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Preface
General background of diet and cancer M J Hill
This has resulted in great confusion in the field of diet and cancer due to epidemiologists' belief in the case-control technique. Within the biliary tract, the factors associated with gallbladder cancer (gallstones, bacterial infection, abdominal surgery) differ from those associated with biliary tract cancer (eg, colitis, parasitic infection). In Epidemiology of Cancer of the Digestive Tract (eds Correa P, Haenszel W); Martinus Nijhoff, Amsterdam, pp.
Japanese studies on diet and cancer T Hirayama
It was very impressive that daily consumption of GYV alone was shown to be effective in reducing cancer risk at most sites in the highest risk group (Figure 2.6). 2.5—Ratio of Lung Cancer Mortality in Non-Smoking Wives by Husband's Smoking Habit: Comparison Between Daily and Non-Daily Eaters of Green-Yellow Vegetables 32 JAPANESE NUTRITION AND CANCER STUDIES [CH. The effect of fish consumption was independent of cigarette smoking, as observed for cervical cancer risk (Figure 2.9).
2.9 – Age-standardised mortality per 100,000 for cervical cancer by frequency of fish consumption in daily cigarette smokers (shaded bar) and in nonsmokers (open bar) (prospective study, 1966–81, Japan). Association between alcohol consumption and sigmoid colon cancer: observations from a Japanese cohort study.
Diet and cancer J D Potter
Much of the current nutritional epidemiology of cancer is focused on the role of specific macronutrient intake, particularly fat and alcohol. Of the four cohort studies (Table 3.2), only Hirayama (1978) found an association between daily meat consumption and breast cancer risk after age 54. Ecological studies have shown that alcohol consumption is associated with cancer of the rectum and colon (Potter et al, 1982) and with cancer of the esophagus and larynx.
There is an additional aspect to the adaptation argument that is particularly related to the internal ecology of the large intestine. Excretion of the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol and of equol in omnivorous and vegetarian postmenopausal women and in women with breast cancer. Epidemiological studies of cancer of the stomach, colon and rectum, Vol III, case-control study of gastrointestinal cancer in Norway, Vol IV, case-control study of gastrointestinal cancers in Minnesota.
Epidemiological studies of stomach, colon and rectal cancer; with special emphasis on the role of diet. A case-control study of the relationship of diets and other characteristics to colorectal cancer in American blacks. Lower prevalence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system among former college athletes compared to non-athletes.
Alcohol consumption and breast cancer in the epidemiological follow-up study of the first National Research Study on Health and Nutrition.
Epidemiology of cancer in Europe: the national level
M J Hill, C P J Caygill
When examined in situ, the data show that in 1960, esophageal cancer was very high in France, Switzerland, and Portugal, and lowest in Greece, Bulgaria, and the Netherlands. 4.1—Geographic variation of the incidence of esophageal cancer in Europe (men) 100 CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY IN EUROPE: THE NATIONAL LEVEL [CH. Thus, Southern Europe tends to have a high incidence of alcohol-related cancers (oropharynx, esophagus and liver), Eastern Europe tends to have a high incidence of cancers associated with poor nutrition (upper gastrointestinal tract), and Western Europe tends to have Fig.
4.5—Geographical differences in the incidence of prostate cancer in Europe (men) 104 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER IN EUROPE: NATIONAL LEVEL [CH. 4 of the top 7 rankings for prostate cancer, but low rankings for esophageal, gastric, and cervical cancers. 4.7—Geographical differences in the incidence of breast cancer in Europe (women) 106 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER IN EUROPE: NATIONAL LEVEL [CH.
Stomach cancer was much more common in the northern provinces, while cancer of the colon, rectum, lung, breast, uterus and ovaries was more common in the southern provinces. During that period there has been a steady decline in mortality from esophageal, stomach and colorectal cancer; this was accompanied by a steady increase in pancreatic, lung, prostate and bladder cancers and little change in oral, breast and ovarian cancer mortality. Therefore, while in affluent countries the standard of living, quality of diet, etc. will be higher in urban areas, in times or places of severe economic depression, life can often be better in the rural areas.
While in Norway and England/Wales the incidences are higher in urban areas for all cancer sites and for both sexes, in the Calvados region of France the incidence of alcohol-related cancers (oropharynx, esophagus and liver) is more common in rural areas. area for both sexes except for female liver cancer.
