Oceania² 1%

Western Africa 24%

Middle Africa 23%

Eastern Africa 19%

Southern Asia 10%

South-eastern Asia9%

Northern Africa 6%

Latin America and Caribbean 4%

Western Asia 1%

Southern Africa 2%

Oceania² 1%

19.5%  projected 2030 prevalence if current trends continue which projects to 128.5 million stunted

Breakdown of share of missed¹ children in 2030 Gap  39.6 million

'missed' children with stunting if the target is not reached 13.5%  2030 target prevalence which projects to 88.9 million stunted

Progress is lagging most in Africa and Oceania

²

Figure 2: Gap between the AARR that occurred from 2012–2022 and the AARR required from 2022–2030 to reach the 2030 child stunting target, by United Nations region and sub-region.

Figure 1. (a) Percentage of children with stunting 2000–2022 and projections to 2030, global (left); and (b) regional breakdown of share of ‘missed’ children in 2030 if current trends continue (right). Note: AARR = annual average rate of reduction.

Notes: 1. Breakdown of the share of the missed children in 2030 on the right side of Figure 1 is based only on regions that are ‘off track’ to achieve the 2030 target; the three sub-regions of Eastern Asia, Central Asia and Northern America, Europe and Australia and New Zealand are ‘on track’ and thus not included. The total does not add up to 100 per cent due to rounding. 2. Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand. 3. The required 2022‒2030 AARR is not shown as these regions are on track based on their current (2012–2022) trajectory. 4. See page 25 for description of progress assessment categories.

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GLOBAL OVERVIEW

Number (millions) of children under 5 affected by stunting, wasting and overweight, global, 2000–2022 Percentage of children under 5 affected by stunting,

wasting and overweight, global, 2000–2022

Most children with malnutrition live in Africa and Asia

In 2022, more than half of all children under 5 affected by stunting lived in Asia and two out of five lived in Africa

Asia 52% Africa 43%

In 2022, almost half of all children under 5 affected by overweight lived in Asia and more than one quarter lived in Africa

Asia 48% Africa 28%

In 2022, 70 per cent of all children under 5 affected by wasting lived in Asia and more than one quarter lived in Africa

Asia 70% Africa 27%

Stunting has declined steadily since 2000 – but faster progress is needed to reach the 2030 target. Wasting persists at alarming rates and overweight will require a reversal in trajectory if the 2030 target is to be achieved.

Stunting Wasting Overweight 95% confidence interval

Number (millions)

Percentage

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220

2022

2015 2020

2010 2005

2000 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2022

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

wasting upper

wasting lower

45.0

37.8 37.0

36.2 38.0 33.0 35.5

54.1 52.9 51.2 49.5 46.4

204.2

197.1

184.8

148.1

154.3 169.1

5.3 8.7 33.0

5.6 6.8 22.3

Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group Joint Malnutrition Estimates, 2023 edition.

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PROGRESS TOWARDS THE SDGs

Three quarters of the world’s children live in countries that are off-track to achieve the 2030 SDG target on child stunting

Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group Joint Malnutrition Estimates, 2023 edition. Note: *Percentages may not add up to 100 per cent due to rounding. **See notes on progress assessment categories on pages 24 and 25.

***Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand

The graphics above show progress towards the SDG 2.2 targets on stunting, wasting and overweight. The graphics in the left-hand column show progress by percentage of the global under-five population and the graphics in the two right-hand columns show progress by percentage of countries (globally and regionally).

For the graphics by percentage of the under-five population (left column), each country was weighted by the under-five population, meaning that more populous countries contributed more to the percentages in each progress category than less populous ones. In contrast, for the graphs in the two columns on the right side, each country contributes equally towards the percentages, regardless of its population size.

Availability of data to measure progress varies between the assessment by percentage of the population and the assessment by percentage of countries; it also varies by indicator and region. Almost all children live in countries where progress assessment is possible for all three indicators. Meanwhile, progress by country can only be assessed for about three quarters of countries for the stunting and overweight targets, and for about half of countries for the wasting target.

When considering progress by under-five population, 80 per cent of children live in countries showing at least some progress towards the stunting reduction target, with 17 per cent living in countries that show no progress or a worsening situation. The situation is more concerning for overweight: nearly half of children live in countries with no progress or a worsening situation. For wasting, one third of children live in countries with no progress or a worsening situation.

When considering progress by individual countries (at the global level), progress on stunting and overweight can be assessed for three quarters of all countries, while progress on wasting is only possible for about half of countries (see notes on JME methodology on pages 26-27). Overall, the greatest progress is being made towards the stunting target, with nearly two thirds of countries seeing at least some progress. In contrast, for overweight, about half of all countries have experienced no progress or are worsening.

