Evaluation and Assessment of Water Quality Index:
A Case Study in Kalitidu River, Bojonegoro
Nindy Callista Elvania1*,
Aminudin Afandhi
2,Mufidah Afiyanti
31Master’s Program in Environmental Resources Management and Development, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
2Department of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
Abstract
There is an indication of water pollution in Kalitidu River, Jelu Village, Kalitidu District, Bojonegoro Regency due to domestic and agricultural waste disposal activities. The purpose of this study was to assessment of water quality index the Kalitidu River by conducting physical, chemical, biological and evaluation tests using SWOT analysis to control water pollution. This research employed quantitative descriptive and qualitative descriptive methods. The parameters tested included the physical (Temperature, TSS), chemical (pH, DO, BOD, COD, Total Phosphate, Nitrate, and MBAS) and biological (Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, and Total Coliform) elements. Kalitidu River water quality indicates that it is classified as lightly polluted, with a pollutant index value of 4.8 and with an average water debit of 2.198 m/s. The value of Phytoplankton Parameter is 24 Individuals/L whereas the value of Zooplankton is 10 Individuals/L. This reveals that the water quality is below the standards of river water quality and the water quality is included in Class II based on East Java Provincial Regulation Number 2 of 2008. From the evaluation of the SWOT analysis a recommendation was made to try to control the Kalitidu River, the initiation of PROKASIH (Clean River Program), building WDP (Waste Disposal Sites), and small group initiation to supervise and implement reforestation around Kalitidu River.
Keywords: Community Care Level, Kalitidu River, River Pollution Control
INTRODUCTION
Some activities of land use including agriculture and housing development shall have an impact on hydrological conditions in nearby watershed [1]. Turning forest into agricultural land and housing area increase run-off that carries the soil layer it passes [2]. Additionally, various human activities in fulfilling their daily needs come from housing development and agriculture, and they will produce waste which contributes to decreasing river water quality [3]. This is associated with one of the functions of the river, serving as a water reservoir for the surrounding area [4]. The level of pollutants in the waters can have an impact on aquatic organisms; it can either kill certain species, or support the life of others [1]
[2] [3] [4] [5].
An increase in population is one of the factors affecting environmental pollution, including water pollution [6]. The more the population grows, the more people competing to meet their needs and encouraging increasingly rapid development [7]. Current developments still prioritize human welfare and have not really
Correspondence address:
Nindy Callista Elvania
Email : [email protected]
Address : Master’s Program in Environmental Resources Management and Development, Postgraduate, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang
focused on environmental security for the long run [8]. On the other hand, the increase in population is also proportional to the increase in the number of requests for clean water, but the availability of clean water for daily consumption is compromised by water pollution [6] [7] [8] [9].
Waste produced from housing development consists of organic and inorganic waste, and detergent [10]. Organic waste is decomposable using the help of bacteria, for example, disposed vegetables, fruit, and leaves [11]. Whereas inorganic waste includes paper, plastic, glass or glass, cloth, wood, metal, rubber, and leather [12].
Anwar (2016) states that this type of garbage cannot be degraded by bacteria (non- biodegradable) [13]. According to Priyambada, (2008) organic waste discharged into rivers causes a reduction in the amount of dissolved oxygen, as most bacteria are used up for the decay process [14]. If inorganic waste is discharged into the river, it will block the sunlight and inhibit the photosynthesis of aquatic plants and algae, which produce oxygen [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15].
Fertilizers and pesticides are used by farmers to treat their plants [16]. However, excessive use
of them may contaminate water [17]. Waste from fertilizer contains phosphate which can stimulate the growth of water weeds such as algae and water hyacinth [18]. Uncontrolled growth of water weeds has a similar impact to pollutions by detergents [19]. Some researchers explain that agricultural waste may contain insecticidal pollutants or organic fertilizers. Insecticides can kill water biota [16] [17] [18] [19] [20].
Based on the description, the object studied for protection and management of environmental quality in this research is Kalitidu River [21]. The researchers performed a test in Kalitidu River to know the pollution level of Kalitidu River and to compare the water quality before the installation of Kedung Keris oil pipeline [22]. Water quality control of Kalitidu River is needed since the river is used for agricultural and housing needs [23].
Surface water quality can be determined by testing the physical, chemical and biological parameters [24]. The assessment consists of physical (Temperature, TSS), chemical (pH, DO, BOD, COD, Total Phosphate, Nitrate, and MBAS) and biological parameters (Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, and Total Coliform) [21] [22] [23]
[24] [25].
