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Scientific Committee :

1.

Prof. Tasuku Tanaka, Ph.D. (Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yamaguchi University, Japan).

2.

Prof. Dr. Ir. Agus Taufik Mulyono, M.T., ATU., IPU. (Department of Civil Engineering and Environment, Gajah Mada University, Indonesia).

3.

Prof. Wimpy Santosa, Ph.D (Faculty of Engineering Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia).

4.

Dr. Takahiro Ozawa (Center for Remote Sensing and Ocean Sciences (CReSOS) Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali).

5.

Dr. Ir. Ahmad Rifa’i, MT. (Department of Civil Engineering and Environment, Gajah Mada University, Indonesia).

6.

Dr. Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra, ST., MA. (Campus of Bali Design School (STD Bali)).

7.

Prof. Dr. Ir. I Wayan Runa, MT. (Faculty of Engineering Warmadewa University, Denpasar, Bali).

8.

Dr. Ir. I Gusti Agung Putu Eryani, MT. (Faculty of Engineering Warmadewa University, Denpasar, Bali).

9.

Dr. Ir. I Wayan Parwata, MT. (Faculty of Engineering Warmadewa University, Denpasar, Bali).

Katalog dalam Terbitan : Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia The 1

^st

Warmadewa University International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering SUSTAINABILITY, DESIGN AND CULTURE Denpasar, 2017, ix, 324 pages, 21.0 x 29.7 Cm

Hak Cipta Dilindungi Undang-undang UU RI No. 19 Tahun 2002

Editor : 1. I Kadek Merta Wijaya, S.T., M.Sc.

2. Putu Aryastana, S.T., M.Eng., M.Si.

3. Made Suryanatha Prabawa, S.T., M.Ars.

Cover Design : Ni Putu Ratih Pradnyaswari Anasta Putri, S.T., M.Sc.

First Published : October 2017

Copyright : Warmadewa University Press Editor Address :

Jalan Terompong No. 24, Gedung D Lantai 2, Tanjung Bungkak, Denpasar 80234, Bali Telp. (0361) 223858; Fax. (0361) 225073 Web: www.warmadewa.ac.id

E-mail: [email protected]

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Committee

The 1

^st

Warmadewa University International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering

SUSTAINABILITY, DESIGN AND CULTURE

Board of Committee:

Dr. Drs. A. A. Gede Wisnumurti, M.Si.

Prof. dr. Dewa Putu Widjana, DAP&E.Sp.Park.

Person in Charge:

Prof. Dr. Ir. I Wayan Runa, M.T.

Chairman:

Putu Aryastana, S.T., M.Eng., M.Si.

Members of Committee:

I Wayan Widanan, S.T., M.P.M.

Ni Komang Armaeni, S.T., M.T.

I Gede Surya Darmawan, S.T., M.T.

I Kadek Merta Wijaya, S.T., M.Sc.

Ir. I Nyoman Surayasa, M.Si.

A. A. Gede Raka Gunawarman, S.T., M.T.

Putu Ika Wahyuni, S.T., M.Si., M.T.

Ir. I Wayan Jawat, M.T.

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INTRODUCTION

Praise to God for the blessing and protection, because of that Engineering Faculty of Warmadewa University as Conference Committee could organize an International Conference titled The 1^st Warmadewa University International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering (WUICACE) and bring SUSTAINABILITY, DESIGN AND CULTURE” as the main theme. This conference held as part of Yayasan Kesejahteraan KORPRI Propinsi Bali (Welfare Foundation of Civil Servants Bali Province) anniversary celebration and the-33^th Warmadewa University anniversary, and also celebrating the-33^th Engineering Faculty anniversary. The WUICACE International Conference is the 1^st ever International Conference that held by engineering faculty of Warmadewa University.

The theme “Sustainability, Design and Culture” which brought to the conference is a representation of Warmadewa University Basic Scientific Patterns (PIP) that based on Tourism Environment, Design, and Culture. Through this International Conference, the committee was hope it could find academics thinking that produce construction planning concept which consider about environmental and local wisdom aspects.

The committee would like to say thank you, as a symbol of gratitude to all people who involved and support the event, more specifically to all participants who donate their thinking through academicals writings. The committee was hope that this proceeding could give benefits by improving insights about Tourism Environment with Local Wisdom based on infrastructure concept and implementation.

Denpasar, October 20^th2017 Redactor,

Official Committee

The 1^st Warmadewa University International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering

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WELCOMING SPEECH

BY RECTOR OF WARMADEWA UNIVERSITY

Honorable Keynote Speakers, Contributors, and Moderators Distinguished participants and guests,

Ladies and Gentlemen; Om Swastyastu; AssalamualaikumWarahmatulahiWabarukatu; Peace for us all; Namo Budaya. It gives me a great pleasure to welcome all of you and to offer a few words this morning at the opening of The 1st Warmadewa University International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering.This conference is expected to be a very inspiring scientific forum and can be optimally used as tools for intensive dialogue and communication to explore various thoughts and creative ideas on Architecture and Civil Engineering.

