1. In this essay, the author wants to explain the meaning of humanitarian intervention and responsibility to protect (R2P), which is the material on human security that has been studied. In addition, the author also wants to explain UN peacekeeping
operations, which are peacekeeping operations under the auspices of the UN Security Council. The author adds about the understanding of UN peacekeeping operations that apply the concepts of humanitarian intervention and responsibility to protect (R2P) in their operations. These two concepts are used to protect civilians, facilitate humanitarian assistance, and strengthen security and order in conflict areas.
2. The writer uses two concepts that have been studied in human security courses, namely :
1) Humanitarian intervention . It is a policy or action undertaken by one or more states or international organizations to prevent or alleviate widespread suffering and protect individuals and communities from grave human rights abuses, often occurring within the boundaries of another sovereign state. Human security, in this context, emphasizes the protection of individuals and
communities from various threats, including armed conflict, violence, and other forms of harm that undermine their basic human dignity and well-being. Humanitarian Intervention - Key takeaways :
- Humanitarian intervention is understood as the intervention of one state (or a group of states) using military power to prevent human rights violations which are taking place within the borders of a separate nation.
- Following the horrors of the Second World War, NATO and the UN were created to ensure international laws were upheld.
- The 1990s have become known as the 'decade of
humanitarianism' in which NATO-led coalitions of states launched humanitarian interventions.
- This desire, as was seen in Bosnia, can lead to interventions being escalated from purely aid-based practices into military operations.
- Humanitarian intervention promotes the consideration of 'human security' in conflicts, but also the attempt to universalise western culture has come under criticism.
- Humanitarian intervention involves one country or a group of nations using force to stop severe human rights violations in another country, even without formal international approval.
This concept has a historical background dating back to Hugo Grotius and evolved over time.
Crimes against humanity became recognized as international crimes after World War II, leading to the idea of humanitarian intervention. Human security focuses on people's well-being during crises, emphasizing their rights, and taking a comprehensive approach to address various security threats. The legality of using force for humanitarian reasons is a complex issue. It's essential to seek
international consensus and adhere to guidelines like the "Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty." Striking a balance between maintaining peace and upholding justice remains a challenge in humanitarian intervention.
2) Responsibility to Protect is a principle in international relations aimed at preventing mass extermination, war crimes, ethnic
cleansing, and crimes against humanity. It states that every country has the responsibility to protect its citizens from these four types of crimes, these are genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and etnhic cleansing. Some R2P concepts are as follows:
- Every state has a responsibility to protect against mass atrocities.
- Every international community has a responsibility to assist states.
- If the state fails to do so, the international community must step in to protect the victim.
R2P is a concept that holds that the international community has a responsibility to protect populations from serious crimes such as genocide, crimes against humanity, wars of aggression, and ethnic cleansing. The R2P doctrine has a complex and controversial relationship with security. On the one hand, R2P can be seen as a doctrine of human security, as it is based on the idea that states have a responsibility to protect their populations from mass atrocities. On the other hand, R2P can also be seen as a threat to human security, as it can be used to justify military intervention in the name of human rights, even if such intervention is incompatible with the interests of the people. Intended to protect.
Overall, R2P is a positive development, but it needs to be applied carefully and thoughtfully. R2P calls on the international community to develop norms and ensure that R2P is used in a manner consistent with human rights and
international law.
3. Humanitarian interventions and the responsibility to protect (R2P) are two important concepts in human security that place humans as the main focus of security policy and aim to protect individuals from threats that threaten their survival and well-being. Humanitarian intervention It is a policy or action undertaken by one or more states or international organizations to prevent or alleviate widespread suffering and protect individuals and communities from grave human rights abuses, often occurring within the boundaries of another sovereign state. Responsibility to Protect is a principle in international relations aimed at preventing mass extermination, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. It states that every country has the responsibility to protect its citizens from these four types of crimes: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing.
UN peacekeeping operations, under the auspices of the UN Security Council, were formed to assist countries experiencing conflict in achieving peace and stability. These operations apply the concepts of humanitarian intervention and responsibility to protect (R2P) in carrying out their duties by protecting civilians, facilitating humanitarian assistance, and building the capacity of state
institutions by providing training and technical support to state institutions to strengthen their capacity to maintain the peace and security of their country from external threats. The mandate and legal basis of UN peacekeeping operations are set out in the UN Charter, particularly Chapters VII and VIII.