This research is located in Jelu Village, one of the areas in Kalitidu district which is flowed by Kalitidu River and has a high population density [26]. In addition, some areas are close to and directly adjacent to the river, thus the domestic wastewater flows directly to the water body; and most of the land use is used for housing and agriculture [26] [27].
Domestic wastewater and agricultural waste from settlements as river water pollutants have received less attention and are considered as non- essential problems thus far [28]. Many people do not know that it is one of the largest pollutants in Indonesia and has an impact on water bodies [29].
Based on the description and urgency above, there are not many publications for this problem yet, thus this research needs to be done [30]. The purpose of this study was to assessment of water quality index the Kalitidu River by conducting physical, chemical, biological and evaluation tests using SWOT analysis to control water pollution [28] [29] [30] [31].
RESEARCH METHOD
The study employed descriptive quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods [32].
Descriptive research with quantitative approach is used to describe the condition of water quality status and the pollution level from housing and agircultural activities in Kalitidu River [33]. While
the qualitative approach is used to describe activities that contribute to the pollution level towards water quality, to develop water quality management strategies, and to control Kalitidu River water pollution [34]. Therefore, SWOT Analysis which is a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches can be performed in this research [32] [33] [34] [35].
The samples to be tested are three parameters, namely:
a. Physics parameters comprise Temperature and TSS. The temperature is tested using a thermometer. While for TSS testing can be done by gravimetric method.
b. Chemical parameters consist of pH, total phosphate, nitrate, MBAS, COD, DO, and BOD.
Chemical parameters consist of pH using a pH meter tool. While for the DO, BOD, and COD parameters the test uses Iodometry titration.
Testing of Total Phosphate, Nitrate and Detergent (MBAS) was carried out by spectrometry.
c. Biological parameters in the form of phytoplankton and Zooplankton were measured using the Family Biotic Index (FBI) method. While the measurement of biological parameters consisted of Total Coliform bacteria, using the Most Probably Number (MPN) Method.
Kalitidu River is located in Jelu Village, Kalitidu District, Bojonegoro Regency which is the central part of Bengawan Solo River, the exact coordinates are S 07o10’51.95” and E 111o45’35.56” which can be seen on the following map.
Figure 1. Sampling Location
Data Collection
The operational stage of the research began with the site survey to identify problems in the study area, which was Kalitidu River in Jelu Village, Kalitidu District, Bojonegoro Regency, where the pollution occurred, through field observation and assessment [36]. The pollution is caused by human activities ranging from housing
development to agriculture, since these produce waste that are directly discharged into the river, causing a decrease in river water quality [37]. A questionnaire was distributed to get more valid and reliable data using the Guttman scale [36] [37]
[38].
Furthermore, the secondary data were obtained from affiliated agencies, and literature relevant to this study [39]. The data used in this study were both qualitative and quantitative, and were analyzed by including analyses of water quality, pollution load, water quality status, and SWOT [39] [40].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this study, ssessment of water quality index used in analyzing the status of water quality included Temperature, pH, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, Total Phosphate, Nitrate, MBAS, and Total Coliform, and they were compared to Class II water quality criteria based on East Java Province Regulation No. 02 of 2008 [41]. Analysis of the status of water quality was conducted based on the guideline set by the Ministry of Environment number 115 of 2003 using Pollution Index (IP) [41]
[42]. The result of the calculation of the status of the water quality of Kalitidu River by the Pollution Index method is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Pollution Load (PIj Value) and Water Quality Status of Kalitidu River, in Kalitidu District, Bojonegoro Regency, March 28, 2019
Reference : Calculation Result, (2019)
Table 2. Water Quality Result of Kalitidu River
No Parameter
Unit of Measurement
/Scale
Test Result
Class II River Water Quality Standard
1 TEMPERATURE 0C 23.3 22-28
2 PH - 7 6-9
3 TSS mg/L 26 50
4 DO mg/L 6.8 6
5 BOD mg/L 1.5 3
6 COD mg/L 21.4 25
7 Total
Phosphate mg/L 0.06 0.2
8 Nitrate mg/L 0.3 10
9 Detergent
(MBAS) mg/L 15 200
10 Total Coliform Amount/100
mL 3,500 5,000
Reference: Envilab Test Result Gresik, (2019)
The parameters used in determining water quality were expected to accurately represent and determine river quality [43]. Parameters of water pollutant reviewed in this study included Temperature, pH, TSS (Total Suspended Solid), DO (Dissolved Oxygen), Biological Oxygen Demand, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), Total Phosphate, Nitrate, MBAS, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and Total Coliform [43] [44]. The result of Kalitidu River water quality assessment is presented in Table 2.