I believe this conferencewill enrich your insight, especially in the area of the development of architecture designs which environmentally-friendly andbased on local wisdom. This forum is also expected to be a manifestation of commitment and brainstorming platform for academics to implement the concept of sustainability, design, and culture in the field of civil engineering and architectural engineering.With the presence of academics, bureaucrats, professionals, and students at today's Conference forum, we are optimistic to be able to find a proper formula related to the concept of planning and developing environmentally-friendly designs that are relevant to the conditions of Bali province in particular and Indonesia in general. We have great challenges and today we have an opportunity before us to learn from the best experts in this field, and by sharing our experiences, I hope we can elaborate the topics into concrete and practical solutions.

I also would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to all of you for the initiative in sharing a common understanding; on how important, we, as human being to build and preserve the environment. This initiative deserves to be awarded, given the theme of the conference that holds consistency of our University‟s vision and commitment to become the center of environment and tourism based knowledge. Special appreciation also goes to the organizing committee for all your efforts preparing this event.

Finally, I would like to welcome all participants and wishing you a great experience and essential knowledge.

Thank you Om, Shanti, Shanti, Shanti Om Wassalamu‟alaikumWarrahmatullahiWabarrakatuh Peace for all of us

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CHAIRMAN REPORT

My great honor to Keynote Speakers Honorable Contributors and Moderators

Rector, vice rector, and all the Dean of Faculty in Warmadewa University, that I respect Participants of the Conference, Lecturers and Conference Organizers that I am proud of;

It is both an honor and a privilege to deliver this statement, as Chairman of The 1^st Warmadewa University International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering. We really appreciate all of you attending this international conference.

Ladies and gentlemen,

Construction and technology development gives many chances and opportunity for all architects and civil engineers to work creatively in developing their ability to arrange a sustainable building construction and planning which keep staying on local wisdom principal. Sustainability, design, and culture represent how construction and technology development should be considered in practical life.

If architect and civil engineer can unify and do that entire three, it will change people perspective that building construction always harms the nature, that‟s why this conference held and created that focus on how we should design and construct environmentally friendly.

In this conference will discuss some aspects related to the process and the result of construction infrastructure, which is classified in design, culture and sustainability

Keynote speakers in this conference and professional practitioners will share the creation and their research on their own field:

1. The Expert in Remote Sensing and Satellite data, Prof. Tasuku Tanaka, from Yamaguchi University, Japan

2. Professor in Transportation field, Prof. Agus Taufik Mulyono, from Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia

3. Mr. Charlie Hearn, The Principle Architect of Inspiral Architect, responsible for the amazing structure and creativity in Bali.

4. Astt. Prof. of Architecture and Landscape Design, Mr. Anoop Kumar Sharma, from Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India

In addition, 43 articles including architects and civil engineers, also over than 650 participants will enjoy discussion and share much knowledge through this event, moreover, 1 article has been accepted in Journal of Sustainable Development, 2 articles in reviewing at JSD journal and the other 45 article will be published as proceeding.

This conference is a continuous effort between the Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture at Warmadewa University to facilitate and support dialogue and discussion about the advancement of Design, culture, and sustainability collaboration, by provides an excellent opportunity and serves as the information exchange platform for researcher, latest developments and findings from foreign country.

We try everything, so that we can give unforgettable experience to you. We do really open and welcome to your feedback, advice, and suggestion to make this event even better and bigger. This conference is an annual event that we believe will lead to the fruitful effort in the coming years. And the last, our sincere thanks are to:

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- Engineering Faculty in Warmadewa University - WUICACE committee

- Sponsors, donators, and contributor

Without their supports, and assistance, this conference would not become possible.

Finally, I would like to welcome all of you and wishing you a great experience and essential knowledge.

Thank You

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B. Theme I : Sustainability

1 A Sustainable Agriculture Development in Kedungu Resort Project, Tabanan

Bali 16 – 21

Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra, I Wayan Yogik Adnyana Putra

2. Arrangement Model of Saba River Estuary Area Based on Tourism

Enviroment for Water Conservation in Buleleng Regency 22 – 29

I Gusti Agung Putu Eryani

3. Identification of Physical Changes of Pre- and Post-Reclamation Land in

Serangan Island 30 – 36

I Gede Surya Darmawan, I Wayan Wirya Sastrawan

4. Impact Resistance of High Strength Self Compacting Concrete With Steel

Fiber 37 – 44

Gabriella Agnes Luvena S., M. Fauzie Siswanto, Ashar Saputra

5. Mix Design of High Strength SCC with Polypropylene Fiber based on Flow

Mortar Mix 45 – 52

Kristyan Hari Subangkit, Imam Satyarno, Andreas Triwiyono

6. Modelling as an Approach to Understand Resilience of Urban Kampung 53 – 61

Imelda Irmawati Damanik, Bakti Setiawan, Sani Roychansyah, Sunyoto Usman

7. Performance Based Contract Risk Relationship Analysis in Bojonegoro-

Padangan Road Project 62 – 68

Eko Prihartanto, M.Djaya Bakri

8. Priority of ICT Implematation at The Largest Bus Terminal in Bandung,

Indonesia 69 – 79

A. Caroline Sutandi, Wimpy Santosa, Y. Frans Winanto

9. Sustainable Tourism and Fire Safety of Accommodation Facilities in Tourism

Villages 80 – 84

I Dewa Gede Agung Diasana Putra, Anak Agung Gde Agung Yana, Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra

10. Thermal Performance of Wide Span Middle-Rise Building in Surabaya (Case

Study: Gedung G ITATS) 85 – 90

Dian P. E. Laksmiyanti, Poppy F. Nilasari

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C. Theme II : Design

1. Behavior of Nailed-Slab System on Peat Soil Under Loading 91 – 97

Aazokhi Waruwu, Hary Christady Hardiyatmo, Ahmad Rifa’i

2. Changes of Geotechnical Properties of Waste Embankment for Stability

Analysis at Piyungan Disposal Site 98 – 105

I Wayan Ariyana Basoka, Ahmad Rifa’i, Fikri Faris

3. Coastline Change Analysis in Buleleng Regency by Using Satelite Data 106 – 113

Putu Aryastana, I Made Ardantha, Adrianto Eka Nugraha, Kadek Windy Candrayana

4. Comparative Analysis of Effectiveness of "Yellow Box Junction" in The City

of Jakarta and Denpasar 114 – 119

Cokorda Putra Wirasutama, Tjokorda Istri Praganingrum

5. Comparison of Single Bored Pile Bearing Capacity Based on CPT and SPT 120 – 126

I Gusti Ngurah Putu Dharmayasa

6. Development Taman Prestasi Surabaya as Tematic Park Reviewed from The

User Behavior and The Nature of Space 127 – 131

Sigit Hadi Laksno, Felicia Trua Nuciferani

7. Durability of Asphalt Concrete Mixture Using Lompoto‟o Tras as Fine

Aggregate 132 – 138

Frice L. Desei, Ayuddin

8. Geotechnical Characteristics of Pumice for Reduce Liquefaction Potential 139 – 146

Muhajirah, Ahmad Rifa’i, Agus Darmawan Adi

9. Geotechnical Properties and Characteristics of Metamorphic Rock Mass on

Poboya Gold Mine 147 – 154

Sriyati Ramadhani, Ahmad Rifa’i, Kabul Basah Suryolelono, Wahyu Wilopo

10. Influence of Volcanic Ash and Lime on Resilient Modulus for Subgrade 155 – 159

Devi Oktaviana Latif, Ahmad Rifa’i, Latif Budi Suparma

11. Landslide Hazards Due to Rainfall Intensity in The Caldera of Mount Batur,

Bali 160 – 167

I Nengah Sinarta, Ahmad Rifa’I, Teuku Faisal Fathani, Wahyu Wilopo

12. Optimization of Thermal Comfort in I Gusti Ngurah Made Agung City Park

Design in Denpasar 168 – 175

I Wayan Wirya Sastrawan, I Gede Surya Darmawan

13. Spatial Distribution of Mercury Concentration in Traditional Gold Mining of

Buladu 176 – 182

Marike Mahmud, Beby Banteng, Frice Desei, Fitryane Lihawa, Yanti Saleh

14. Steel Brace Damper with Progressive Failure Mechanism 183 – 187

I. P. Ellsa Sarassantika, H.L. Hsu

15. Strength and Stiffness Behavior of Concrete Modular House 188 – 192

Yosafat Aji Pranata, Anang Kristianto, Kumbara Kamajaya Cahya Hermawan, Azka Rysdianto

16. The Behavior of Steel Structure Exposed to Fire : A Review 193 – 197

Ni Komang Ayu Agustini, Andreas Triwiyono, Djoko Sulistyo, Suyitno

17. The Effect of Water Content Change in Pluto-Volcanic Subsurface Slope

Stability Based on Limit Equilibrium and Finite Element Method 198 – 205

Indriati Martha Patuti, Ahmad Rifa’I, Kabul Basah Suryolelono, Suprapto Siswosukarto

18. The Influence of Capital Composition to Real Estate Investment Risk in

Gianyar by Using @Risk Program 206 – 214

Ni Komang Armaeni, Ni Wayan Meidayanti Mustika, Anak Agung Sagung Dewi Rahadiani

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19. The Key Success of Commercial Building Construction : A Case Study on