At the regional level, Northern America, Europe and Australia and New Zealand have the highest proportion of countries for which progress cannot be assessed across the three indicators. Conversely, Africa has the

highest proportion of countries for which progress can be assessed for all three indicators. Asia is contributing most to the global percentage of countries that are

‘on track’ to meet the stunting target, with 23 out of 48 countries (or 48 per cent) on track; followed by Northern America, Europe and Australia and New Zealand, with 16 out of 48 countries on track; and Latin America and the Caribbean, with 11 of 37 countries on track. While all regions have at least some countries on track to meet the stunting and wasting targets, in Latin America and the Caribbean, all countries for which progress for overweight could be assessed show no progress or a worsening situation, and in Northern America, Europe and Australia and New Zealand, almost all countries for which progress could be assessed (26 out of 27 countries) are not on track.

Gaps in the available data in some regions make it challenging to accurately assess progress towards global targets. Regular data collection (every three to five years) is therefore critical to monitor and analyse country, regional and global progress on child malnutrition going forward.

ST UN TIN G WA ST IN G

Northern America, Europe and Australia and New Zealand

G L O B A L

G L O B A L R E G I O N A L

Assessment not possible**

Off track–worsening**

Off track–no progress**

Off track–some progress**

On track**

O VER W EIG H T

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percentage* of countries Progress towards the

child malnutrition

SDG targets by: Percentage* of children

Northern America, Europe and Australia and New Zealand Oceania***

Latin America and the Caribbean Asia Africa n=54 n=48 n=37 n=15

n=48

n=48 8% 4%

58%

22%

39%

7%

29%

5%

20%

45%

2%

27%

16%

10%

9%

7%

33%

8%

23% 29%

34%

7%

5% 14%

39%

22% 19%

14%

25%

20%

Percentage

(6)

Percentage of children under 5 affected by stunting, by country, 2022

Percentage of children under 5 affected by stunting, by country, 2012

Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group, Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates, 2023 edition. Note: * The most recent country data point (e.g., from household surveys) used to generate the modelled stunting and overweight estimates is from before the year 2000; interpret with caution. These maps are stylized and not to scale; they do not reflect a position by UNICEF, WHO or World Bank Group on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers.

Distribution of stunting prevalence for each country with a modelled estimate presented for 2022

Distribution of stunting prevalence for each country with a modelled estimate presented for 2012

The number of countries with very high stunting prevalence has declined by 40 per cent since 2012 – from 46 to 28 countries

STUNTING

COUNTRY TRENDS

≥30% (very high) 20 – <30% (high)

10 – <20% (medium) 2.5 – <10% (low)

<2.5% (very low) modelled estimate

not presented

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Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group Joint Malnutrition Estimates, 2023 edition. Note: 1. Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand. †Represents regions/sub-regions where the change has been statistically significant. See page 14 for the 95% confidence intervals for graphed estimates.

Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group Joint Malnutrition Estimates, 2023 edition. Note: 1. Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand; †Represents regions/sub-regions where the change has been statistically significant. See page 15 for the 95% confidence intervals for graphed estimates.

Progress to reduce stunting has not been equal across regions and sub-regions

Trends in the percentage of children under 5 affected by stunting, by United Nations region/sub-region, 2012 and 2022

The number of children with stunting has increased significantly over the last decade in Middle Africa

Trends in the number (millions) of children under 5 affected by stunting, by United Nations region/sub-region, 2012 and 2022 STUNTING

REGIONAL TRENDS

2022 2012

Melanesia Micronesia Polynesia Middle Africa Eastern Africa† Western Africa† Southern Africa Northern Africa Southern Asia† South-eastern Asia† Western Asia† Central Asia† Eastern Asia† Central America Caribbean South America Eastern Europe Southern Europe Northern Europe Western Europe

0 10 20 30 40 50

Oceania¹ Africa^† Asia^† Latin America

and the Caribbean^†

Northern

America Australia Global^† and ZealandNew Europe

Percentage

44.0 46.4

13.5

6.5

30.5

14.0

3.4

30.0 30.6

37.4

22.8 30.0

21.7 21.3

26.4

7.7 4.9

11.5 16.9

11.3 9.0

4.0 5.3 3.9 3.0

2.6 3.6

22.3 34.4

43.3

16.3

7.3

40.9 38.6

34.5

23.5 28.2

40.3

30.4

19.1 37.9

14.7

12.7

7.7

13.0

5.1 7.2

4.6 3.7

10.1

26.3 23.4

2.8 2.6 3.4 18.2

Global prevalence 2022: 22.3%

Global number affected 2022: 148.1 M Global number affected 2012: 177.9 M

2022 2012

Number (millions)

million61.3 63.1 million 106.8

million 76.6

million 6.8

million 5.7

million 0.6

million 0.7 million million2.1 1.4

million

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Australia and New Zealand Northern America Polynesia

Micronesia Melanesia Northern Europe Western Europe Southern Europe Eastern Europe Caribbean

Central America South America Southern Africa

Northern Africa Middle Africa Western Africa Eastern Africa Central Asia

Eastern Asia Western Asia South-eastern Asia Southern Asia

Oceania

¹

Africa

Asia

^†

Latin America

and the Caribbean

^†

Europe

Southern Asia† South- eastern Asia† Wesstern Asia† Eastern Asia† Central Asia† Eastern Africa† Western Africa

