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Evaluation of the Implementation of Pile Installation Work for the Pier Structure Reinforcement Project
Surabaya Silver Diamond
Galuh Prameswari Binangkit, M. Ikhsan Setiawan, Ronny Durrotun Nasihien Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Study Program
Narotama University Surabaya, Jl. Arif Rahman Hakim 51 Surabaya
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Diamond Pier is one of the piers in the city of Surabaya. This pier has existed since the Dutch colonial period and can be estimated to be ± 80 years old. The problem faced in this study is the occurrence of damage to the old structure and it is necessary to repair or strengthen the structure so that there is no failure of the dock structure so that it does not interfere with the loading and unloading process and other functions of the dock itself. The purpose of the study was to provide an overview of the technical details of the driving on the diamond pier structure reinforcement work and to analyze the pile driving work. The method of implementing the pile installation itself starts from the introduction of K3 and the entire scope of the project work process which aims to describe the condition of the project structure retrofitting plan so that when entering the field and during the project work process it can be used as material for consideration and evaluation of performance in the field, so that successful implementation of the construction implementation method on pile installation work can be achieved. However, delays in project development can generally occur and this needs to be taken into account. Things that can affect are natural factors where this is certainly unpredictable, such as the arrival of rain and the global epidemic that is currently happening and requires to stop all work processes on the project
Keywords :
Construction, Execution Methods, Piers, Piles, Piling, Ports
1. Preliminary 1.1. Background
Diamond pier itself is one of the piers in the city of Surabaya which has existed since the Dutch colonial era, this pier is estimated to be ± 80 years old. So in 2018 research was conducted by PT. Atrya regarding the existing wharf and the study of pier retrofitting planning. Then it was found that some damage to the old structure was found, and repairs or strengthening of the structure had to be carried out immediately so that there would be no failure of the wharf structure, and in November 2019, construction repairs were carried out. During the construction of this project, the activities and functions within the dock itself will continue to run as they should without any transfer of function. It's just that when the work on the project takes place, several other terminals are also actively used for the activities of each terminal itself. During the one year the project lasted, the obstacles experienced in the field were the weather which was sometimes unfavorable during the work process, so that when it rained the workers would immediately stop activities in the field because it was not possible to continue the work process. With the complexity of work like this, the role of job evaluation is very necessary, one of which is by paying attention to the installation of piles to control problems and obstacles that occur in the project so that the timely completion of the project goes according to schedule already set.
With the background described above, the author formulates the problem in this final project, namely:
1. How is the preparation of the method of implementing the pile installation that has been applied by PT.
Virama Karya (Persero) in the construction project of the diamond wharf structure reinforcement project?
2. How about the accuracy and delay in implementation?
2. Literature Review 2.1. Dock
A wharf is a port building used to close and moor a ship that carries out loading and unloading of goods and loading and unloading passengers. In considering the size of the pier, it must be based on the minimum sizes so that the ship can moor or leave the pier as well as carry out loading and unloading of goods relatively quickly and smoothly. (Triatmodjo, 2008)
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2.2. Pier Type
According to Triatmodjo (2008), docks can be divided into two types, namely wharf or quay and jetty or bridge. A wharf is a pier parallel to the beach and usually coincides with a temporary shoreline Jetty type is a dock that juts into the sea.
Figure 1 Type of Wharf Pier and Type of Jetty Pier
2.3. Selection of Pier Type
The choice of the type of wharf is greatly influenced by the needs of the ship to be served, the size of the ship, the direction of waves and wind currents, topography and seabed soil conditions, and from an economic perspective to get the most economical building. The selection of the type of wharf is adjusted to two factors that can affect the type of pier structure, namely:
1. Overview of the coastal area's topography
In shallow to deep waters that are quite far from the land, jetty jetty users will be more economical because no large backfill is required.
2. Types of ships served
The wharf serving oil vessels (tankers) and bulk cargo ships has a lighter construction compared to a cut dock, because the pier does not require large loading and unloading equipment. To serve these ships, the use of jetty will be more economical. Wharfs that serve pieces and containers receive a much larger load, so wharf-type piers are more suitable for this purpose.
3. Soil bearing capacity
Soil conditions are also very decisive in choosing the type of pier. In general, the land near the land has a greater power than the land on the seabed. The seabed generally consists of sediment that is not yet solid.
This is viewed from the bearing capacity of the soil. In this case wharf dock is more profitable.
2.4. Pier Planning
Before starting the project to strengthen the structure of the wharf, it is necessary to pay attention to the design of the wharf in the early stages.
