An evidence-based health and safety analysis in megaproject management

(1)

(2)

An evidence-based health and safety analysis in megaproject management

Saikat Maiti¹ Nuno Marques de Almeida²

1 2Institute Superior Técnico, Department of Civil Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal

Abstract. Despite of the remarkable improvement in terms of health and safety in the construction sector through the implementation of a variety of regulations across the world, till health and safety issues are increasing rapidly. Meanwhile, Health and safety issues on construction sites are still significant in terms of a consistent high number of work-related illnesses and injuries in the construction to recent statistics from the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Interest is growing on to support the designer to take care of health and safety from the design stage in building construction with regards to techno-commercial aspect. This is a fact that, design influences to a great extent the nature of these hazards that are in building construction. Meaning that the hazards need to be eliminated or minimized at the designing stage. “Safe design”denotesthat in the hazard be identified and risks are assessed early in the design process to minimize or eliminate the injury risks during the lifecycle of the project. Based on an extensive review of the causes of work-related illnesses and injuries in building construction including mining production, this paper identifies a set of technical issues relating to building design. By presenting a new evidence-based health and safety analysis, abbreviated to EHSA approach for designers (architects and engineers) to use towards safer design for construction thereby, reducing work-related injuries and illnesses on site and decrease the economic losses. The research into EHSA is intended to evaluate an innovative way to facilitate evidence-based learning in building design with the collection and use of data and information accumulated from professional knowledge about fatalities and accidents along with best practices and innovations in field of health safety management that have proven to be effective for the construction industry. Through an experimental case study, this conference paper will demonstrate how the EHSA approach can help in effectively supporting health and safety improvement at the design stage. The paper is anticipated to contribute significantly to existing body of knowledge by introducing a new framework in safer building design by providing an innovative approach with an evidence-based experimental case study to innovate future practice while also leveraging the findings for improvement in health and safety management.

Keywords. Construction, health and safety management, megaprojects, evidence-based learning, analysis

Technium Social Sciences Journal Vol. 40, 556-577, February, 2023 ISSN: 2668-7798 www.techniumscience.com

(3)

I. Introduction

The construction safety administration estimates the megaproject to be more than $ 1 billion. While this idea is objective, it must be understood in a particular context, arguing the extent of speculation - smaller, larger projects, the extra increase should be recognized essentially in the economic state in which it is announced. The quantitative concept can indeed be applied more generally if it looks at the amount of investment according to some objective parameter, such as the gross domestic product of the economy in which it is made. Returning to the case of Nation of America, with a GDP of more than $ 14,000,000 million, a mega-project would be any project with an investment of at least 0.01percent of GDP. According to Chen et al. (2017), safety is one of the foremost challenges in the construction sector and besides, the share of safety improvements has slowed as compared to the past. Therefore, this review looks at safety and health issues during the life cycle of mega-projects. Besides, a literature review covering three phases from design to operation and finally construction has been conducted to provide an excellent understanding of current leading practices internationally and academically by exploring a focused area in addition to validating this paper.

As stated earlier, health and safety standards for construction projects are currently considered an international concern. Even you, the UK, have a legitimate situation compared to other countries around the world. Construction projects continue to be responsible for one-third of workplace deaths, and virtually similar entries for injections and ill health (Hare, et al., 2006).

Moreover, contemporary researchers focus on the universality of such health and safety disorders and its various widely known factors (Chen, et al., 2017). Previous studies mention consideration of alternative conceptual approaches to health and safety, risk modeling, and accidents.

Background on Reusing Knowledge for Safety and Health Practices

This section reviews and reiterates the necessity of researching a new “Evidence-based health and safety analysis” (“EHSA”) approach for management of safety and healthin megaprojects.

The health and safety management has been an integral part of all construction projects commencing from design stage connecting to construction and operation, and in some cases, decommissioning. Figures from the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (2016) replicated a massive reduction precisely in the LTIs (lost time injuries) along with the major injuries for the period of preceding 5 years through the implementation in the UK “Construction” (Management and Design) Regulation 2015. But according to recent statistics still, there is a significantly high number of works related to illness and injuries are in megaprojects.