Epidemiology of cancer within the United Kingdom
5.3-5.9 show the changes over time in the incidence per 100,000 person-years in England and Wales of cancer of the endometrium, ovary, breast, pancreas, stomach, colon and rectum respectively for the period 1962-1985. Because diet is known to be related to socioeconomic status (as discussed in detail for the UK in Chapter 9), it would be expected that the risk of diet-related cancers may also be related to income and social status. Cancers of the upper digestive tract (oropharynx, esophagus and stomach) have a much higher SMR in the North and West (Wales, North, North West, Mersey) than in the South of England (W Midlands, South West and NE Thames).
For cancer of the esophagus, the South West behaves more like Wales than South East England (represented by NE Thames). In the case of gastric cancer, Table 5.5 gives an incorrect impression of range, as NE Thames has an SMR which, although well below that of Northern England and Wales, is much higher than that in NW Thames (SMR=79 for males). In 1977, Wales was the region with the highest SIR for any of the diet-related cancers.
While the range in SIR (249 to 32) had increased further for oropharyngeal cancer, it had narrowed somewhat for all other digestive tract cancers and remained remarkably stable over all three time periods for hormone-related cancers. In contrast, there is very little association for male colon, prostate, breast, or esophageal cancer. For the 1966 data, urban-rural differences were very strong for lung and bladder cancer for both men and women, and very weak for colorectal, breast, and oropharyngeal cancer.
Note that urban-rural differences are weaker in the UK than in Europe overall for cancers of the colourectum, liver and breast; in contrast, it is abnormally high for stomach cancer.
Cancer epidemiology in Italy
R Filiberti, A Giacosa, P Visconti, L Borsa
Incidence and mortality data for some site-specific cancers in the Italian registries for the period 1983-87, together with mortality in the three geographic areas for 1985, are shown in Fig. The spread of colorectal cancer mortality is approximately two-fold from northern to southern areas (SR around 11 and 6, respectively, for males) and mortality rates are approximately half the incidence (Fig. 6.8 and 6.9). Lung cancer is the site of the highest incidence and mortality in the male population.
Differences in overall cancer risk in the different regions of Italy are supported by the analysis of incidence rates by gender and age group, which show a trend towards low risk in the southernmost registers and towards high risk in the northern and central regions. areas (Zanetti and Crosignani, 1992). In Italy, nationwide cancer statistics are only available for mortality, while incidence data are only provided by local registries covering only a small part of the country and mainly in the northern area. This confirms the previously described lower incidence of cancer in the Mediterranean areas, which in Italy corresponds to the southern part of the country.
Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with a special focus on dietary habits.
Patterns and trends in mortality from selected cancers in Mediterranean countries
C La Vecchia, F Lucchini, E Negri, F Levi
No extrapolation was made for missing data at the beginning or end of the considered calendar period, or when data on one or more quinquenniums were not available. Although the causes of neoplasms in the rectum, colon, and various subsites of the colon are at least partially different, we had to group all intestinal subsites, since it is difficult, on the basis of death certificate, even to reliably distinguish neoplasms from the colon and rectum ( Doll, 1980). In the 1950s, substantial heterogeneity was present in colon cancer mortality, as Great Britain and the central European countries had elevated rates, while southern and eastern Europe had significantly lower mortality rates.
Significant increases in colorectal cancer mortality were observed in particular in Italy, Spain and Yugoslavia (Fig. 7.2). However, rates were slightly lower in Greece, Spain and Yugoslavia, although the continued upward trends in these countries indicate that they could reach levels similar to those of other European areas in the near future. However, taken together, the trends in colorectal cancer mortality in several European countries are consistent with a systematic leveling of the figures towards high values.
As diet plays an important role in the etiology of the disease (Doll, 1980; Willett, 1989), this pattern of trends probably reflects the tendency towards more uniform diets across Europe. Certified mortality from pancreatic cancer in the last four decades has been systematically increasing in all European countries. 7.1—Geographical variation in the total age-standardized (on the world standard population) death rates from bowel cancer in different European countries, 1955–89.
7.2 - Trends in age-standardized and age-specific colorectal cancer death rates in different Mediterranean countries, 1955-1989.