1. Wharf Facilities
The facilities in the dock must be considered and also adjusted to how many ships have been and will be served in the future at the diamond dock. At the diamond dock, the facilities that will be and are already running are as a place for ships to lean and loading and unloading from containers to storage areas.
2. Topography
Topography is used in pier planning which functions to determine the shape of the surface layer of the earth's surface at the place to be built and the piling process is carried out.
3. Bathymetry
Bathymetry is the study of the depth of the water in rivers, lakes and seas, where later the data obtained will serve as an overview of the topography of the bottom depths around lakes, rivers and the sea at the place to be built. In this case, there are several methods that can be used in carrying out the bathymetry process, such as using a weighted rope that has been measured and then the rope will be lowered from the ship either from the right side or from the left side of the ship. From the bathymetry data obtained, it will be a reference point for planning in the project to be built.
4. Ups and Downs
Tides are the process of rising and falling sea levels and there is an attractive force of attraction for objects in the sky, namely the sun and the moon. Where this tidal data will later be used in planning a dock building aimed at knowing the elevation of sea water.
43 5. Geotechnical
Geotechnical is the science of geology in which the study of the earth, such as the carrying capacity of soil and rocks. In planning a pier retrofitting project, geotechnical data is needed to study, identify and evaluate the problems that occurred previously and understand the bearing capacity of the soil and rocks around the site to be built so that later it can improve the strengthening of the wharf structure that can withstand the loads on it.
2.5. Pile
Piles are part of a construction which is generally made of steel, wood or concrete which functions to transmit the load received from the superstructure and to transmit the load received from the superstructure and to transmit the load received to the hard soil as well as to the hard rock that can withstand the load. load on the structure of the building above it.
The following are the uses of these piles:
1. To be able to continue the load that is supported on it to a relatively strong soil to a certain depth so that the foundation of a building that uses a pile foundation is able to provide solid support to be able to withstand the load on it.
2. To be able to transmit or transfer the load carried to the ground with a strong bearing capacity or on hard soil.
3. A foundation is designed and designed to be able to withstand horizontal forces as well as inclined loads.
4. Serves as compacting sandy soil, so that it gets additional carrying capacity of the soil.
5. Can support building foundations whose soil surface is easily eroded by water.
2.6. Piling Tools
The following are some of the driving tools that are generally used in the driving process on a construction project:
1. Drop Hammer
It is a driving tool in which a heavy hammer is placed at a certain height, then the hammer is released and falls right on the pile. To avoid damage to the pile, at the head of the pile will be installed a cap or cap that serves to dampen impact energy caused by the impact of the hammer. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of using
drop hammer.
2. Diesel Hammer
Of the several driving tools that are often used, the diesel hammer is a very simple driving tool for installing piles. During the driving process of the diesel engine, it will cause air pressure in the cylinder, because the air pressure will move the piston which will hit the pile.
3. Hydraulic Hammer
This tool has a way of working by utilizing the pressure on the liquid in the tool. By using the difference in pressure generated . This tool is also capable of installing piles quite well.
4. Pile Driver Vibrator
As the name implies, this tool uses pressure energy which is where this tool can install piles. This tool is highly recommended for use in soils that have alkaline and moist conditions.
2.7. Pile Piling
Piling is an action taken on a construction project to place and insert the pile into the ground to fit the planned function. In general, the pile driving process, which includes 3 stages.
The first stage is to adjust the position of the pile where in this process the process of lifting the pile is carried out, placing and bringing the pile to a predetermined position, adjusting the direction and slope of the side of the pile and carrying out several initial piling experiments.
The next stage is the pile driving until it reaches a predetermined depth, at this stage it is necessary to record it so that we know every beating that is being carried out so that we can find out every time the pile declines. This can be a reference whether the pile has reached the hard ground or on the hard rock. In the final stage, it is called settings which is an activity of measuring the pile from each stroke at the end of the driving process.
2.8. Problems in the Piling Process
There are several problems that can be caused in the process of the piling stages, namely the selection of the driving tool, the movement or lowering of the subgrade soil and damage to the piles.
1. Damage to the Pile
During the driving process, it is important to carry out monitoring in planning such as choosing the size and casting the stakes to have sufficient length, here the piles will be hit using a hammer ( hammer) and each pile must be supervised for damage due to impact forces caused by the tool hammer the.
44 2. Movement or Subsidence of Foundation Soil
If the piling process takes place, it can cause the surrounding foundation soil to move, then this can be ascertained because the soil is replaced by piles that are being pounded, this causes a shift and results in a shift.
