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E-ISSN 0976-2779 | ISSN 0975-8453 Contact Home

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Abstracting & Indexing Most Accessed Articles Most Downloaded Articles

Editor-in-Chief

Dr.Ayad F. Alkaim

University of Babylon, College of Science for Women, Babylon, Scopus Author ID:

55255310600, Iraq

Editorial Board

Dr Lucius, MBBS General Prac ce

Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany Dr. Aygul Z. Ibatova

Department of Natural Sciences

Tyumen Industrial University, Scopus Author ID: 57191110632 h p://orcid.org/0000- 0003-0565-8533, Russia

Dr Ahmad Faisal Ismail Kulliyyah of Den stry

Interna onal Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Campus, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Scopus Author ID: 35388596700 , Malaysia

Dr. Huiliang ZHAOÂ , Ph.D

Guizhou Minzu University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, China Dr. Mohd Armi Abu Samah

Interna onal Islamic University Malaysia, (IIUM) 25200 Kuantan Pahang Dr. Baded ramjiÂ

Sri Lanka

Dr. Chris randea South Africa Dr. Yingwen ZHAO

Researcher of Guizhou Rural Economic and Social Development Research Ins tute, China

Dr. Li Zihan, Ph.D University of Glasgow, UK Gabriela Cioca

Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology Department

Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania, Lucian Blaga street, no 2A, Sibiu, Romania Dariusz Nowak

Municipal Hospital, Mickiewicza street no 12, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland Aleksandra Zyska

Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology

Opole University, Oleska street no 48,Â 45-052 Opole, Poland Katarzyna Sznajder

Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Department of Diagnos c Imaging Opole University, Oleska street no 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland Jacek JÃ³Åºwiak

Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Opole University, Oleska street no 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland

Luciano Benedini

Universidad Nacional del Sur (Na onal University of South-UNS), Bahía Blanca 8000, Argen na

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Dental Development between Assisted Reproductive Therapy (Art) and Natural Conceived Children: A Comparative Pilot Study Norzaiti Mohd Kenali, Naimah Hasanah Mohd Fathil, Norbasyirah Bohari, Ahmad Faisal Ismail, Roszaman Ramli SRP 2020 11(1)

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Paula Messina

Departamento de Biolog

Universidad Nacional del Sur (Na onal University of South-UNS), Bioquímica y Farmacia, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argen na

Michael Walsh

Washington State University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceu cal Sciences (CPPS), USA

Prof. Dr. Ki sak Jermsi parsertÂ Â Henan University, China

Amel Dawod Kamel Gudia, PhD Faculty of nursing

Cairo University, Egypt Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori

Airlangga University, Scopus Author ID: 57195995342, h ps://orcid.org/0000-0002- 1279-3904, Indonesia

Mohammed Nader ShalabyÂ

Suez Canal University, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences and Sports Health, Egypt

Dr. Faten Abo-Aziza Mohamed, PhD

Associate Professor, Clinical Pathology and Stem Cell Research

Na onal Research Centre, Manager of Veterinary Division Central Lab (605), 33 El- Behoos St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

Professor Asim Ahmed Elnour Ahmed College of Pharmacy

Al-Ain University of Science and Technology, UAE S. Parasuraman, M.Pharm., Ph.D

AIMST University, Malaysia

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2020: Volume 11, Issue 12

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Sys Rev Pharm 2020;11(12):1857-1863

A multifaceted review journal in the field of pharmacy

1857 Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy Vol 11, Issue 12, December2020

The Protection of Employee Inventions on Private Employment Relationship in Pharmaceutical Industry in

Indonesia

Kholis Roisah^*, Joko Setiyono, Yayuk Widhari Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

The reciprocal relationship between company and employees such as in the pharmaceutical industry then creates a dilemma for solving the problem regarding the employee responsibility to the company, and company recognition for employee invention. This paper will discuss and analyze the problems of employee ownership of inventions in patent law regime in Indonesia, compared with those in developed countries. In Indonesia, the settings of employee inventions are not dealt explicitly in Indonesian patent law such as in the Patent Law of 1986 and the latest, the Patent Law of 2016.