Middle Afr†ica Northern Africa Southern Africa South †America Central †America †Caribbean Eastern Europe Southern Europe Western Europe Northern Europe Melanesia Micronesia Polynesia Northern America Australia and New Zealand

Northern America Australia

and New Zealand 53.7

14.4

3.9 3.7

0.7 75.3

17.2

5.3 7.7

3.42.8 2.92.5 0.4

0.5 1.21.4 0.40.5 0.30.3 0.20.2 0.60.7 <0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1 0.60.7 0.10.1 1.1

23.6

10.0 6.2 21.819.920.5

12.9 6.3

1.51.6

(8)

Southern Asia has the highest wasting prevalence of any sub-region in the world

Percentage of children under 5 affected by wasting, by country and United Nations sub-region, 2022 WASTING

PREVALENCE

Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group, Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates, 2023 edition. Note: 1. Country data are the most recent available survey estimates between 2012 and 2022; exceptions where older data are shown (2000–2011) are denoted with an asterisk (*) and where only data prior to 2000 are available the † footnote is used, denoting no recent data. 2. Eastern Asia excluding Japan. 3. Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand. 4. The Northern America sub-regional estimate is based on data from only the United States. There is no estimate available for the sub-regions of Europe or Australia and New Zealand due to insufficient population coverage. See section about regional and global estimates on page 27 for an explanation of why regional trend data are not available for wasting. These maps are stylized and not to scale; they do not reflect a position by UNICEF, WHO or World Bank Group on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers.

Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group Joint Malnutrition Estimates, 2023 edition. Notes: 1. Each marker refers to the most recent country estimate between 2012 and 2022; “no recent data” refers to the number of countries for which the most recent estimate is before 2012 and “no data” refers to the number of countries without an estimate. 2. Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand. 3. Asia excluding Japan. There is no estimate available for Europe or Australia and New Zealand due to insufficient population coverage. Northern America is not shown as it only includes two countries, of which only one has data. See section about regional and global estimates on page 27 for an explanation of why regional trend data are not available for wasting.

The range of country prevalences in all regions is wide

Percentage of children under 5 affected by wasting, by country (dots) and United Nations region (bars), 2022

≥15% (very high) 10 – <15% (high) 5 – <10% (medium) 2.5 – <5% (low)

<2.5% (very low) no data

Distribution of wasting prevalence, by country, using the most recent available survey between 2012 and 2022

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Only one quarter of children under 5 live in Southern Asia, but this sub-region is home to more than half of all children with wasting

Number (millions) of children under 5 affected by wasting, by United Nations sub-region, 2022

WASTING

NUMBERS AFFECTED

More than three quarters of the worlds severely wasted children live in Asia, yet this region only accounts for half of the worlds children

Number of children under 5 affected by wasting and severe wasting, by United Nations region, 2022

Africa

12.2 million Latin America

and Caribbean 0.7 million

Caribbean Central

America

South

America Middle Africa

Southern Africa Asia

¹

31.6 million

Eastern Africa Northern Africa Western Africa

1.0

4.3

25.1 1.1

0.2

Western Asia Central Asia

South-eastern Asia

Southern Asia Eastern Asia

¹

4.6

0.2

1.8

1.9 3.5

0.4

0.1 0.1

Oceania

²

0.1 million Northern

America

³

<0.1

Africa 12.2 million Latin America

and Caribbean 0.7 million

Caribbean Central

America

South

America Middle Africa

Southern Africa Asia

¹

31.6 million

Eastern Africa Northern Africa Western Africa

1.0

4.3

25.1 1.1

0.2

Western Asia Central Asia

South-eastern Asia

Southern Asia Eastern Asia

¹

4.6

0.2

1.8

1.9 3.5

0.4 0.1

0.1

Oceania

²

0.1 million Northern

America

³

<0.1

Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group Joint Malnutrition Estimates, 2023 edition. Note: 1. Asia excluding Japan. 2. Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand.

There is no estimate available for Europe or Australia and New Zealand due to insufficient population coverage. Northern America is not shown because wasting affects

<0.1 million children. Aggregates may not add up due to rounding and/or lack of estimates for some regions. See section about regional and global estimates on page 27 for an explanation of why regional trend data are not available for wasting or severe wasting.

Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group Joint Malnutrition Estimates, 2023 edition. Note: 1. Asia and Eastern Asia excluding Japan. 2. Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand. 3. The Northern America sub-regional estimate is based on data from only the United States. There is no estimate available for Europe or Australia and New Zealand due to insufficient population coverage. Aggregates may not add up due to rounding and/or lack of estimates for some regions. See section about regional and global estimates on page 27 for an explanation of why regional trend data are not available for wasting.