3. Piling Tool Selection
At the stage of selecting this equipment, it needs to be done in detail and in detail so that it can be in accordance with the surrounding conditions. Things that might influence the selection of the driving equipment are the possibilities of the erection process itself and the economic benefits
3. Research Methodology 3.1. Research Flowchart
The flow chart for the survey and evaluation of the piling work at the diamond pier is as follows:
Figure 2 Survey Flowchart and Data Analysis of Diamond Silver Pier Pile Pile Surabaya
3.2. Data collection technique
In general, primary data will be obtained by conducting a survey in the field. Meanwhile, there is no special study to obtain secondary data because this data is obtained from additional references as well as from
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literature recommended by supervisors and also from supervisors in the field. Meanwhile, specifically the data collection can be described as follows:
4. Primary data collection method
This method can be done by conducting a direct survey of the consultants and engineers who handle the ongoing project. In addition to this, the research also conducted interviews, discussions and conducted research to the location. This is done to obtain data such as:
f. Occupational Health and Safety (K3) g. Machine specifications
5. Secondary data collection method
The method is by conducting direct surveys to related agencies and or companies that are considered to be related to the ongoing project. These data are in the form of:
a. Introduction to planning structure plans and details b. of BBS (Bar Bending Schedule)
c. Pile data
d. Stages of quality control (QC) e. Pile drivingprocess time
f. The method of implementation of the construction phase (steel filling, capping beam, capping beam formwork, casting)
4. Discussion
4.1. Project General Data
General project data discussed in the implementation of pile installation. As for the data projects are:
Project name : Diamond Pier Structure Reinforcement Project location : Jl. North Brackets Prapat No. 58a, Surabaya
Time : 715 Calendar Days
4.2. Introduction to K3 and Project Scope
K3 is an effort or thought and application aimed at ensuring the integrity and
perfection of both physical and spiritual labor in particular and humans in general, the work and culture, to improve the welfare of the workforce.
K3 has several aspects that need to be considered in the scope of project development implementation, namely the work environment, work tools and materials, and work methods. Regarding safety, health, and safety, workers must be educated about the types of hazards that exist
In addition to K3 we also have to know the scope of the structural reinforcement work project that is being carried out. It aims to describe the condition of the project structure retrofit planning so that when it goes into the field it can be used as evaluation material and responsibility for the work process in the field
4.3. Piling Process
The following are the stages of implementing the piling process 1. Header installation
Figure 3 Header Installation 2. Guide beam installation and installation
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Figure 4 Installation and Install Guidebeam 3. Handling piles by selling
Figure 5 Pile Handling with alternating and heavy equipment 4. Positioning of piles and driving with hammer
Figure 6 Positioning of the Pile on the Guide Beam
5. Ensure the position and alignment of the piles according to the plan drawing 6. Take off the alternating by the basketman
7. Piling using a vibrohammer until the pile is driven as deep as ± 20m
8. If it has reached a depth that cannot be vibrated with a vibro, the driving is continued by using a hammer.
9. Next, steps 3-7 are carried out until the number of piles is met in the guidebeam
10. Then the northernmost piling is carried out, because as an aid (meeting between the next piling.) 11. Lifting guidebeam
4.4. Pile Cutting
Here are the steps for cutting the piles:
1. Marking will be cut by the survey team
2. Cutting the piles is done manually using a steel cutting tool, namely a Cutting Blender or welding cutter 3. To be smooth, the pieces will be smoothed with a grinder
4. All Workers must wear PPE and equipment according to HSE standards 5. The pile pieces will be lifted by mobile crane
6. Naming the pile number, cutting dimensions, and cutting date 7. Preparation of minutes of pile cutting
8. The pile pieces will be stored on site
4.5. Installation of Sheet Pile as Clutch Protector
Sheet Pile is a relatively thin vertical wall that serves to hold the soil and to hold water ingress. There are various kinds of sheet piles, but the steel sheet pile used in this work refers to JIS A 5523:2012 with dimensions as shown in the drawing.