The Law set implicitly that employee inventions are inventions that resulted in employment status or inventions generated using the employer’s data and facilities. The results showed that the settings of ownership of employee inventions that clearly rely on the doctrine of hired to invent and shop-rights which was adopted in the advanced industrial countries prove to be conducive to create a supportive climate of innovation and the progress of scientific and technological invention by workers, and by the company. The concept of employee inventions that have not been expressly provided in the Patent Law of 2016 and has not yet adopted the doctrine of hired to invent or shop rights is considered more profitable to employers or companies, than to employees, to have exclusive rights to the patent and exploit freely on the invention produced.

Keywords:Employee Inventions, Hired to Invent, Patent Law, Indonesia Correspondence:

Kholis Roisah

Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia

INTRODUCTION

The strength and success of a country will be determined by the ability of creating and controlling the scientific and technological factors (Flyvbjerg, 2001). These factors nowadays have been the main factors to the increasing competitiveness that have replaced economic capital, land and energy that have been massively exploited in the last century. It is undeniable that the development of science and technology is the source of innovation climate as a foundation of inspiration to the growth of human resource creativity, which in turn can be a source of economic growth and competitiveness (Directorate of Research and Community Service, Ministry of Research and Higher Education, 2015)).

Science and technology are basically sourced from intellectual creativity resulted from processing human thought, or exploration of mind (Galloway et al., 2010).

The emerging human creativity through inventions as one's intellectual assets has a positive, significant effect on the development of science and technology (Roisah, 2015). Growing human intellectual creativity through such various creation works in the field of copyright works, art and literary works which have invaluably contributed to modern people's lives (Bontis, 2004).

Hence, it is necessary for stakeholders as well as government to provide legal certainty and public order to ensure appreciation, respect and protection of human intellectual abilities. Thus, such recognition and reward are highly required to the personal creativity with a legal order that is nowadays largely known as the legal regime of intellectual property rights (IPR)(Siswandi. 2002).

Patent as one of the important objects in the intellectual property laws is defined as an exclusive right granted by the state to the inventor of his or her invention in the field of technology, which for a certain period of time exercises his own invention or gives his consent to the other party to exercise it. The invention here refers to

the idea of an inventor being poured into a technologically specific problem-solving activity, be it a product, process, or a refinement and development of a product or process.

The development of human needs of the easier and more efficient product and services now are profoundly supported by technological advances through inventions and discoveries in many scientific fields. Demands for products and processes of invention in the field of technology have been growing in terms of quality and quantity to meet various human needs. The demand that is done by presenting an entirely new product or consumer’s product is measured by the level of its competitive advantages, whether it is more practical, faster, more environmentally friendly, or other

‘comparative’ measures. Thus, it can be considered that generating a new product with more advantages is a form of a business strategy underlying the company’s values in producing sustainable products in the market competition. The condition forces companies to mobilize all resources owned, such as by exploiting the employees’ capability in research and development (R&D) or even by ordering the whole range of departments for doing research, assessing and delivering innovative products with the specific advantages of the company's products(Spender & Strong, 2010). These conditions are contemporarily no longer peculiar for both consumers and companies, as being done massively by such large companies as information technology-based companies, online stores, social media platforms, media and internet companies. Hence, the employees are the focal point to produce innovative products or processes that are technically feasible and have high economic value (Thediek et al., 2013), as the basis of the company long- term success and sustainable growth (Janssen, 2000).