Africa Latin America Global

and Caribbean

Asia

¹

Oceania

²

10.5 2.9 0.7

_0.2

0.1

_<0.1

13.7

45.0 million with wasting of which

13.7 million are suffering from severe

wasting

Number of children under 5 with wasting (moderate and severe) Number of children under 5 with wasting (severe only)

31.6 45.0

12.2

Africa Latin America Global

and Caribbean

Asia¹ Oceania²

10.5 2.9 0.7

0.2

0.1

<0.1

13.7

45.0million with wasting of which 13.7 million are suffering from severe

wasting

Number of children under 5 with wasting (moderate and severe) Number of children under 5 with wasting (severe only)

31.6 45.0

12.2

Global wasting prevalence 2022: 6.8%

Global severe wasting prevalence 2022: 2.1%

Global number affected by wasting 2022: 45.0 M Global number affected by severe wasting 2022: 13.7 M

The JME does not currently adjust for seasonal or other factors that can affect wasting prevalence estimates

The JME global and regional estimates on wasting and severe wasting are aligned with the SDG indicator definition and are based on national-level prevalence data which capture the cases of wasting at a given moment in time. As such, they do not reflect the cumulative cases of wasting a given that occur over the course of a year.

^*

Wasting is a relatively short- term condition, and cross- sectional surveys only capture children who are wasted at the time of the survey.

In the absence of estimates that account for all children who suffer from wasting over the entire year, governments and development partners should plan programmes for the early detection and treatment child wasting accordingly. Interagency efforts are underway to develop practical methodologies to standardize and improve the monitoring of wasting and severe wasting.

The JME global prevalence- based estimates of 45.0 million children under 5 affected by wasting and 13.7 million affected by severe wasting in 2022 should therefore be viewed as an underestimate of the number of children affected over the course of the year.

* Isanaka, Sheila, et al., ‘Improving estimates of the burden of severe wasting: analysis of secondary prevalence and incidence data from 352 sites’, BMJ Glob Health, vol. 6, no. 3, March 2021, accessed May 2023.

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Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group, Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates, 2023 edition. Note: These maps are stylized and not to scale and do not reflect a position by UNICEF, WHO or World Bank Group on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers.

The number of countries with low and very low levels of overweight has remained similar since 2012

OVERWEIGHT

COUNTRY TRENDS

≥15% (very high) 10 – <15% (high)

5 – <10% (medium) 2.5 – <5% (low)

<2.5% (very low) modelled estimate

not presented

Percentage of children under 5 affected by overweight, by country,

2022

Percentage of children under 5 affected by overweight, by country,

2012

Distribution of overweight prevalence for each country with a modelled estimate presented for 2022.

Distribution of overweight prevalence for each country with a modelled estimate presented for 2012.

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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Western Africa

Eastern Africa

Middle Africa

Southern Africa

Northern Africa

Southern Asia

Central Asia†

Western Asia

South- eastern Asia

Eastern Asia

Western Europe

Eastern Europe

Southern Europe

Northern Europe

Europe

Caribbean

Central America

South America

Micronesia

Polynesia

Melanesia

Oceania¹ Latin America Asia Africa

and the Caribbean

Northern

America Global

Australia Newand Zealand

Percentage

7.3 9.7

8.3 7.4

5.1 8.7

8.7

5.0 9.2

12.1

8.6 9.7

6.7 6.6

8.2

7.9 6.6 6.5

8.6 7.4

13.9 14.4

8.2

4.4 9.3 9.6

8.2

4.4 19.3

12.4

2.8 8.3

7.4

7.2

5.0 5.1 6.6

4.8 6.4

9.1 8.2

2.7

2.4 5.6 12.3

11.4

4.6 3.6 4.9

11.8

5.0 12.3

4.5 3.9

2.3 5.5 2022 2012

OVERWEIGHT

REGIONAL TRENDS

Global number affected 2022: 37.0 M Global number affected 2012: 37.0 M

One out of every five children are affected by overweight in Australia and New Zealand

Trends in the percentage of children under 5 affected by overweight, by United Nations region/sub-region and global, 2012–2022

There has been no change in the number of children affected by overweight – in any region – for the last decade

Number (millions) of children under 5 affected by overweight, by United Nations region/sub-region, 2012 and 2022

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2012 2022

Number (millions)

million8.8 10.2 million million18.2 17.7

million 3.9

million 4.2

million 0.1

million 0.2 million million3.7 2.6

million

Oceania

¹

Africa

Asia Latin America

and the Caribbean Europe

Eastern Asia Southern Asia South- eastern Asia Western Asia Central Asia

Northern Africa Eastern Africa Western Africa

Middle Africa Southern Africa South America Centra America Caribbean Eastern Europe Northern Europe Western Europe Southern Europe Melanesia Micronesia Polynesia Northern

America Australia New Zealandand ^† 6.4

4.9 4.1

2.0

0.4 5.9

5.0

3.6

2.5

2.53.0

1.11.0 0.2

0.2 0.1 0.2

1.91.7

<0.1

<0.1 <0.1<0.1 0.4

0.2 1.1

2.0

0.5

0.5 0.50.5 0.70.5 0.6

3.1

1.3 1.2

2.4 3.6

2.6

1.7 1.6

0.80.8

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stunting wasting overweight 95% confidence interval 43.4