To summaries the preliminary literature review with respect to reuse of knowledge for health and safety management mega construction projects throughout the lifecycle, this section consists of three main subsections, including

• Re-use of knowledge for the design in management of safety and health within construction and operation,

• Re-use of knowledge for management of health and safety at the construction stage, and

• Re-use of knowledge for management of health and safety at the operation stage.

(4)

1.1. Re-utilizing knowledge for the design in the context of health and safety in operation and construction

This sub-section summarises a preliminary review on practice and academic research into re-utilisationofknowledge on design for safe and healthy practices in construction and operation.

The review covers the following two areas:

• Practice in design for health management and safety and

• Academic research in design for “management of health and safety”.

1.1.1. Design practice

There has been an increasing demand in design practice concerning the consideration ofsafety and health at the design stage of construction projects. Health and safety’s history linked with the designer of buildings started in 1980 according to Schulte et al. (2008), and it came to a shape in the year of 1985 when the International LabourOrganisation (ILO) put forward the pitch that project designers and planners are required to pay consideration to worker’s safety and health at the design stage to avoid any inappropriate future consequences. From that point onwards, the designers and planners are forced to pay special attention to worker’s health and safety at the design stage. However, the literature review in this context is outdated and no current practice is widely known within the construction sector.

Although it has been recognised to incorporate health and safety in design, accidents linked to design are still significant. For example, Bhem (2005) provided the following vital statistics across the world to show the importance of safety in the design stage:

• 22percent of 226 injuries that occurred in Oregon, WA, and CA in the USA from 2000 to 2002 belongs to design failure,

• 42percent of 224 fatalities in the USA between 1990 to 2003 (1), and

• In Europe, a 1991 study (2) concluded that 60percent of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions made before site work began.

A preliminary review has been conducted to detect current international practice on management of health and safety in design through information collected from five top-ranked international design firms (3), including WSP, Arcadis, WorleyParsons, Jacobs, AECOM. These firms are widely involved in design (AECOM, 2015; Bollinger, 2015; Hall, 2017; WSP, 2015) in megaproject development, and a summary of findings in terms of technical highlights is given in Table 1.

TABLEI

Design for Health and Safety at Top-Ranked Companies Company Practical highlights on design for health and safety

WSP WSP (2015) has designed and implemented a set of "Standards of health and safety management", which is aligned with the requirements of the OHSA of WSP.

Arcadis According to Arcadis (2017), the company actively involved in megaprojects and emphasize on methods in which design manipulate to remove or reduce problems that might affect the continuing health and safety of individuals participates in reducing or eliminating threats on Technium Social Sciences Journal

Vol. 40, 556-577, February, 2023 ISSN: 2668-7798 www.techniumscience.com

(5)

individuals that are participated in building, consuming, sustain, or destroying the product design.

WorleyParsons The WorleyParsons(4)has developed a framework, which involves assessing potential hazard, assessing the intensity of the hazard and then developing a solution.

Jacobs JACOBS (2014) is one of the well-known firms that is involved in AEC services in megaprojects. Poorly planned, producing or manufactured and construct system can cause threats to those performing or working on around them. Importance has given to in the planning stage to make sure the system manufacture, built and consumed safety.

AECOM AECOM (2017) initiated the "safety for life" programme designed to ensure zero workplace fatalities throughout the project lifecycle.

Based on the review on practice it is found that the leading design companies are concern about health and safety management at the design stage, but it is also observed that there is lack of application of knowledge reuse by the practitioner.

1.1.2. Academic research into design

Based on the review on practice in design for health and safety across the five leading companies, which shows a lack of knowledge reuse, this section is incorporated with a preliminary review of academic research into knowledge reuse in design for health and safety. With this into consideration, this section covers the following points:

• Knowledge reuse in design for health and safety at the construction stage, and

• Knowledge reuse in design for health and safety at the operation stage.

This section covers the consideration of health management and safety practices at the design stage.