Charcara Restaurant Bali 215 – 220

I Wayan Widanan

20. Risk Variables in Collaboration of Private Government (PPP) for Toll Road

Contacts 221 – 228

Putu Ika Wahyuni, Wateno Oetomo, Sarwono Hardjomuljadi, Koespiadi

21. Triplet Confinement Induced High Efficiency in Single Layer Doping of

Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diode 229 – 235

Agus Putu Abiyasa, I Wayan Sukadana, I Wayan Sutama, I Wayan Sugrayasa, Yoga Divayana

D. Theme III : Culture

1. Architecture Knowledge in Manuscript of Lontar Asta Kosala Kosali (In the

Perspective of Architecture is a Contruction Process) 236 – 241

I Nyoman Nuri Arthana, Josef Prijotomo, Murni Rachmawati, I Made Suwirya

2. Cultural Landscape and Conservation of Balinese Cemetery, Meaning and

Threatening 242 – 246

Ni Made Yudantini

3. Cultural Practice of Traditional Security Officers (Pecalang), Tourism and

The Meaning of the Local Wisdom Value in Bali 247 – 251

I Wayan Wesna Astara

4. Form and Meaning of Aesthetic Elements on Architecture of Traditional

House (Case Study of Traditional House in Bayung Gede, Bangli) 252 – 259

Siluh Putu Natha Primadewi, I Gede Ngurah Sunatha, Ni Putu Suda Nurjani

5. Local Wisdom in Environmental Management in Tenganan Pegringsingan,

Karangasem, Bali 260 – 267

I Gusti Bagus Suryawan, Ni Made Jaya Senastri

6. Proportion Identification of Candi Tebing Gunung Kawi in Tampaksiring,

Gianyar - Bali 268 – 274

A.A. Gede Raka Gunawarman, I Kadek Merta Wijaya

7. Soundscape Mapping in Heritage Area (Case study : „Legi‟ Market,

Kotagede, Yogyakarta, Indonesia) 275– 282

Patricia P. Noviandri

8. The Influence of Cultural Life on Spatial System in Tenganan Pagringsingan,

Karangasem - Bali. 283 – 293

I Wayan Runa, I Nyoman Warnata

9. The Execution of Bali Architecture in Public Buildings as A Cultural

Tourism Potential of The City of Denpasar in The Era of Globalization 294 – 303

Made Novia Indriani, Cornelia Hildegardis

10. The Roles of Market Orientation and Knowledge Competency on The

Relationship Between Innovation and Business Performance 304 – 308

Ni Made Wahyuni, I Made Wardana, Gusti Ayu Ketut Giantari

11. Traditional Concept of Space and Building in Puri Agung Karangasem, Bali 309 – 316

Agus Kurniawan, I Wayan Diksa

12. Typology of Angkul-Angkul Forms at Balinese Ethnic Houses in Denpasar 317 – 324

I Kadek Merta Wijaya

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GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF METAMORPHIC ROCK MASS ON POBOYA GOLD MINE

Sriyati Ramadhani¹, *Ahmad Rifa’i², Kabul Basah Suryolelono³, Wahyu Wilopo⁴

1,2,3

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

4Department of Geological Engineering and Center for Disaster Mitigation and Technological Innovation, (GAMA-InaTEK), GadjahMada University, Jl. Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

*Corresponding Author [email protected]¹

ABSTRACT

Gold pricesrisequite highevery year. Therefore, there are many people gold minings in Indonesia. Poboya gold mine considered as one of the existing people mines where goldstaken from metamorphic rocks. Every day, the miners conduct quarrying to extract gold ores regardless of the slope stability. The slope stability commonly affected by the characteristic and the technical properties of the rock mass. This study aimed at determining the geotechnical properties and the characteristics of the metamorphic rock mass of Poboya gold mine. The study was carried out at Poboya gold mine which is located at Palu city, using two methods of geological survey and laboratory testing. The geological survey resulted that lithological Poboya gold mine area is dominated by the metamorphic rocks of gneiss and schist. Slope condition at the lithological area of gneiss have a relatively high weathering compared to the schist lithology, and this is due to that the age of gneiss rock older than the age of schist rocks. The great weathering affected the geological structure and the strength of the available rocks. The Uniaxial Compressive Strenght test showed the values of 31 MPa for the gneiss rocks and the value of 41 MPa for schist rocks, and this is due to the weathering condition of gneiss rock, and as a result, the compressive strength became smaller. The results of the characteristics and technical properties of rock mass at the Poboya gold mine used as a preliminary data in designing the safe and the stable slopes of the pit.

Keywords:Characteristics, Technical Properties, Gold Mine

A. INTRODUCTION

The features and technical properties of rock mass are essential for the mining activities due to the process of extracting and slope slicing that causes the slope instability. Poboya is one of the gold mines where miners conduct quarrying every day using hammer and betel to extract gold ores.

Therefore, it is necessary to identify the characteristics and rock mass properties to maintain the stability while designing rock slopes. If the slope is unstable, there will be a landslide occurring in the future, risking lives of miners, properties, security equipment and the production of the mines as well. Aswegen and Laos (2003) asserted that rock mass characteristic is a requirement for mine design to minimize the dangers occurrence.