28.1

4.2 4.5

2022 0 2000

10 20 30 40 50

2022

2000 2000 2022 2000 2022

Low-income Lower-middle-income Upper-middle-income

¹

High-income

47.9

33.5

5.1 3.4

18.6

8.3

7.2 8.8

4.7 4.0 6.0 7.6

6.6 9.7

1.7 0.4

Percentage

Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group Joint Malnutrition Estimates, 2023 edition. Note: 1. Upper-middle-income countries wasting estimate: consecutive low (<50 per cent) population coverage for country data (e.g., from household surveys);

interpret with caution.

Stunting has declined by more than half since 2000 in upper-middle income countries – but overweight is rising steadily, moving further away from the global target

Percentage of children under 5 affected by stunting, wasting and overweight, by country income classification, 2000–2022

Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group Joint Malnutrition Estimates, 2023 edition. Note: The values for “percentage change since 2012” are based on calculations using unrounded estimates and therefore might not match values calculated using the rounded estimates presented in this report.

The number of children with

overweight has remained unchanged over the last decade

Number (millions) Number (millions)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

High-income Upper-middle-

income Lower-middle-

income Low-income

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

income Low-income

2022

2012 2012 2022

37.8 38.4 119.3 94.6 17.5 2.7 2.5 3.7 3.9 14.3 15.3 13.9 5.0 4.7

–30.5%

–20.7%

12.2 12.9

95% confidence interval 95% confidence interval

Number (millions) Number (millions)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

income Low-income

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

income Low-income

2022

2012 2012 2022

37.8 38.4 119.3 94.6 17.5 2.7 2.5 3.7 3.9 14.3 15.3 13.9 5.0 4.7

–30.5%

–20.7%

12.2 12.9

95% confidence interval 95% confidence interval

Upper-middle-income countries have decreased the number of children affected by stunting by nearly one third in the last decade

COUNTRY INCOME CLASSIFICATION

TRENDS

$

Number of children under 5 affected by stunting, by

country income classification, 2012 and 2022 Number of children under 5 affected by overweight, by

country income classification, 2012 and 2022

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COUNTRY INCOME CLASSIFICATION

SHARE BY INCOME GROUP

While half of all children under 5 live in lower-middle income countries, nearly two thirds of all children with stunting and three quarters of all children with wasting live there

Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group Joint Malnutrition Estimates, 2023 edition. Note: 1. Share is relative to the total number affected across the four country-income groups; this varies from the global totals reported elsewhere in this brochure because the populations are based on the FY2022 World Bank income classification. The differences are as follows: Stunting official global estimate of 148.1 million; sum of four country-income groups = 147.7 million. Wasting official global estimate of 45.0 million; sum of country-income groups = 42.8 million. Overweight official global estimate of 37.0 million; sum of 4 country-income groups = 36.8 million. The percentages for distribution of children under 5, wasting and overweight do not add up to 100 per cent due to rounding.

While only about half of all children under 5 live in lower-middle-income countries, two thirds of all children affected by stunting and three quarters of all children with wasting live there

Distribution of children under 5 in the world, by country

income grouping,

2022 Distribution of children under 5 affected by stunting, wasting and overweight in 2022

22%

51%

17%

9%

of all children under 5

live in high-income countries

of all children under 5 live in upper-middle- income countries

of all children under 5 live in lower-middle- income countries

of all children under 5 live in low-income countries

26%

64%

8%

76%

18%

6%

1%

11%

13%

42%

35%

Share

¹

of children under 5 affected by

stunting in 2022

Share

¹

of children under 5 affected by wasting in 2022

Share

¹

of children under 5 affected by overweight in 2022

2%

of all children affected by stunting live in high-income countries

of all children affected by stunting live in upper-middle- income countries

of all children affected by stunting live in lower-middle- income countries

of all children affected by stunting live in low-income countries

of all children affected by wasting live in high-income countries

of all children affected by wasting live in upper-middle- income countries

of all children affected by wasting live in lower-middle- income countries

of all children affected by wasting live in low-income countries

of all children affected by overweight live in high-income countries

of all children affected by overweight live in upper- middle-income countries

of all children affected by overweight live in lower-middle- income countries

of all children affected by overweight live in low-income countries

$

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GLOBAL AND REGIONAL

PREVALENCE TABLE*

Notes: 1. For wasting and severe wasting: Asia excluding Japan, Eastern Asia excluding Japan, and Eastern Europe and Central Asia excluding Russian Federation. 2. Consecutive low (<50 per cent) population coverage; interpret with caution. Population coverage is based on an assessment of available data within distinct five-year periods and was calculated as the sum of country five-year average populations for which surveys are available in the dataset, divided by the the total of country five-year average population for all countries in the region. Estimates are flagged as having consecutive low population coverage when two five-year periods in a row are below 50 per cent. The population coverage for the most recent five-year period for the United Nations regions is available on page 28.

