Environment and Natural Resources Journal

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Characterization of Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter in an Affected Pollution Raw Water Source using an Excitation-Emission

Matrix and PARAFAC

INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY 1 Study area

Water sampling
Identification of origin and types of DOM compounds
Measurement of COD and A 254
Correlation analysis

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1 Origins of FDOM in raw water

Type of FDOM compounds and DOM quantity in raw water
Correlations among PARAFAC components, CDOM absorption and COD

CONCLUSION

Nevertheless, studies investigating the amount and characteristics of DOM compound in tropical raw water sources, including Indonesian rivers, are very limited (Qadafi et al., 2020). The presence of DOM in the raw water is commonly represented as the concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), including in Indonesia. The catchment to the upstream area is dominated by anthropogenic activities (81% of the total catchment) such as agriculture, plantations, cattle manure, tourism and habitation (Sururi et al., 2020).

Bovine waste originating from livestock was observed in the upper reaches of the Cikapundung River, located ±7 km (Batu Lonceng area) from the intake. The source of DOM was identified based on fluorescence index (FI) values and representative of algal and microbial sources of DOM compared to terrestrial (McKnight et al., 2001). FI was calculated as the ratio of fluorescence intensity of 450 nm emission wavelength measured at 370 nm excitation wavelength to 500 nm at the same excitation wavelength (McKnight et al., 2001). Meanwhile, the contribution of the indigenous process in raw water was determined based on biological index (BIX) values, as BIX values were an indicator of the relative importance of biological or microbial DOM (Huguet et al., 2009).

The FDOM compounds in the raw water were statistically determined by performing PARAFAC, regardless of the spectral shapes or the number of FDOM compounds. The measured values of FI and BIX in the raw water (Cikakapundung River) during both seasons are summarized in Table 1. The observed FI were similar to those in a previous study, suggesting that FDOM in the raw water sources originated from terrestrial and microbial activities (Tang et al., 2019).

The mean value of BIX in the dry season was 0.92, higher than in the rainy season (0.65) (Table 1), but the t-test results indicated no significant differences in the BIX values during both seasons . Results from the rainy season suggest that there is less autochthonous DOM present (Huguet et al., 2009) and that terrestrial humic compounds that may have entered the water body through rainwater runoff were predominant (Parlanti et al., 2000). Therefore, the observed BIX during the dry season may indicate an increase in tryptophan compound, which may have resulted from the degradation activity of microorganisms in the livestock waste (Parlanti et al., 2000).

There were seasonal variations in the concentrations of each FDOM compound in the raw water, as indicated by the corresponding measurements. The higher concentrations of C3 than C2 during the dry season were comparable to those found in a polluted river in England (Baker et al., 2003), adding evidence for the bioavailability and activities of microorganisms that feed wastewater into the upper stream of the Cikapundung River dissolve. . This fact added evidence of the consistent results between the identified compounds via PARAFAC and higher values of FI and BIX in the dry season.