Chapter VII deals with "Acts against the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression", while Chapter VIII deals with the involvement of regional
arrangements and institutions in maintaining international peace and security.
UN peacekeeping operations also conduct military interventions, which are only carried out as a last resort after other efforts have failed. In its implementation, UN Peacekeeping Operations also applies basic principles, namely the consent of the parties involved, neutrality, and non-use of force except in self-defense and defense of the mandate. UN Peacekeeping Operations also cooperates with humanitarian organizations and UN member states to achieve these goals.
The author will also explain some criticisms from several figures who argue that humanitarian intervention in dealing with the problem of a country's conflict is considered ineffective because it can only worsen the problems that are
happening because achieving a balance between maintaining peace and upholding justice remains a challenge in humanitarian intervention.
4. Some sources or references that the writer uses in writing this essay are 1) Eliza, Emi, Heryandi Heryandi, and Ahmad Syofyan. “Intervensi
Kemanusiaan (Humanitarian Intervention) Menurut Hukum Internasional Dan Implementasinya Dalam Konflik Bersenjata.”
FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 8, no. 4 (2015).
https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v8no4.316.
This article explains that humanitarian intervention is an effort to prevent or stop gross human rights violations with certain powers (diplomatic and military) in a country, either with or without the consent of the state (countries with internal conflict). The purpose of the establishment of a state is to protect every human being, both its citizens and foreign citizens, from violations of their human rights.
It is just that often in its application, the state concerned abuses its rights and authorities, even to the exclusion of human values, which then results in misery for its people. Therefore, in the situation of many gross violations of human rights that occur, foreign parties can enter as a third party to solve the problems that occur and restore the condition of the country to its original state, one of which is by means of intervention. Therefore, the United Nations, as an
organization that regulates state relations in the world, runs or forms UN
peacekeeping operations to help countries that are experiencing conflict without forgetting the nature of non-intervention. Although the regulation of
humanitarian intervention has not been expressly regulated in international law, However, according to UN Charter Article 24 concerning the duties and functions of the UN Security Council, the UN, through the Security Council, has the right to carry out its obligations regarding threats to international security, violations of peace and security, and aggression in accordance with the purposes and
principles of the UN. By reducing the use of armed force as much as possible, this is in accordance with Article 26 of the UN Charter.
2) ationo, Teguh Imam. “Humanitarian Intervention Menurut Hukum Internasional Dan Implikasinya Dalam Konflik Bersenjata.” Widya Pranata Hukum : Jurnal Kajian dan Penelitian Hukum 1, no. 1 (2019): 65–88. https://doi.org/10.37631/widyapranata.v1i1.255.
Similar to the first source, this paper also explains the meaning of humanitarian intervention and its implications in the life of a state, but here it explains in more detail the basis of humanitarian intervention carried out by the UN, for example in UN peacekeeping operations that are carried out to restore human security in countries that are experiencing conflict.
3) Hendra, Eric. “Sekuritisasi Dalam Kerangka ‘R2p’ Dan Intervensi Kemanusiaan: Dilema Antara Legalitas Dan Legitimasi.” Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 3, no. 2 (2014): 131–41.
https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.2014.0055.131-141.
This paper discusses the concepts of humanitarian intervention and
responsibility to protect (R2P) in UN peacekeeping operations. It also discusses the dilemma between legality and legitimacy in the implementation of the concepts of R2P and humanitarian intervention. The implementation of these concepts must consider compliance with international law, support from the international community, and the impact of such actions on human security and well-being. In the implementation of R2P and humanitarian intervention concepts that address conflicts between state interests and the interests of the
international community, it is necessary to evaluate the legality and legitimacy of these actions. This evaluation should consider compliance with international law, support from the international community, and the impact of the action on human security and well-being.
4) Faisal, Z. N., & Adwani, A. (2021). TINDAKAN INTERVENSI KEMANUSIAAN MELALUI AKSI R2P (RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Bidang Hukum Kenegaraan, 5(3), 174-184.
This paper explains the humanitarian intervention actions carried out through the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) action as well as the parties authorized to carry it out and the success factors of carrying out humanitarian intervention actions under the concept of "Responsibility to Protect" (R2P). discussing the UN Charter and the debate over why humanitarian intervention is not explicitly mentioned in the UN Charter. Because it is not explicitly mentioned, Kofi Annan (a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1997 to 2006) called on UN member states to find a reasonable formula for carrying out interventions in the context of protecting human rights.