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Sys Rev Pharm 2020;11(12):1944-1949

A multifaceted review journal in the field of pharmacy

1944 Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy Vol 11, Issue 12, December 2020

Evaluation Of Amniotic Fluid By Ultrasound In

Oligohydromnia Managed By Oral Maternal Rehydation In 2 ^nd And 3 ^rd Trimesters In Mosul City

Abeer Wali Ahmed

¹

*, Hana Abdul-QaderKhuder

²

, Dalya Mudhafar Abdulrahman

¹

1Lecturer, 2Assistant Lecturer, College of medicine/ Ninevah University, Mosul, Iraq

*Corresponding author email:[email protected] Abstract

Amniotic fluid is an important component that engulfs the fetus inside the mother's womb. Oligohydramnios, means abnormally decreased in the amount of amniotic fluid It has a risk to the fetus during pregnancy, afect about 1 to 2 percent of pregnancies, iatrogenic preterm causes illness and death to the fetus before delivery. Operative deliveries are risky for both the fetus and the mother. They might cause problems due to some of the commonly known factors or Oligohydramnios association could be identified, there could be some other unknown factors that are termed “Isolated Oligohydramnios”. Amniotic fluid's rate of evolution could serve as an indicator to how the fetus is growing, it can provide protection, and it helps predict the gender of the newborn. The mother should undertake a hydration therapy in order to improve her amniotic fluid and the fetus well been.

Drinking good amounts of water found to be helpful in increasing the amniotic fluid volume without using any other supplements. The sonographic evaluation for all patients with oligohydramnios were reviewed to determine whether sonographically detectable fetal anomalies were present, and when these anomalies were present, how this information was used in maternal fetal management.

Keywords:sonographic, evaluation, amniotic fluid, Oligohydromnia Managed, Trimesters

INTRODUCTION

Amniotic fluid (AF) is a fluid with constant ratio of outflow (fetal swallowing and intramembrane absorption) and inflow (fetal urine and lung fluids) in the amniotic space⁽¹⁾, Amniotic fluid volume (AFV) monitoring gives a clear idea about the wellbeing of the fetus as it provides:

1. Supportive environment for growth 2. Protection from trauma and infection

3. A medium that allows fetal movement aiding the development of musuloskeletal system

4. Prevents compressions of umbilical cord and placenta providing vascular & nutritional protection

Amniotic fluid is an important fluid for the protection of the fetus, and its deficiency (oligohydramnios) could cause misleading effects on the prediction of the gender of the newborn. Sometimes there is no clear the mother for the deficiency of the amniotic fluid wither it causes reason or the fetus, this case is called isolated oligohydramnios (IO)⁽³⁾. The pathophysiology of IO itself is not clearly understood, but it reflects chronic or late- onset placental insufficiency. In cases of pregnancy with IO the baby should be delivered in a well maintained environment to lower the chances of morbidity due to fragility. Oligohydramnios is a case in which the amniotic fluid is decreased extremely leading to hard pregnancy;

1-2% of pregnancies in the world are Oligohydramnios⁽⁴⁾. Sonographically, it is the mass of amniotic fluid which should be less than 5% in gestational age; Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) *<5 cm or Single Deepest Pocket of liquor (SDP) <2 cm*⁽⁵⁾.

Oligohydramnios has been found in association with

ruptured membranous, intrauterine growth retardation, preeclampsia, post maturity, fetal demise, and renal anomalies. Diagnosis of these cases was based on sonographic findings during pregnancy (⁶).

Oligohydramnios is at its most between 13 and 21 weeks, and between 34 and 42 weeks ⁽⁷⁾. Due to the gradual increasing in the production of amniotic fluid in the mid- trimester⁽⁸⁾, excessive oligohydramnios before the 22^nd- 24th weeks of pregnancy could occur causing mal- structuring of the lungs leading to perinatal death with a chance of 80%^{(9, 10)}, it could also cause a delay in growth, compression-related skeletal deformities (muscle hypotrophy or joint constriction), and pregnancy loss⁽¹⁰⁾. 1.1 Symptoms of oligohydramnios

Disorders in the fetus cause about 50% of the cases in which the AFV levels lowers at the second trimester⁽⁷⁾, but major disorders even the fatal ones causes severe oligohydramnios by anuria. An amnioinfusion procedure makes it possible to identify the urinary tract in 26% of the cases by sonographic, and it could improve the severe decrement in AFV^(11,12). In addition, amnioinfusion could prolong the pregnancy duration and aid in the survival of the newborn causing non-lethal disorders ⁽¹³⁾. A uteroplacental insufficiency could occur due to hypertensive (high blood pressure) in the mother or some illnesses and pathogens in any case they should all be treated as they cause reduction in oxygen and nutritional supply. Fetal regulatory mechanisms causes the fetus to seize urinating leading to troubles in growth or even death of the fetus^(13.14). The risks associated with