The purpose of this study was to determine the features and technical properties of rock mass at Poboya gold mine, Palu. The characteristics and technical properties of the rock mass were determined based on the geological survey and the laboratory testing. The study was carried out at Poboya area, located in Mantikulore district, Palu, Central Sulawesi. Poboya region is a concession area owned by a mining company, PT Citra Palu Mineral. The company has not conducted, up to now, any mining activity in this area, thus, it turned

to be a people mine. This mine was opened in 2006.

The road to the pit is very bumpy, along with the river as far as four kilometers, surrounded by bare hills on the left and right side. The research site as seen in Figure 1.

B. LITERATURE STUDY

1. The geological condition of Poboya

Poboyais located in the eastern section of the central basin connected to PaluKoro fault, which is part of the Northern Neogen of Sulawesi Island (Kavalieris et al., 1992). This basin associated with the filler conglomerate molassesfrm, which mostly occurs in the southeast of Palu city. The complex local geology is represented by sedimentary and metavolcanic of the Tinombo Formation in west vein and gneissic and metamorphic rocks on the eastern of the compoundToboli (Marten, 1999).

According to Muhardjoand Kaschul (1999), the mineralization at Poboya estimated as a low sulphidation epithermal system that formed at metamorphic rock units. The vein system constructed at the northwesternToboli path at the Eastern Fault of Palu. The Toboli formation consists of gneiss and metamorphic rocks, including biotite gneiss interspersed by schist.

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Figure 1Map of Research Site.

This formation penetrated by granodiorite, feldspar porphyry and, monzonite for the bedrock forming the highlands along the back of the north arm of Sulawesi.

Rocks that formed Poboya areas, according to stratigraphic sequences for old ages to young ages (Sukamto et al. 1973).

a. Metamorphic rocks

These rocks found on the eastern border of the study site, which is also a boundary of Palu with Parimo regions. Schist rocks clogged with more intensive surface weathering. The areas composed of these rocks, vegetated in general, thus the intact rock physical conditions can only be observed around the river cliffs in the northeast or upstream of Poboyariver.

b. Intrusion rocks

The intrusion rocks that found in the study area have a relatively small mass or are local intrusive bodies

that infiltrate the older rocks. The physical properties of rocks have been fractured, fragmented and partly weathered.

c. The molasses type of sedimentary rock These rocks consist of conglomerates, sandstones, siltstone, and claystone. They are widespread in the study area and dominant as well with about 90% dominating the distribution of constituent rocks. The irregular coating properties of these rocks in some places can be observed primarily on the cliffs of the Poboyariver.

d. Alluvial rocks

This material is a constituent of Poboya basin which is characterized by terrestrial morphology.

The composition of alluvial fragments consists of schist, diorite gneiss, basalt, and granite.

2. Geomechanical characteristics of discontinuity

Wyllie andMah (2004), data collection of discontinuities through geological surveys by classifying discontinuities, including the formation process. Several parameters of discontinuity

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considered in the geological investigation such as types of rock, types of discontinuity, scale, orientation, spacing, persistence, roughness, wall strength, aperture, infilling, seepage, set a number of discontinuity, shape, block size, and degree of weathering. The parameters used in this study are:

a. Types ofdiscontinuity

Wyllie andMah (2004) described the general standardof discontinuity types as follows.

1. The Faultis the set of discontinuity throughout the movement that occurs larger or less which are usually parallel or subparallel.

2. Beddingis the surface aligned with the sediment surface. The bedding field should not be assumed as horizontal.

3. Foliationis the parallel orientation of the mineral or metal in the metamorphic rocks.

4. Jointis the discontinuities that do not have a relative movement to be observed, generally cut first surfaces such as bedding, cleavage, and schistosity. The sequence of parallel joints called a series of joint, which two or more sets of intersecting produce the joint system. Two sets of the vertical joint are called orthogonal.

5. Cleavageis the parallel discontinuities that formed in the non-competent layers in a series of bedding of the competence level. In general, the cleavage fields not controlled by mineral particles in a parallel orientation.

6. Schistosity, foliation in schist orcrystal rocks with coarse grains due to the parallel structure of platy mineral grains or prismatic type such as mica b. Discontinuity spacing

Devkota et al. (2009) clarify that discontinuity spacing is one of the important parameters to determine the rock mass quality.

c. Discontinuity Persistence

Discontinuity persistence is a parameter to measure the length or the extent of the present discontinuities of the rock mass (Park, 2005; Wyllie andMah 2004).

d. Roughness

Ge et al. (2015) explainthat roughness is one of the most important parametersin understandingthe behavior and characteristics of permeability of the rock mass.

e. Wall strength

Wyllie andMah (2004) classifythe rock wall strengthin particular into seven gradesas shown in Table 1, this classification is based on the value of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), ranging from the strongest rock with UCS values greater than 250 MPa, until very weak rocks with UCS values from 0.25 to 1.0 MPa.