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) was born, a new norm that seems to be accepted and supported by many countries.
5) UN. “From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P).” Diplomatist, December 10, 2022.
https://diplomatist.com/2020/09/28/from-humanitarian- intervention-to-the-responsibility-to-protect-r2p/.
In an article published online by the UN on December 10, 2002, it was explained that based on 16 studies that have been conducted, UN peacekeeping operations are considered effective in reducing the number of civilian casualties, shortening the duration of conflicts, and helping peace agreements to be achieved, even though not all conflicts handled by UN peacekeeping operations experience good results or often experience failures. But it can be concluded that although some missions experience failures, overall, UN peacekeeping is effective in reducing the number of civilian casualties, shortening the duration of conflicts, and helping peace agreements to be achieved. Studies also show that UN
peacekeeping is more effective in preventing and reducing violence than non-UN peacekeeping missions.
Some of the sources or references that I wrote above explain in detail about the theme I took, which discusses humanitarian intervention and responsibility to protect (R2P). Some sources also explain about UN peacekeeping operations that use the two concepts above in their actions to reduce conflict in countries
experiencing conflict and also explain the regulations of humanitarian intervention, which until now are still a debate about whether the
implementation of humanitarian intervention is allowed because it is not explicitly written in the UN charter.
5. The source of the essay data that I used was search results on the Google search engine. I used several keywords related to the topic of the essay I wanted to write, such as "the definition of humanitarian intervention", "the definition of responsibility to protect (R2P)", and "do UN peacekeeping operations use the concepts of humanitarian intervention and responsibility to protect (R2P) in carrying out actions in countries that are experiencing conflict?". The author also opens several websites that are relevant to the topic, such as several journal websites that discuss international relations as well as the concept of human security, and the official website of the United Nations. The author also reads papers from fellow presenters who happen to discuss the two concepts that I use as essay themes to add insight related to the topic of the essay. The source of the essay data that the author uses is public and can be accessed by anyone through the internet. The author obtains the data by reading articles and websites that are relevant to the essay topic to be written.
6. In the 21st century, the world is faced with complex challenges related to armed conflict, mass human rights violations, and humanitarian crises that require rapid and effective responses. In this context, two key concepts have
emerged as cornerstones for international action: humanitarian intervention and responsibility to protect (R2P). In this essay, the author will discuss these two concepts and consider how they are applied in UN peacekeeping operations.
Humanitarian intervention, which emerged in the early 1990s, refers to the act of a state or group of states using military force or intervening in the internal affairs of a state to protect its citizens from mass human rights violations or
humanitarian chaos. While there is no definitive global agreement on its definition or legality, humanitarian intervention has brought about positive change in some cases, saving lives and helping to rebuild societies devastated by internal conflict.
On the other hand, responsibility to protect (R2P) is a more recent concept and was adopted by the UN in 2005. R2P places the responsibility on states to protect their citizens from crimes against humanity and addresses the inability or
unwillingness of those states to do so. If a state fails to protect its citizens, the responsibility shifts to the international community, and collective action, including the use of military force, can be taken by the UN.
In the context of UN peacekeeping operations, humanitarian intervention and R2P play an important role. Peacekeeping operations often involve joint forces from different countries led by the UN to uphold peace and facilitate post-conflict reconstruction. In situations where mass human rights violations occur or
governments fail to protect their citizens, the concept of R2P provides a legal and moral foundation for international intervention.
However, the implementation of humanitarian intervention and R2P in the context of peacekeeping operations also poses a number of challenges. One of the biggest challenges is ensuring that interventions are proportionate and do not infringe on the sovereignty of the state concerned. In addition, effective international cooperation, coordination between international and local actors, and local capacity building are also key to successfully implementing these concepts.
In conclusion, humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect are important instruments in responding to humanitarian crises in this era of globalization. In UN peacekeeping operations, these two concepts provide a strong framework to protect citizens and ensure sustainable peace. However, to effectively implement these concepts, there needs to be cooperation between states, a commitment to universal humanitarian values, and an approach based on justice and sustainability. Thus, the world can look forward to a more secure, just, and peaceful future through the wise and ethical implementation of
humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect in UN peacekeeping operations.