This section deals with the safety structure. In the design phase, the designer has to consider several things. Issues to be addressed may relate to the life cycle of the project; the environment and the physical interfaces with which the structure interacts; functionality, including requirements; and product properties such as structural properties (AHMED, 2005).This section of the review provides a summary of reusing knowledge with regards to managing healthy and safe practices in construction planning stage. Presently, knowledge management has received a lot of attention on the back of evidences found and research design within the context of construction industry, numerous journal articles and published books, as well as there are various success stories to be selected as landmark case studies to discuss the breakthroughs in construction industry over the years dating back to industrial revolution. Project management has also emerged as a key field in the construction sector where project planners have started to realize the importance of knowledge management (KM)(Plessis 2007). Also, organizations rely on KM to retain a copy of their collective data from organizational memory to correct for possible data loss. The results of the preliminary paper of the above areas are described in detail. To evaluate the most relevant academic research into these areas, the following key issues were found and these are summarized in Table 2 and3.

(6)

Table 2: Research into knowledge reuse in design for health and safety at construction stage Key issues Health and safety issues in

construction (5)

Leading research Structural safety

(6)

Trench collapses The author discussed the structural safety is important and limitation of BIM logic in this regard.

From height: (Height in metres) Falls of materials (including scaffolding)

Material selection (Lingard, 2001)

Toxic or harmful substances The author discussed barriers to implementing technological control about material selection during design.

Prefabrication Construction plant

and devices (7)

Mechanical equipment (Including power tools)

II. The author in this article concern about Systematizing Construction Project Evaluations Construction

process (8)

Falls on materials and Stepping on or striking objects

This paper describes an exploratory study of site safety management in construction sites’ environments.

Transport (Including mobile cranes)

Table 3: Research into knowledge reuse in design for health and safety at operation stage Key issues Health and safety

issues in operation(9)

Leading research Structural

safety (10)

hazardous substances In this paper discussed any hazardous materials or structural features and the designer's assessment of the risk of injury or illness to construction workers arising from those hazards and the action the designer has taken to control those risks, for example, changes to the design.

Unconventional design risks

Material selection (11)

Toxic or harmful substances

The author discussed four basic steps in terms of material selection.

Flammable materials included in the design Building

maintenance (12)

Windows, skylights, ventilators

In this paper, the author concern about Professional competence through lean practice.

Lighting Operation

process

Maintenance plant and devices for a long time

This section covers available methods or tools for knowledge reuse. Various information management tools are commonly used to collect and share building data, which can be broadly classified as KM technologies (IT tools) and KM technologies (non-IT tools) (AI-Ghassani, 2003).

KM tools, including groupware, expert or data directory, custom software, platform, post-project Technium Social Sciences Journal

(7)

reviews (PPR), action communities (CoP), etc. The most common way is to build PPR and CoP files for data collection and sharing (orange, et al., 1999). The effectiveness of information sharing and communication in the parties is strongly influenced by reciprocity standards - ‘you help me and I help you’ - and the level of trust created in the community (Newell, et al., 2002).To define the core concept of health and safety in design, the researcher developed various stages as described below in Table 5. As per the review of finding in consideration to construction design stage, the health management and safety practices are summarized in Table4.

Table 4: Academic Research Highlights on Design for Health and Safety Procedure for Paper Submission.

Topics Academic research highlights on design for health and safety Employee

safety and security

Employee safety and security has been highlighted by numerous researchers to be the most vital part of any construction company. Numerous policies and frameworks have been highlighted that are dedicated to the safety of the employees.

Safety during the design process

Researches show that designers must be given full autonomy towards highlighting the risk factors, which have the potential to jeopardize the safe condition of the workers.

Safety measures

Designers play a major role in terms of developing safety measures, which including designing safety measures and developing policies and frameworks.

Considering the health and safety in design from both academic and practices (Design safety in companies), it can be said that to provide prudent safety measures for megaprojects, it is necessary for both the designers and safety management personnel of an organisation to work in collaboration during the design stage of the project. Moreover, Safety in design, as studied by Navon and Kolton (2007) provides an observation that innovative the health and safety strategies are best reviewed and understood when applied.

It is clear through a literature review that both practitioners and academics have paid high attention to the importance of health management and safety practices at the design stage, and current progress are found in companies practice as well as academic research.

Because knowledge reuse can help designers to learn lessons from previous projects, it is important to incorporate an effective knowledge reuse process in design to improve health and safety at construction and operation stage. As a useful tool for knowledge reuse in practice, the evidence-based method has been applied across many industrial sectors(13), but has not been applied with regards to health management and safety practices in construction design stage, from this point of view, new research pertaining to experimental methods of improved health management and safety in design is in need.