A. Physical Parameter
Figure 2. Temperature and TSS
The measurement result of the water temperature of Kalitidu River indicated the temperature of the water started from 23.30C, This temperature is still above the Class II of water quality criteria according to East Java Province Regulation No. 02 of 2008 on Management and Control of Polluted Water [45]. According to Asdak (2010), the result of assessment of Total Suspended Solid (TSS) on Kalitidu River indicates a value of 26 mg/L [46]. This number has met the quality standards set out in PP No. 82 of 2001 on Management of Water Quality and Water Pollution Control [45] [46] [47].
B. Chemical Parameter
The result of assessment of chemical parameters included pH, DO, BOD, COD, Total Phosphate, Nitrate, and MBAS. pH parameter on Kalitidu river indicated a value of 7, while the value of DO was 6.8 mg/L, the value of BOD was 1.5 mg/L, the value of COD was 21.4 mg/L [48].
The result of Total Phosphate (PO4) assessment indicated a value of 0.06 while the standard was 0.2 mg/L [49]. Nitrate (NO3) in Kalitidu River reached 0.3 mg/L [50]. The Kalitidu River condition was quite poor, as detergent (MBAS) in Kalitidu River reached 15 mg/L [51]. Based on East
Temperature TSS
Test Result 23.3 26
Quality
Standard 28 50
23.3 28 26
50
100 2030 4050 60
Physical Parameter
Test Result Quality Standard
No Monitoring Site PIj Value Water Quality Status 1 Kalitidu River 4.9 Lightly Polluted
Java Province Regulation No. 02 of 2008, the Kalitidu River condition is still in accordance with its designation, meaning that it can be used for recreational facilities, cultivation of freshwater fish, animal husbandry and agriculture, for it indicates quality chemical parameters [48] [49]
[50] [51] [52].
Figure 3. pH, DO, BOD, and COD
Figure 4. Total Coliform, Nitrat, dan MBAS
C. Biological Parameter
Based on East Java Province Regulation No. 02 of 2008, the condition of the Kalitidu River is still in accordance with its designation, meaning it can be used for recreational facilities, freshwater fish farming, livestock and agriculture, because it shows biological parameters in the form of high phytoplankton and zooplankton results while the total coliform parameter has a low value. The results of testing biological parameters can be seen in the table below:
1. Total Coliform
Biological parameter is very important because it involves the presence of living things - microorganisms in the waters [53].
Microorganisms in the waters can be beneficial for living things, although some are dangerous or pathogenic [54]. The result of assessment of Total Coliform bacteria in Kalitidu river indicated that the level of Total coliform per 100 ml of river water ranged from 3,500 Jml to 100 ml [55].
According to Wibowo (2014), the total level of Coliform bacteria in Kalitidu River at the sampling location have exceeded the class I of water quality criteria but the level still meets the class II of water quality criteria [56]. This condition is related to the activities of the people in the area, who use Kalitidu River as a place to bathe, wash, and defecate, especially in the village of Jelu [53] [54]
[55] [56] [57].
Figure 5. Biological Parameter : Total Coliform
2. Phytoplankton
The result shows that the samples taken from Kalitidu River in Jelu Village, Kalitidu District, Bojonegoro Regency contained phytoplankton from the Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, and Euglenophyta classes causing the water of Kalitidu River reached the temperature of 23.30C [58].
Effendi (2003) states that this species can be found at this temperature, as the optimal temperature range for phytoplankton growth is 200C-300C [59]. Euglenophyta can live in freshwater and partly saltwater, especially in places that contain lots of organic elements [60].
The optimum pH for growth or the class of habitat for Euglenophyta is 7-8,5 [61]. Hence the possibility of Eugenophyta living in the water of Kalitidu River, as the river has a pH value of 7 [62].