Table 1the Classification of Rocks Wall Strength Based on Uniaxial Compressive Strength Values

(Wyllie danMah, 2004).

Grade Description Field Identification

UCS (MPa)

R6 Very strong rocks

Using geological hammer

> 250 R5 Very strong

rocks

Needs a lot of geological hammer strikes to break it.

100-250

R4 Strong rocks Needs more than one geological strike to break it.

50-100

R3 Medium strong rocks

Can be broken by a single strike of geological hammer

25-50

R2 Weak rocks can be exfoliated using a knife carefully, the point of shallow indentation using a geological hammer

5,0-25

R1 Very weak rocks

Crushed by a geological hammer and can be exfoliated by a knife

1,0-5,0

R0 Very weak rocks

Can be stabbed using fingernails

0,25-1,0

f. Aperture

Giani (1992) explainsthat aperture can be distinguished based on the initial size of discontinuities, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2Rock blocks withdiscontinuities (Giani, 1992): a) closed, b) opened, c) filled g. Infilling

PluijmandMarshak (2004) deliberatethat base on the pattern, there are two types of infillings can be found on discontinuities and also can be used to predict the direction of fracture opening and the speed formed as well as shown in Figure 3.

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Figure 3 Types ofvein infillings (PluijmandMarshak, 2004): (a) blocky vein, (b)

fibrous vein, (c) and (d) direction of fracture openings of discontinuities are equal to the

direction of an arrow.

h. Weathering

Hack and Price (1997) assertthat weathering is the in-situ damage of the intact rocks and rock mass as well as a result of physical and chemical processes under the influence of atmospheric and hidrosfer factors, this shows that the decay and changes from the original conditions to the new ones.

3. Technical properties of rocks

Rai et al. (2010) explainthat rocks have particular properties need to identify, namely physical and mechanical properties.

General parameters on the physical properties are a weight of content, specific gravity, porosity, absorption and pore numbers, while the standard mechanical properties known as static and dynamic mechanical properties. In addition to the standard mechanical properties are also known mechanical properties and cuttability obtained from the index test. Physical and mechanical properties tests were conducted to determine the strength of rocks.

C. RESEARCH METHOD 1. Geological survey

The geological survey conducted at a research site to determine the rock lithology, to collect the discontinuities data and to take samples of rocks.

The slope discontinuity data obtained from field survey are:

a. Slope azimuth measured usinga geological compass,

b. Orientation of the geological structure in the form ofdip and dip direction measured using a compass,

c. Types of the geological structureare in the shapeof solidity, faults, and rock types,

d. Spacing shows the degree of geological structure density,

e. Presence or absence of water seepage,

f. Roughness degrees of geological structure surfaces,

g. The infilling material of geological structure and thickness,

h. Rocks name, i. Rock strength level.

2. Physical and mechanical properties test In the geological survey, rock samples that taken used for the technical properties analysis in the laboratory are the physical and mechanical properties of rocks. Test of physical and mechanical properties of rocks accomplished based on American Standard Test Material (ASTM). The properties tests consist of:

a. moisture content (ASTM D 2216-98), b. specific gravity (ASTM D 854-02) c. wight content (ASTM D 5030-13a),

d. uniaxial compressive strength test (ASTM D 2938-95)

The value of cohesion (c) andshear angle (^o) obtained by using aRocData 5.0 software to correlate the laboratory data.Paramaters included into RocData as mentioned in Table 2.

Tabele 2 Input Paraemeters of RocData

D. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1. Lithology condition

Methamorphic rocks dominate the lithology that formedthe research site. The metamorphic rocks found in the study area are gneiss and schist.

2. Discontinuity mapping results

After the results of measurement and observations at Poboya gold mine has been obtained, then discontinuity mapping is conducted.

The mapping carried out in two locations based on the types of rocks (lithology).The results of discontinuity mapping in location 1 (gneiss lithology)can be seenin Table 3.While the results of location 2 (schistlithology) can be seen as well in Table 4.

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Table3Results of discontinuity mapping at location 1 (gneiss lithology)

Table4Results of discontinuity mapping at location 2(schist lithology)

A. Location 1 (Gneiss lithology)

Based on results of discontinuity mapping in Table 3, it obtained average dip value of 81^o, spacingaverage is 37 cm, persistenceaverage is 83 cm,andapertureaverage is 1 cm.Condition of

roughness parameteris predominantly slightly rough, and weatheringcondition is predominantly highly weathered, grand water condition is mostlydryand dominantly with none infilling.Result of discontinuity point plot at location 1 of Dip Dip Direction Spasi Persistence

(o) (N……..^oE) (cm) (cm)