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a. Steel Sheet Pile must have quality according to ASTM A252 grade 2 standard or equivalent to a minimum
b. yield stress of 240 MPa
c. T clutch material from T-Beam or Plate material must have quality according to ASTM A36/ SS400 Gr.2 standard.
d. Clutch C material from Seamless Pipe material must have quality according to ASTM A53 Grade B e. standards
f. Sheetpile length embedded as formwork as deep as 15 meters using a vibrohammer crane piling, ensured sheetpile and stake stakes are tight or precise
Figure 7 Embedded sheetpile
4.6. Steel Filling Fabrication and Assembly
Assembling the iron based on the bar bending schedule that has been made so that the iron work has reference in the implementation, then the installation of formwork as a limit for the casting of the pile filling
4.7. Transport of Stuffed Iron
Transport of iron and formwork using hiab crane transport vehicles. Before installing will be checked together
Figure 8 Mobilization of piled iron to the field
4.8. Install Iron and Formwork
The following is the implementation when casting pile stuffing:
1. Prior to the casting work, a joint checklist will be carried out in accordance with the approved SOP.
2. Casting is carried out when the seawater elevation is less than +1.20 mLWS so that the seawater is not mixed with the concrete.
3. Stuffing the pile will be cast using gutters.
4. Compaction of the casting is carried out using a concrete vibrator.
5. After reaching the concrete age of ± 1-3 days, the sheetpile formwork will be removed and reused for further casting
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Figure 9 Stake and Clutch Filled with Concrete
4.9. Hoarding Work
The following is the implementation when doing the backfill:
1. Settlement Plate Installation
2. Installation of backfill with Sheetpile
3. Stockpiled material is unloaded at the location that has been prepared, with an estimated stock of material will run out in 1 day (no accumulation of material with more than 1 day)
4. Stage 1 filling from sea bed to bottom of concrete elevation
5. The Survey Team will ensure the elevation is in accordance with the plan drawing
6. Hoarding stage 2 from the bottom of concrete to an elevation of +2,790 mLWS/ bottom of lean concrete K- 430, the equipment used is an excavator.
7. Embankment compaction with Stamper 8. Embankment compaction with Stamper
9. After doing the backfill, make the embankment retainer 10. Pile containment starts from sheetpile preparation 11. Sheetpile assembly with a length of ± 16 m 12. Determination of the sheetpile installation location 13. Sheetpile installation using a piling vibrohammer crane
Figure 10 Embankment Retainer
4.10. Bodeman Installation
The following is the implementation of the Bodeman installation:
1. Console manufacturing
2. Installation of the D-16 Iron hanger on the Pile then the iron will be welded 3. Installation of the console by welding the iron on the console
4. Checking console elevation by survey team
5. Installation of wooden beams 6/12, reinforcement of wooden beams to the console with bendrat wire 6. Installation of hollow 40x40 3 units. Hollow reinforcement to wooden beams with bendrat wire for
precision
7. Installation of fiber formwork until tight
8. Re-checking the elevation of the fiber formwork by the survey team
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Figure 11 Bodeman Installation Animation
4.11. P1, P2 . Precast Installation Work
Here are the installation steps for Precast P1 and P2:
1. Precast arrivals based on the area to be installed
2. Installation of threads/straightening aids to precast according to the plan
3. Heading installation on precast P1 and P2 and Guidebeam. The head will be placed in the precast capping position of the hook beam
4. Installation of Precast P1 and P2 with a length of 4 meters. In the P1 precast, an anchor will be made at the bottom of the precast to the pile so that it can be precise with the top precast.
5. Re-assured the position and alignment of the precast by the Survey team, if necessary strength so that the precast is in accordance with the plan drawings, support can be provided in weak/unstable areas
6. Reinforcement of Precast P1 and P2 to waller by UNP welded to WF . Steel
7. P2A precast installation will rest on the pile. Precast installation must be when sea level is below +0.80 mLWS. Re-checked the position and alignment of the P2A precast installation.