3. For wasting and severe wasting, the Northern America estimates were derived applying mixed-effect models with sub-regions as fixed effects¹ data were available only for the United States, preventing the estimation of confidence intervals. Model selection is based on best fit.

Stunting (PERCENT) Overweight (PERCENT) Wasting and severe wasting (PERCENT) (moderate and severe) (moderate and severe) (moderate and severe) (moderate and severe) (moderate and severe) (severe)

2012 2022 2012 2022 2022 2022

Global 26.3 [26.0-26.8] 22.3 [21.8-22.9] 5.5 [5.3-5.7] 5.6 [5.1-6.1] 6.8 [5.5-8.1] 2.1 [1.5-2.6]

United Nations regions

Africa 34.4 [34.0-34.8] 30.0 [29.2-30.8] 5.0 [4.7-5.2] 4.9 [4.3-5.5] 5.8 [4.8-6.8] 1.4 [1.1-1.7]

Eastern Africa 38.6 [38.0-39.2] 30.6 [29.5-31.6] 3.9 [3.7-4.1] 3.6 [3.3-4.0] 5.0 [3.4-7.1] 1.0 [0.7-1.4]

Middle Africa 37.9 [36.9-38.8] 37.4 [34.7-40.2] 4.5 [4.1-4.9] 4.6 [3.6-5.7] 5.6 [4.4-7.2] 1.6 [1.3-2.0]

Northern Africa 23.5 [22.7-24.5] 21.7 [19.2-24.5] 11.8 [10.6-13.1] 12.3 [9.0-16.6] 6.3 [2.8-13.4] 2.4 [1.0-5.7]

Southern Africa 23.4 [22.2-24.7] 22.8 [20.3-25.5] 12.3 [10.7-14.0] 11.4 [8.2-15.5] 3.5 [2.1-5.7] 0.8 [0.6-1.1]

Western Africa 34.5 [33.6-35.4] 30.0 [28.9-31.0] 2.3 [2.1-2.5] 2.4 [2.2-2.7] 6.7 [5.7-7.9] 1.3 [1.1-1.6]

Asia¹ 28.2 [27.6-28.9] 22.3 [21.3-23.3] 4.8 [4.5-5.2] 5.1 [4.4-6.1] 9.3 [6.8-11.8] 3.1 [2.1-4.1]

Central Asia 14.7 [14.2-15.3] 7.7 [7.1-8.2] 8.2 [7.4-9.1] 5.0 [4.0-6.2] 2.1 [1.5-2.9] 0.6 [0.4-1.0]

Eastern Asia¹ 7.7 [7.2-8.2] 4.9 [4.0-5.9] 6.6 [5.7-7.7] 8.3 [5.5-12.5] 1.5 [1.4-1.7] 0.3 [0.2-0.4] ²

Southern Asia 40.3 [39.0-41.6] 30.5 [28.7-32.3] 2.7 [2.4-3.0] 2.8 [2.2-3.4] 14.3 [10.1-19.7] 4.7 [3.2-6.9]

South-eastern Asia 30.4 [29.6-31.1] 26.4 [24.6-28.3] 6.4 [5.8-7.0] 7.4 [6.0-9.2] 7.8 [5.2-11.4] 3.0 [1.2-7.6]

Western Asia 19.1 [18.5-19.7] 14.0 [12.6-15.5] 9.1 [8.3-10.0] 7.2 [6.1-8.6] 3.5 [1.5-7.6] 0.9 [0.5-1.8]

Europe 5.1 [3.7-6.9] 4.0 [2.9-5.4] 9.2 [7.4-11.5] 7.3 [5.4-9.8] - -

Eastern Europe 7.2 [4.5-11.3] 5.3 [3.2-8.7] 12.1 [9.2-15.8] 7.4 [4.4-12.3] - -

Northern Europe 3.7 [1.8-7.3] 3.0 [1.5-5.8] 8.7 [7.0-10.8] 9.7 [6.8-13.6] - -

Southern Europe 4.6 [2.8-7.5] 3.9 [2.4-6.3] 8.7 [5.0-15.0] 8.3 [4.4-15.1] - -

Western Europe 2.8 [1.5-4.9] 2.6 [1.6-4.2] 5.0 [2.4-10.3] 5.1 [2.5-10.2] - -

Latin America and Caribbean 12.7 [12.4-13.0] 11.5 [11.0-12.1] 7.4 [6.9-8.0] 8.6 [7.5-9.9] 1.4 [0.9-1.9] 0.3 [0.2-0.5]

Caribbean 13.0 [12.4-13.6] 11.3 [10.2-12.5] 6.5 [5.5-7.7] 6.6 [5.4-7.9] 2.9 [2.3-3.7] 0.8 [0.7-0.9]

Central America 18.2 [17.6-18.7] 16.9 [16.1-17.8] 6.6 [6.0-7.3] 6.7 [5.7-7.8] 1.0 [0.8-1.1] 0.2 [0.2-0.3]

