Seungwha (Andy) Chungis, Professor of Management and Vice Dean of the Yonsei University School of Business. Regional Economic and Enterprise Development at the University of Sheffield Management School and is also Co-Director of the Center for International Competitiveness.
The chapter also shows how start-up conditions are not static and therefore a key entrepreneurial challenge, and a possible focus for future research is adapting the dominant entrepreneurial logic to these changes. In this regard, the chapters are examples of the kind of research that will increase our ability to disconfirm hypotheses and therefore advance the field.
INTRODUCTION
This chapter seeks to understand the emerging cluster of a dynamic, high-growth transition region such as Dublin in terms of the role of the indigenous sector in explaining Ireland's high-tech story. Furthermore, over the past five years, the contribution of domestic start-ups now accounts for one-tenth of the $15 billion worth of software shipped from Ireland.
THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT
Venkataraman agrees with most cluster theorists and argues that the critical determinants for creating successful high-tech regions like Silicon Valley are "intangible" institutional variables. This allowed us to develop a bottom-up, micro-level perspective and approach the issue from the perspective of actors in the region.
THE IRISH SOFTWARE INDUSTRY CONTEXT
Using this framework of analysis, we trace the development of entrepreneurship and the development of the technology cluster in Dublin over a period of 25 to 30 years, from the 1970s to 2005. Europe's Shining Light' and The Economist Intelligence Unit went on to claim that Ireland is 'the best place in the world to live' and ranked first in 2005 because it successfully addresses the most desirable elements of the economic factors (the fourth highest GDP per capita in the world in 2005, low unemployment and political freedoms) with desirable social elements, such as a stable family and community life (EIU, 2005) (see Table 1.1).
Global Technology, Industry and Market Context
During this period Ireland became the world's largest exporter of software (second place when transfer pricing from MNCs is taken into account). Eight of the world's top ten software suppliers operate in Ireland and it continues to be a key European location for technology companies.
REGIONAL TRANSFORMATION AND THE
In 2005, Enterprise Ireland reported a total of 75 new business start-ups – the highest number in any year to date. In 2003, the 357 companies still trading as Enterprise Ireland clients had a combined direct employment of 7,458 people – the majority of roles being highly skilled.
EMERGENCE OF A HIGH-TECHNOLOGY CLUSTER
By the late 1980s, a growing number of entrepreneurial technology companies sought to export. The entrepreneurial origins of Irish involvement in telecommunications software also lie in the 1980s.
DISCUSSION
The research shows that multinational companies can play a very positive role in the development of a cluster. The impact of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) on the transformation of Ireland's entrepreneurial economy cannot be underestimated either.
APPENDIX
Company Website Address Company Description Advanced Brokerage and Network Edge Assessment Valista www.valista.com. Company Website Address Company Description Europe's fastest growing information services provider Datalex www.datalex.com.
José Cezar Castanhar, João Ferreira Dias and José Paulo Esperança
First, the enormous impact that the emergence and development of the cluster had on regional development in a relatively short period of time (less than three decades). First, because most studies of the impact of entrepreneurship on regional economic development emphasize high-tech industry in the context of broad government technology support policies.
LITERATURE REVIEW
A recent stream of theoretical and empirical research in economics explicitly emphasizes the role of the entrepreneur in this process. Most of the cited empirical studies found a positive and significant relationship between entrepreneurship (measured by firm creation) and regional economic development (measured by GDP growth or employment growth).
THE CASE OF THE FURNITURE MANUFACTURING CLUSTER OF ARAPONGAS AND THE DISTINCTIVE
The furniture manufacturing cluster that is the subject of the current case study is located in Arapongas, a medium-sized city in the state of Paraná in the southern region of Brazil. The city is considered to be in the countryside as it is considerably far from the main economic centers of the country.