Editorial Board - Undip PAK Repository

E-ISSN 0976-2779 | ISSN 0975-8453 Contact Home

Online First Current Issue Archive

Aims and Scope

Abstracting & Indexing Most Accessed Articles Most Downloaded Articles

Editorial Board

Editor-in-Chief

Dr.Ayad F. Alkaim

University of Babylon, College of Science for Women, Babylon, Scopus Author ID:

55255310600, Iraq

Editorial Board

Dr Lucius, MBBS General Prac ce

Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany Dr. Aygul Z. Ibatova

Department of Natural Sciences

Tyumen Industrial University, Scopus Author ID: 57191110632 h p://orcid.org/0000- 0003-0565-8533, Russia

Dr Ahmad Faisal Ismail Kulliyyah of Den stry

Interna onal Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Campus, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Scopus Author ID: 35388596700 , Malaysia

Dr. Huiliang ZHAOÂ , Ph.D

Guizhou Minzu University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, China Dr. Mohd Armi Abu Samah

Interna onal Islamic University Malaysia, (IIUM) 25200 Kuantan Pahang Dr. Baded ramjiÂ

Sri Lanka

Dr. Chris randea South Africa Dr. Yingwen ZHAO

Researcher of Guizhou Rural Economic and Social Development Research Ins tute, China

Dr. Li Zihan, Ph.D University of Glasgow, UK Gabriela Cioca

Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology Department

Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania, Lucian Blaga street, no 2A, Sibiu, Romania Dariusz Nowak

Municipal Hospital, Mickiewicza street no 12, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland Aleksandra Zyska

Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology

Opole University, Oleska street no 48,Â 45-052 Opole, Poland Katarzyna Sznajder

Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Department of Diagnos c Imaging Opole University, Oleska street no 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland Jacek JÃ³Åºwiak

Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Opole University, Oleska street no 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland

Luciano Benedini

Universidad Nacional del Sur (Na onal University of South-UNS), Bahía Blanca 8000, Argen na

Most Viewed Articles

Most

Downloaded

Paula Messina

Departamento de Biolog

Universidad Nacional del Sur (Na onal University of South-UNS), Bioquímica y Farmacia, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argen na

Michael Walsh

Washington State University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceu cal Sciences (CPPS), USA

Prof. Dr. Ki sak Jermsi parsertÂ Â Henan University, China

Amel Dawod Kamel Gudia, PhD Faculty of nursing

Cairo University, Egypt Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori

Airlangga University, Scopus Author ID: 57195995342, h ps://orcid.org/0000-0002- 1279-3904, Indonesia

Mohammed Nader ShalabyÂ

Suez Canal University, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences and Sports Health, Egypt

Dr. Faten Abo-Aziza Mohamed, PhD

Associate Professor, Clinical Pathology and Stem Cell Research

Na onal Research Centre, Manager of Veterinary Division Central Lab (605), 33 El- Behoos St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

Professor Asim Ahmed Elnour Ahmed College of Pharmacy

Al-Ain University of Science and Technology, UAE S. Parasuraman, M.Pharm., Ph.D

AIMST University, Malaysia

POLICIES & JOURNAL LINKS

2020: Volume 11, Issue 12

Sys Rev Pharm 2020;11(12):1857-1863

The Protection of Employee Inventions on Private Employment Relationship in Pharmaceutical Industry in

Indonesia

Sys Rev Pharm 2020;11(12):1944-1949

Evaluation Of Amniotic Fluid By Ultrasound In

Oligohydromnia Managed By Oral Maternal Rehydation In 2 nd And 3 rd Trimesters In Mosul City

Abeer Wali Ahmed

*, Hana Abdul-QaderKhuder

, Dalya Mudhafar Abdulrahman

Oligohydromnia Managed By Oral Maternal Rehydation In 2 ^nd And 3 ^rd Trimesters In Mosul City