South America 10.1 [9.7-10.5] 9.0 [8.3-9.8] 7.9 [7.1-8.8] 9.7 [8.1-11.6] 1.4 [0.8-2.6] 0.3 [0.2-0.7]

Oceania excl. Australia & New Zealand 40.9 [37.9-44.0] 44.0 [34.2-54.4] 9.3 [7.3-11.8] 13.9 [7.4-24.5] 8.3 [5.2-12.9] ² 3.1 [1.7-5.7] ²

Australia and New Zealand 3.4 [2.5-4.6] 3.4 [1.9-6.0] 12.4 [9.8-15.6] 19.3 [13.0-27.6] - -

Northern America 2.6 [2.3-3.1] 3.6 [3.0-4.2] 8.6 [7.7-9.7] 8.2 [6.0-11.2] 0.2 ³ <0.1 ³

SDG regions

Australia and New Zealand 3.4 [2.5-4.6] 3.4 [1.9-6.0] 12.4 [9.8-15.6] 19.3 [13.0-27.6] - -

Central Asia and Southern Asia 39.3 [38.1-40.6] 29.4 [27.7-31.1] 2.9 [2.6-3.2] 2.9 [2.4-3.5] 13.7 [9.2-18.2] 4.5 [2.8-6.2]

Eastern Asia and South-eastern Asia 16.0 [15.6-16.4] 13.9 [13.0-14.9] 6.5 [5.9-7.2] 8.0 [6.1-10.3] 4.2 [2.9-5.5] 1.5 [0.3-2.7] ²

Latin America and the Caribbean 12.7 [12.4-13.0] 11.5 [11.0-12.1] 7.4 [6.9-8.0] 8.6 [7.5-9.9] 1.4 [0.9-1.9] 0.3 [0.2-0.5]

Northern America and Europe 4.2 [3.3-5.4] 3.8 [3.1-4.7] 9.0 [7.8-10.5] 7.6 [6.1-9.5] - -

Oceania excl. Australia & New Zealand 40.9 [37.9-44.0] 44.0 [34.2-54.4] 9.3 [7.3-11.8] 13.9 [7.4-24.5] 8.3 [5.2-12.9] ² 3.1 [1.7-5.7] ²

Sub-Saharan Africa 36.2 [35.8-36.7] 31.3 [30.6-32.1] 3.8 [3.6-3.9] 3.7 [3.4-4.0] 5.7 [4.8-6.6] 1.2 [1.0-1.4]

Western Asia and Northern Africa 21.2 [20.7-21.8] 17.9 [16.5-19.5] 10.4 [9.7-11.2] 9.8 [8.0-12.0] 4.9 [2.1-7.8] 1.7 [0.6-2.8]

UNICEF regions

East Asia and Pacific 16.1 [15.7-16.5] 14.1 [13.2-15.1] 6.6 [6.0-7.3] 8.2 [6.4-10.5] 3.7 [2.1-5.4] 1.1 [0.0-2.2] ²

Europe and Central Asia 7.1 [6.0-8.4] 4.9 [4.1-5.9] 9.3 [7.9-10.9] 7.1 [5.6-8.8] - -

Eastern Europe and Central Asia¹ 10.4 [8.6-12.6] 6.6 [5.2-8.2] 11.5 [9.8-13.5] 7.1 [5.2-9.6] 1.7 [1.2-2.4] 0.5 [0.4-0.8]

Western Europe 3.3 [2.3-4.7] 2.9 [2.2-4.0] 6.8 [4.9-9.4] 7.0 [5.0-9.7] - -

Latin America and Caribbean 12.7 [12.4-13.0] 11.5 [11.0-12.1] 7.4 [6.9-8.0] 8.6 [7.5-9.9] 1.4 [0.9-1.9] 0.3 [0.2-0.5]

Middle East and North Africa 19.1 [18.6-19.7] 15.3 [13.9-16.9] 10.6 [9.8-11.5] 10.3 [8.2-12.9] 5.5 [3.3-9.0] 1.8 [0.9-3.7]

North America 2.6 [2.3-3.1] 3.6 [3.0-4.2] 8.6 [7.7-9.7] 8.2 [6.0-11.2] 0.2 ³ <0.1 ³

South Asia 41.5 [40.2-42.9] 31.4 [29.6-33.4] 2.6 [2.3-2.9] 2.7 [2.2-3.4] 14.8 [11.1-19.6] 4.9 [3.5-6.9]

Sub-Saharan Africa 36.2 [35.8-36.7] 31.5 [30.7-32.3] 3.7 [3.6-3.9] 3.6 [3.3-3.9] 6.0 [5.1-6.9] 1.3 [1.1-1.5]

East and Southern Africa 36.7 [36.2-37.2] 31.3 [30.2-32.4] 4.4 [4.2-4.7] 4.1 [3.7-4.6] 5.0 [3.5-7.0] 1.1 [0.8-1.5]