RESEARCH METHOD
The objective of selecting a specific cluster for study in this chapter was to fulfill the following criteria: (1) economic importance for a particular region and for the country as a whole; (2) the formation and development of the cluster in a relatively short time span, which could allow for a more reliable historical account, possibly with actors who were involved in all phases of the processes; (3) the cluster should preferably be from a mature industry (as opposed to an emerging industry) whose products were not of high-tech content (the purpose of this condition is to enable a more complete replication of the analysis for other cases in Brazil or abroad); and (4) the possibility of full and permanent access to relevant actors (entrepreneurs, local political officials and other interested parties). For a comprehensive understanding and information about the development process of the furniture cluster, we also interviewed local figures such as politicians, public officials and five other business owners because we were interested.
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
As we will see, this decision in itself, without the appearance of immaterial factors, would be ineffective. Showing whether these factors were present in the process of creation and development.
THE DATA AND RESULTS
The company started exporting, initially to Mercosur countries, and in the following years to countries of the Caribbean, Mexico, Portugal, Italy and Spain. In the following sections, we summarize the main events related to the development of the furniture cluster in the industrial district of Arapongas.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CLUSTER TRAJECTORY AND THE ENTREPRENEURIAL
The same dynamic is connected with the decision of the "anchor" entrepreneur to move to an industrial district and assume the role of an institutional driver in the process of cluster development. In fact, the executive leadership of the 'anchor' entrepreneur is the third intangible factor identified in the cluster development process.
CONCLUSION
All other factors that emerged in the region were decisively influenced by the actions and decisions of the “anchor” entrepreneur in his role as executive leader. The second goal-oriented component was the strategies of the entrepreneurs of the cluster that have been used since the.
NOTES
Keilbach (2004), “Entrepreneurial Capital and Economic Performance”, Discussion Paper on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy, No. Thurik (2004), “A Model of the Entrepreneurial Economy”, Discussion Paper on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy, No.
Andaç T. Arıkan
Cognitive legitimacy refers to the acceptance of a new type of entrepreneurship as a taken-for-granted feature of the environment. Regional institutional transformation is not the product of the actions of nascent entrepreneurs alone, but instead involves a variety of different types of actors.
THE ENTREPRENEURIAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE NEW YORK TRI-STATE REGION
Over time, the list became a "barometer of dot-com social patterns" (Industry Standard, 25 December 2000) and made Joselevich one of SA's first millionaires. By 2000, investing in SA was so institutionalized that the theme of the event was "Valley VCFs move to the Alley".
CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED
Perhaps the growth of the group would have been much slower and the group more sustainable. The fact that the economic recession before the rise of the Internet left most such individuals unemployed also helped.
Denise Fletcher, Robert Huggins and Lenny Koh
We then relate this discussion on regional emergence to the idea of institutional entrepreneurship, and add. problems in the world). The chapter concludes with a discussion on the nature of institutional entrepreneurship in the emerging Western Balkan region.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND EMERGING ECONOMIES
We move on to the presentation of some contextual data on the empirical situation in the Western Balkans. This is done not only to illustrate the emergent nature of the various institutional structures in the Western Balkans, but also, as mentioned earlier, to ensure that the theoretical analysis undertaken here directly addresses the specific challenges specific to for this region the world.
THE WESTERN BALKANS REGION
For example, more than 99 percent of registered companies in the region are SMEs, with micro-enterprises accounting for about 93 percent of the total. They represent around 45 percent of economic activity and 47 percent of employees in the private sector.
THE EMERGENT NATURE OF THE WESTERN BALKANS REGION: IMPLICATIONS FOR
ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY
The first takes into account the interrelationship between the industrial actors, regulatory agencies, consumers, small businesses, government bodies and other international or foreign agencies that regional organizational fields constitute - and that contribute to entrepreneurship and regional 'becoming'. The second is to develop an institutional theorization of the concept of entrepreneurship that is appropriate for a regional context.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Through institutional theory it is possible to draw attention to the ways in which local (entrepreneurial) action strategies help to spread (and transform) new institutional arrangements. We also draw attention to the processes through which institutional entrepreneurs promote the adoption of new institutional practices related to entrepreneurship.
FIELDWORK AND DATA COLLECTION
Finally, they were asked about their general perception of other institutional groupings in the region. In the following sections, some of the most important results from the research with these different groupings are presented.
INSTITUTIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE WESTERN BALKANS
Most SMEs are relatively new – the youngest was just established within the last three years, while the oldest was established just over ten years ago. These two agencies were often cited by local actors as being 'the main drivers of entrepreneurship in the region'.
ENTREPRENEURIAL PROCESSES
In addition, in terms of local policy support for the private sector level, the small businesses interviewed reported that the business advisory services, incubators and clustering projects are largely insufficient and require a more focused approach, moving from the provision of simple services (business plans), off the shelf information) for technical advice, product market analysis and targeted information with relevant case studies and exchange of experience. The lack of coordination and networks between government organisations, research performers and the small business community is identified as a significant barrier.
LOCAL ACTION STRATEGIES: INSTITUTIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE ROLE OF
Due to the bad negative image of entrepreneurship in Macedonia, we had to change that. The government is not impressed because there is a lack of understanding of the importance of entrepreneurship.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2000), The Business of Networks: Inter-Firm Interaction, Institutional Policy and the TEC Experiment, Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. 2000), 'Foreknowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities', Organization Science Legitimating American Indian Sovereignty: mobilizing the constitutive power of law through institutional entrepreneurship', Law and Society Review.
Kavil Ramachandran and Sougata Ray
While the role of industry attractiveness and environmental factors are well known, less talked about is the role of a pool of local entrepreneurs. We find that the extent to which the state plays the role of entrepreneur in attracting and encouraging entrepreneurship and thereby synergizing the other three factors is equally, if not more, important, and is particularly elaborated in this chapter.
INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS AND INDIAN IT INDUSTRY
Also, the role of an entrepreneurial government in creating a cluster from scratch has not yet been studied. Our aim is to conduct an exploratory study of the role of entrepreneurial leadership in the creation and growth of clusters.
GROWTH OF THE IT INDUSTRY IN INDIA
The initial deregulation of the hardware industry spurred the emergence of many hardware companies in India. While the software industry has grown rapidly in recent years, centers of excellence have already emerged in India, and the geographic distribution of the industry in India has changed significantly over the past decade.
FORMATION OF THE IT CLUSTER IN BANGALORE
The success of a cluster depends on the attractiveness of a particular location for companies in related industries and the ecosystem that develops. In the development of the industry, the role of the state and local self-government was also important, albeit small.
FORMATION OF CLUSTER AS A LATE MOVER – CASE OF HYDERABAD
As a result, Satyam has emerged as the largest exporter from the city and one of the "big four" in the country's IT industry. Next we will discuss the key differences between Bangalore and Hyderabad in the context of IT clusters.
FORMATION OF CLUSTER AS A LATE MOVER – CASE OF KOLKATA
Once these firms become operational and the city's new e-project is completed, the formation of the city's IT cluster will get a big boost. The entrepreneurial vision and clarity of the strategy is evident from the number of initiatives the state government has taken to implement it.
IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
The development of such knowledge clusters in Hyderabad and Kolkata would not have happened so quickly had it not been for the entrepreneurial leadership of the government. However, the role of the state as an entrepreneurial leader and the synergistic effect between these factors that it creates have not received adequate attention in the literature to date.
NOTE
Rowthorn (red), The Role of the State in Economic Change, Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, s. 1994), 'The Japanese management structure as a competition strategy', i Hellmut Schiitte (red.), The Global Competitiveness of the Asiatisk firma, New York:.
Frank Barry and Beata Topa
The sector with which this chapter is concerned - the Irish-owned (or . 'indigenous') software sector - is of particular interest in that it is the only high-tech sector in which domestic companies account for a significant proportion of Irish employment. The next section lays the groundwork by looking at the characteristics of the entire software sector, which includes both domestic and foreign companies.
ORIGINS, CHARACTERISTICS AND EVOLUTION OF THE SOFTWARE SECTOR IN IRELAND
The remaining sections detail government support for the software sector, consistent with stage 1 of the model, and government-backed venture capital growth, consistent with stage 2, and provide some conclusions.