The diversity of phytoplankton in the water of Kalitidu River is high - 24 planktons/L [58] [59] [60]
[61] [62] [63].
pH DO BOD COD
Test Result 7 6.8 1.5 21.4 Quality
Standard 9 6 3 25
7 6.8
1.5 21.4
9 6 3
25
0 10 20 30
Chemical Parameter
Test Result Quality Standard
Total
Fosfat Nitrat Deterjen
Test Result 0.06 0.3 15
Quality Standard 0.2 10 200
0.060.2 0.310 15 200
0 50 100 150 200 250
Chemical Parameter
Test Result Quality Standard
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Test Result Quality Standard
Total Coliform 3500 5000
Total Coliform
Total…
Figure 6. Phytoplankton 3. Zooplankton
Figure 7. Zooplankton
Observation of zooplankton community included the composition and relative density of them in Kalitidu River, Jelu Village, Kalitidu District, Bojonegoro Regency [64]. The number of zooplankton obtained from Kalitidu River was 10 planktons/L [64] [65].
Observation shows the genus of Arthropoda Phylum in Kalitidu River, mainly from the Class of Crustacea [66]. It also shows Genus of Phylum Protozoa, especially of Cilliata Class, Genus of Phylum Rhizopoda, and Genus of Phylum Rozatoria [67]. There are many genus found in the water including Crustacea, Cilliata and Rozatoria, suggesting that these biota act as important secondary producers in the water [66] [67] [68].
SWOT Analysis Result
The result obtained from assessment of water quality index of Kalitidu River shows good water health status since they still have teak forests around Kalitidu River which can support Phytoplankton and Zooplankton life [69]. The river water quality is still below the quality standards and it belongs Class II of water quality near the riverbank [70]. The result of evaluation SWOT analysis on Jelu people's perceptions shows that community awareness was still lacking with regard to strategies to preserve Kalitidu River, and many people were not aware of the existence of biological organisms in the river, including phytoplankton and zooplankton for river health [69] [70] [71].
After the evaluation SWOT analysis, it can be concluded that the biggest pollution is produced from domestic waste by 70% and agricultural waste by 30% [72]. This is suggested by the result of community perceptions, the Jelu people generally knew the importance of preserving Kalitidu River environment, but were lack of awareness to maintain and preserve the environment in order to support and increase community awareness and participation in preserving the environment of Kalitidu River, which will affect the condition of river quality and quantity [72] [73].
This evaluation used a SWOT analysis, in which the formulation was based on the results of the Kalitidu River water quality index assessment and perceptions of the Jelu Village community [74]. The SWOT quadrant is used to see the potential for how much development is possible in Jelu Village [74] [75]. The SWOT analysis quadrant is presented in Figure 8.
According to the result of the SWOT matrix above, SO strategy can be obtained, included in Quadrant I, from observing the analysis of Kalitidu River water quality and community perceptions:
1. Strength - Opportunities (SO) Strategy is the one used to maximize the opportunity to obtain maximum strength, including:
A. The Village Head in collaboration with the community must make sure they are committed to using CSR funds to conduct reforestation by planting crops that can support the absorption of land and water around Kalitidu River to prevent pollution in the river;
B. Initiating a watershed management program by improving ecological balance such as water quality and biodiversity which includes the role of government 4% 4%
17%
9%
4%
4%4%
4%
4% 4%
21%
4%
4%
4%
9%
Phytoplankton Coelastrum sp Straurastrum sp 1 Straurastrum sp 2 Fragillaria construens Fragillaria sp Hantzschia sp Navicula falcisiensis Navicula sp Neidium sp Nitzschia logissima Nitzschia sp Rhizosolenia sp Tabellaria sp Euglena acus Euglena spirogyra
30%
30%
10%
30%
Zooplankton
Cyclops sp.
Cilliata
Centropyxis sp.
Colurella sp.
institutions, and communities around Kalitidu River to preserve the river;
C. Creating WDP (Waste Disposal Site) which aims to prevent people from throwing garbage directly into the river and getting them to participate directly in the preservation of the river.
Figure 8. SWOT Quadrant Analysis
CONCLUSIONS
Kalitidu River assessment of water quality index indicates as lightly polluted, with a pollutant index value of 4.8 This reveals that the water quality is below the standards of river water quality and the water quality is included in Class II based on East Java Provincial Regulation Number 2 of 2008. the evaluation of the SWOT analysis a recommendation was made to try to control the Kalitidu River, the initiation of PROKASIH (Clean River Program), building WDP (Waste Disposal Sites), and small group initiation to supervise and implement reforestation around Kalitidu River.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thank you for all the support from parents, colleagues, and PT. Envilab Indonesia who have helped this research.
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