1 Joint 84 130 0 17 0 Slighty Rough None Highly weathered Dry

2 Joint 50 215 60 24 0.1 Slighty Rough None Highly weathered Dry

4 Joint 81 144 32 70 0 Slighty Rough None Highly weathered Dry

10 Joint 89 220 12 93 0 Smooth stepped None Highly weathered Dry

11 Joint 89 221 11 98 0.1 Smooth stepped None Highly weathered Dry

No. Type Aperture Roughness Infilling Weathering Ground

Water

No. Type Dip Dip Direction Spasi Persistence Aperture Roughness Infilling Weathering (o) (N…….^oE) (cm) (cm)

1 Joint 27 115 0 70 0.5 Slighty rough None Slightly weathered Dry

7 Joint 76 282 20 120 2 Slighty rough soft Slightly weathered Dry

8 Joint 50 105 60 98 0.1 Slighty rough None Highly weathered Dry

9 Joint 78 296 11 40 1 Slighty rough None Highly weathered Dry

10 Joint 46 109 45 180 0.1 Slighty rough soft Highly weathered Dry

18 Joint 26 45 20 35 1 Slighty rough soft Highly weathered Dry

Ground Water

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gneisslithology that there is a set discontinuity as shown in Figure 4. It obtained from a set 1 of gneiss that the discontinuity orientationshowsthe valuedipof 84^owith the value ofdip direction N133^oE.

B. Location 2 (Schist lithology)

Based on results of the discontinuity mapping in Table 4,it obtained average dipvalue of 58^o, spacing average is 64 cm, and persistenceaverage is 67 cm andthe apertureaverage is 1 cm.

Condition of roughness parameter is predominantly slightly rough,and weathering condition is mostlyhighly weathered, grand water condition is predominantly dryand dominantly with none infilling. Result of discontinuity point plot at location 2 of schist lithology that there are two sets

of discontinuities as shown in Figure 5. From the set 1 of schist, it obtained the discontinuity orientation which shows dip value of 51ôwithdip direction value of N119ôE. From the set 2 of schist, it obtained the discontinuity orientation which showsdip value of 74ôwithdip direction value of N307ôE.

Slope condition at gneiss lithology location has a relatively high weathering compared toschist lithology, and it is due to the age of gneiss rocks is older than the age of schist rocks. Position of gneiss rocks are below schist rocks without a structural reversal. Asa result, it will affect the visual condition of the geological structure of Poboya gold mine. Structure orientation is in form of geolocial stocks which some can only be observed on slopes that show nonoriented stocky traces.

(a)

(b)

Figure4. Discontinuity patten in location 1gneisslitology: Discontinuity view on field, b) Plot of discontinuity point.

1 m

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.

(a)

(b)

Figure 5. Discontinuity patten in location 2schistlitology: Discontinuity view on field, b) Plot of discontinuity point.

Table 5Test results of rocks technical properties.

3. Laboratory test results of technical properties Test of rock technical properties carried out in the laboratory with diameter (D) of sample size is 5 cm, and rock length (L) is 10 cm in gneiss and

schistlithologiesderived from the study site. The taken sample rocks are in form of chunks. Chunks of rockused for laboratory tests are in form of weathered rocks as shown in Figure 6.

w (%)

ϒb (gr/cm3

)

ϒd

(gr/cm3 )

GS σ_c (MPa) E (MPa) ν c (MPa) ϕ (^o)

1 Gneiss 5 10 0.89 2.27 2.25 2.64 31 4.853 0,24 0.178 23

2 Schist 5 10 0.79 2.47 2.45 2.65 41 15.594 0,25 0.129 25

Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) RocData 5.0 Location Litologi D

(cm)

L (cm)

Physical Properties Test

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(a)

(b)

Figure 6 Types of rock for laboratory test:

a) gneiss, b) schist

The obtained results show that the value of physical properties of gneiss and schist rock types tend to be the same, it is because both types of rock classified in a group of metamorphic rocks.

The test results of Uniaxial Compressive Strength shows that for lithology gneiss uniaxial compressive strength value of 31 MPa and schist lithology value for the uniaxial compressive trength of 41 MPa. From the above findings it is known for gneiss lithology, the classification of rock strength is at grade R3 which is a strong rock medium (Table 1), and for schist lithology, the classification of rock strength is at the grade R4 which is a strong rock (Table 1). The UCS results show that schist rock is stronger than gneiss rock, this is because the gneiss rock has been weathered, and hence the compressive strength value is small.

The parameter of rock material shear strength atPoboya gold mine is obtained through a software of RocData 5.0 analysis and the results then correlated with the laboratory data. Findings obtained from shear strength parameters of rock show the cohesion value (c) of gneiss is 0.178 MPa and of schist is 0.129 MPa. The value of shear angle (φ)ongneiss is 23^oand onschistis about 25^o. E. CONCLUSION

Characteristics and technical properties of rock mass in mining activities are needed to minimize dangers occur in the mine slopes.

Metamorphic rocks dominate the lithology that formed the study site. The metamorphic rocks found around the study site are gneiss and schist.