West and Central Africa 35.8 [35.1-36.5] 31.8 [30.6-32.9] 3.0 [2.8-3.2] 3.1 [2.7-3.5] 6.9 [6.3-7.6] 1.6 [1.4-1.8]

WHO regions

African Region 35.8 [35.3-36.2] 31.0 [30.2-31.8] 4.0 [3.9-4.2] 3.9 [3.6-4.2] 5.5 [4.7-6.6] 1.3 [1.1-1.5]

Region of the Americas 9.8 [9.5-10.0] 9.2 [8.7-9.6] 7.8 [7.3-8.3] 8.5 [7.4-9.7] 0.8 [0.3-1.9] 0.1 [0.0-0.5]

South-East Asia Region 39.2 [37.9-40.5] 30.1 [28.3-32.0] 3.2 [2.9-3.5] 3.8 [3.1-4.6] 14.7 [11.0-19.3] 4.9 [3.5-6.8]

Eastern Mediterranean Region 31.0 [30.2-31.8] 25.1 [23.4-26.8] 7.3 [6.8-7.8] 6.3 [5.2-7.7] 6.9 [5.4-8.7] 2.5 [1.7-3.7]

Europe Region 7.0 [6.0-8.3] 4.9 [4.1-5.8] 9.3 [7.9-10.9] 7.1 [5.6-8.8] - -

Western Pacific Region 11.8 [11.4-12.2] 10.0 [9.1-10.9] 6.3 [5.5-7.1] 8.1 [5.9-11.0] 1.9 [1.3-2.9] 0.4 [0.3-0.7] ²

World Bank Income regions

Low-income 39.6 [39.1-40.0] 33.5 [32.4-34.7] 3.8 [3.6-4.0] 3.4 [3.0-3.8] 6.6 [5.4-8.1] 1.5 [1.2-1.9]

Middle-income 26.9 [26.4-27.4] 22.1 [21.4-22.8] 5.5 [5.3-5.8] 5.8 [5.2-6.5] 7.2 [3.8-10.7] 2.2 [0.9-3.4]

Lower-middle-income 35.5 [34.8-36.3] 28.1 [27.1-29.2] 4.3 [4.0-4.5] 4.5 [4.1-5.1] 9.7 [5.7-15.8] 2.9 [1.6-5.4]

Upper middle-income 10.1 [9.7-10.6] 8.3 [7.7-8.9] 8.0 [7.4-8.7] 8.8 [7.1-10.8] 1.7 [1.4-2.0] 0.4 [0.3-0.6] ²

High-income 4.0 [3.5-4.5] 4.0 [3.5-4.5] 7.4 [6.4-8.4] 7.6 [6.4-9.1] 0.4 [0.2-0.9] 0.0 [0.0-0.1]

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GLOBAL AND REGIONAL

NUMBERS (MILLIONS) AFFECTED TABLE*

*Complete data series for stunting and overweight (2000, 2005, 2010 and annual figures from 2011 to 2022) and the latest year for wasting (2022) estimates of prevalence and numbers affected can be found at the websites below for global as well as for the following groupings: (i) United Nations regions and sub-regions; (ii) UNICEF regions; (iii) WHO regions; (iv) World Bank country income classifications; (v) World Bank regions; (vi) SDG regions; and (vii) the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) low-income food deficient countries classification. These websites also contain a file with the country compositions for each grouping: UNICEF <https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/>

WHO <https://www.who.int/teams/nutrition-and-food-safety/monitoring-nutritional-status-and-food-safety-and-events/joint-child-malnutrition-estimates> World Bank Group <data.worldbank.org/child-malnutrition>

Stunting (NUMBERS) Overweight (NUMBERS) Wasting and severe wasting (NUMBERS) (moderate and severe) (moderate and severe) (moderate and severe) (moderate and severe) (moderate and severe) (severe)

2012 2022 2012 2022 2022 2022

Global 177.9 [175.2-180.6] 148.1 [144.4-152.0] 37.0 [35.5-38.6] 37.0 [33.9-40.5] 45.0 [36.2-53.8] 13.7 [10.1-17.2]

United Nations regions

Africa 61.3 [60.5-62.0] 63.1 [61.5-64.8] 8.8 [8.5-9.2] 10.2 [9.1-11.5] 12.2 [10.0-14.3] 2.9 [2.2-3.6]

Eastern Africa 23.6 [23.3-24.0] 21.8 [21.1-22.6] 2.4 [2.3-2.5] 2.6 [2.3-2.9] 3.5 [2.4-5.1] 0.7 [0.5-1.0]

Middle Africa 10.0 [9.7-10.2] 12.9 [11.9-13.8] 1.2 [1.1-1.3] 1.6 [1.3-2.0] 1.9 [1.5-2.5] 0.6 [0.4-0.7]

Northern Africa 6.2 [6.0-6.4] 6.3 [5.6-7.1] 3.1 [2.8-3.5] 3.6