8. The precast lifting hook iron will be cut and the styrofoam will be removed
4.12. Capping Beam Installation Job
The implementation stage of the Capping Beam Installation:
1. Steel fabrication according to plan drawings and bar bending schedule, if required direct measurements in the field before iron fabrication
2. Delivery of iron using a hiab crane Iron installation 3. based on shop drawing drawings
4. there is an overlap of 12 meters, a 1 meter zig-zag iron installation is carried out from the top to the 5. bottom Installation of stopcor with chicken wire
Figure 12 Planned capping beam stage 1
4.13. Casting Capping Beam
1. Do a joint checklist before casting
2. Preparation of labor, equipment used, and ready mix concrete has been ordered 3. Casting is carried out waiting for sea level at an elevation of less than +0.80 Mlws 4. Casting is carried out in layers and compaction is carried out evenly continuously
5. The time of casting must pay attention to the duration of the low tide when the sea water is below the elevation of the casting 6. Perform curing of concrete using a moistened geotextile cloth and watering regularly
7. After reaching the concrete age of 1-3 days, the bodeman is demolished to be used in the next area
4.14. Precast Beam Installation
Implementation stage of Precast Beam Installation:
50 1. Precast arrivals based on the area to be installed 2. Marking the position of the precast beam
3. Precast installation using mobile cranes for handling and positioning 4. The PB precast will rest on the 1st stage casting of the hook beam
5. The installed precast must be straight so that the Kanstin Work can be straight according to the plan drawing
6. The precast lifting hook iron will be cut and the styrofoam will be removed
Figure 13 Installation of Precast Beams
4.15. Casting LC K-430 And Kanstin on Precast Beams
Implementation stages:
1. Do a joint checklist before casting
2. Preparation of labor, equipment used, and ready mix concrete 3. Marking as LC K-430 . casting limitation
4. Casting is done using gutters and leveled with roskam
5. Perform curing of concrete using a moistened geotextile cloth and watering regularly
Figure 14 Kanstin details
4.16. Bollard Installation
The bollard is one of the most important devices in a port and dock construction that functions as a fastening of the ship's rope when the ship is anchored. In this Diamond Pier Structure Reinforcement work there is a boat mooring facility in the form of a bollard. The bollard to be used has a capacity of 100 tons.
Implementation Stages:
1. Bollard arrivals, check together the condition of the bollards 2. Bollard foundation reinforcement
3. Reinforcement of the anchor against the capping beam 4. Installation of the bollard according to the anchor 5. Installation of bollard foundation formwork 6. Checking the bollard position by the Survey team
7. Foundation casting and bollard filling after capping beam casting work
Figure 15. Bollard Installation
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4.17. Punctuality in Piling Work
Scheduling is the stage of translating a plan into a diagram that fits the time scale. Scheduling determines when activities will be started, postponed, and completed, so that the control of resources will be adjusted in time according to specified needs. In projects, scheduling is very important in projecting labor, material, and equipment requirements. Scheduling is thinking deeply through various problems, testing logical pathways, and arranging various tasks, resulting in a complete activity, and writing down various activities in a logical framework and appropriate time series.
The length of time for project completion has a large effect on the overall project cost increase.
Therefore, daily/weekly/monthly progress reports are needed to report work results and completion times for each project work item. And compared with the completion time of the plan so that the completion time can be controlled each period.
4.18. Causes of Implementation Delay
Making a work schedule is the essence of planning and implementing work. Therefore, every field manager/project manager and even every technical person is recommended to master the making of the work implementation schedule. The main key in this case is when making the "S" curve because through this "S"
curve, activities are monitored at all times. The use of curve diagrams focuses on analyzing the overall project progress, in terms of time, cost, and work performance. The progress of the plan every week can be known, namely the cumulative amount of the weekly percentage above. If the column length of the bar chart image is divided by 100 (0% to 100%) then we will plot for each week of progress to be able to describe the S‟ curve.
The causes of delays in the implementation of the Pile Installation Work for the Surabaya Berlian Perak Pier Structure Reinforcement Project are pandemic and weather factors. In addition, the tidal and ebb factors also affect the delay in the implementation of the pile installation work
5. Conclusions and Suggestions 5.1. Conclusion
By looking at the results of the study, it can be concluded that:
1. K3 has several aspects that need to be considered in the scope of project development implementation, namely the work environment, work tools and materials, and work methods. Regarding safety, health, and safety, workers must be educated about the types of hazards that exist.
2. Knowing the scope of the structural reinforcement work project that is being carried out. It aims to describe the condition of the project structure retrofit planning so that when it goes into the field it can be used as evaluation material and responsibility for the work process in the field.
3. Before carrying out the pile implementation method, as a construction management make Bar Bending Schedule (BBS). BBS is the person in charge of creating, managing and implementing and controlling operational activities Bar Bending Schedule
4. The piling process uses 2 heavy equipment, vibrowhammer and hammer
5. The causes of delays in the implementation of the Pile Installation Work for the Surabaya Berlian Perak Pier Structure Reinforcement Project are pandemic and weather factors. In addition, the tidal and ebb factors also affect the delay in the implementation of the pile installation work
5.2. Suggestion
Based on the research that has been done, suggestions that are expected to be useful to apply, namely:
1. We recommend that in the piling work the tools used are cranes for the transportation of the piles and the piling tools so that the piling work can be done quickly and does not take a long time.
2. In the piling project activities, before starting the activity, we should first calculate the productivity of the tools that will be used in the project, so that the tools that will be used run according to the planner
Referencess
Triatmodjo, B. (2008). Hidrologi Terapan. Beta Offset.