Based on results of discontinuity mapping and the laboratory tests, it can be concluded that the general condition of gneiss lithology has a relatively high weathering compared to schist lithology, and this is due to the age of gneiss rocks is older than the age

of schist rocks. The high weathering affects the geological structure and strength of rocks as well.

Rock strength that resulted from uniaxial compressive strength test, showsthat value of gneiss rock strength is lower than value of schist rock strength, this is due to the condition of gneiss rock has been weathered, and hence the value of strength compressive is small. Results of characteristics and technical properties of rock mass at Poboya gold mine can be used as a baseline data for design safe and stable slopes of mine.

F. REFERENCES

BPS, K. P. (2013). Kecamatan Mantikulore dalam Angka. Kota Palu: Bappeda, Penanaman modal, BPS Kota Palu.

Devkota, K. C., Ham, J. E., & Kim, G. W. (2009).

Characteristics of discontinuity spacing of Yeongdeok granite. Geosciences Journal, 13(2), 161-165.

Giani, G. P. (1992). Rock slope stability analysis.

CRC Press.

Hack, R., & Price, D. (1997). Quantification of weathering. Proceedings Engineering Geology and the Environment, Athens, 145-150.

Kavalieris, I., Van Leeuwen, T. M., & Wilson, M.

(1992). Geological setting and styles of mineralization, north arm of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 7(2-3), 113-129.

Marten, B. E. (1999). Report on a visit to the Palu Prospect, Central Sulawesi Indonesia. Report on Geology and Exploration of The Palu Prospect Rio Tinto Internal Company Report.

Muhardjo, & Kaschul. (1999). Central Sulawesi Contract of Work. Report on Geology and Exploration of the Palu Prospect.

Park, H. J. (2005). A new approach for persistence in probabilistic rock slope stability analysis.

Geosciences Journal, 9(3), 287.

Pluijm, B., & Marshak, S. (2004). Earth Structure, An Introduction to Structural Geology and Tectonics (2ed.). London: W.W. Norton &

Company.

Rai, M., Kramadibrata, & Wathmena, R. (2010).

Mekanika Batuan. Bandung: ITB.

Sukamto, Sumadirdja, H., Suptandar, T., ardjoprawiro, S., & Sudana, D. (1973). Peta Geologi Tinjau Lembar Palu, Sulawesi.

Bandung: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi

Van Aswegen, G., & Laas, J. (2003). Monitoring the rock mass response to mining in Witwatersrand gold mines. In Proceedings of ISSA/Chamber of Mines Conference (pp. 51- 62).

Wyllie, D. C., & Mah, C. (2004). Rock slope engineering. CRC Press.

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Scientific Committee :

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Katalog dalam Terbitan : Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia The 1

Warmadewa University International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering SUSTAINABILITY, DESIGN AND CULTURE Denpasar, 2017, ix, 324 pages, 21.0 x 29.7 Cm

Hak Cipta Dilindungi Undang-undang UU RI No. 19 Tahun 2002

Editor : 1. I Kadek Merta Wijaya, S.T., M.Sc.

2. Putu Aryastana, S.T., M.Eng., M.Si.

3. Made Suryanatha Prabawa, S.T., M.Ars.

Cover Design : Ni Putu Ratih Pradnyaswari Anasta Putri, S.T., M.Sc.

First Published : October 2017

Copyright : Warmadewa University Press Editor Address :

Jalan Terompong No. 24, Gedung D Lantai 2, Tanjung Bungkak, Denpasar 80234, Bali Telp. (0361) 223858; Fax. (0361) 225073 Web: www.warmadewa.ac.id

E-mail: [email protected]

Committee

The 1

Warmadewa University International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering

SUSTAINABILITY, DESIGN AND CULTURE

Board of Committee:

Dr. Drs. A. A. Gede Wisnumurti, M.Si.

Prof. dr. Dewa Putu Widjana, DAP&E.Sp.Park.

Person in Charge:

Prof. Dr. Ir. I Wayan Runa, M.T.

Chairman:

Putu Aryastana, S.T., M.Eng., M.Si.

Members of Committee:

I Wayan Widanan, S.T., M.P.M.

Ni Komang Armaeni, S.T., M.T.

I Gede Surya Darmawan, S.T., M.T.

I Kadek Merta Wijaya, S.T., M.Sc.

Ir. I Nyoman Surayasa, M.Si.

A. A. Gede Raka Gunawarman, S.T., M.T.

Putu Ika Wahyuni, S.T., M.Si., M.T.

Ir. I Wayan Jawat, M.T.

INTRODUCTION

WELCOMING SPEECH

BY RECTOR OF WARMADEWA UNIVERSITY

CHAIRMAN REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

B. Theme I : Sustainability

C. Theme II : Design

D. Theme III : Culture

GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF METAMORPHIC ROCK MASS ON POBOYA GOLD MINE

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