(8)

1.2. Knowledge reuse for Managing health and safety at construction stage 1.2.1. Construction practice

1) Practice at top-ranked companies

This section summarises the preliminary review into health management and safety in construction stage in practice at 5 top-ranked international construction firms (3), including ACS Group, HOCHTIEF Construction, CCCC Ltd, VINCI, Bechtel Group.

Among the industries having high workplace accidental rates, the construction sector ranks the highest reporting major and high fatalities on an annual basis; at least 2 times more than any other industry around the world. Taking the case of Australia, the period of 2008 to 2012 saw 211 workers die at the construction site due to workplace fatalities. In the same period, the construction sector fatality rate was recorded at 4.34 per 100,000 workers. This was twice the national recorded rate of 2.20 (Safe Work Australia, 2012a). Considering all the happenings, the construction worker’s safety has become a major concern for authorities and practitioners around the world due to two major reasons;

• Increasing number of fatalities at construction workplaces in comparison to other industries

• Increasing direct and indirect cost in relation to construction workplace accidents A preliminary review has been conducted to detect current international practice on health management and safety in construction through information collected from five top-ranked international construction firms (3), including ACSGroup, HOCHTIEF Construction, China Communications construction company Ltd, VINCI, Bechtel Group These firms are widely involved in construction (ACS, 2017; HOCHTIEF, 2017; CCCC, 2017; VINCI, 2015; Bechtel, 2017 ) in megaprojects development, and a summary of findings in terms of technical highlights are given in Table 5.

Table 5: Health and safety at construction stage by top ranked companies Company Practical highlights on construction for health and safety

ACS Group ACS (2017) Group commuted to provide its employees with a safe and stable environment and undertakes to continually update labour risk prevention measures as well as to strictly respect the applicable legislation on this subject, in all places at site.

HOCHTIEF Construction

Hochtife (2016) has a proactive approach and that allows to identify risks early on and thus prevent serious accidents and environmental damage to the greatest extent as possible.

CCCC Ltd. The key health safety practice by CCCC Ltd (2013).occupation Skill Appraisal, Safety education to the employee, sticking to the security human-oriented concept of “One life, forever care” and the policy of Safety first, and cautiously pursuing benefits.

VINCI VINCI (2017) rejects the idea that workplace accidents are unavoidable and they commit to the Zero Accidents objective and VINCI committed to assisting subcontractors' and temporary employment agencies' efforts to improve their safety results.

(9)

Bechtel Group The key health and safety practice by Bechtel (2017) is Daily pre-task safety meeting for all employees, Commitment for zero-incident policy and Behaviour-Based Safety program.

1.2. Academic research into construction

Based on the review on practice in construction for health and safety across the five leading companies, which shows a lack of knowledge reuse, this section is incorporated with a preliminary review of academic research into knowledge reuse in construction for health management and safety. In this context, this section focuses on knowledge reuse for health management and safety at design stage in construction sector.

Details of findings from a preliminary review in areas mentioned above are described below. This section covers knowledge reuse in the construction stage concerning health and safety management. Knowledge Management (KM) has the potential to deliver major economic benefits to construction industries. According to the research of Loughborough University,(14) properly implemented KM strategy should be implemented throughout the or project lifecycle, from initial conceptualisation and design, construction to the maintenance stage to get the perfect result.

According to the research, using knowledge reuse (KM) could reduce the cost of the project. Post project review, communities of practice (CoPs), Groupware and training are the most common KM tools used for the capture of reusable project knowledge. Groupware tool is used to aid the interaction and sharing of knowledge between members of the CoPs(15). Apart from the discussed KM tools, reusable project knowledge is also captured through the documentation of knowledge, forum, meetings, research, etc.

Various report schemes are applicable in ensuring healthy and safe working environment in megaprojects around the world as discussed in the above section. Although these schemes have merits, their demerits cannot be ignored. The unacceptable performance of health and safety in megaprojects indicates that these schemes are less effective. Conceivably, a different approach of looking at health and safety to further reduce accidents in megaprojects is required.

Considering the health and safety in construction from both academic and practices (Construction safety in companies), it can be said that to provide prudent safety measures for megaprojects, both the construction managers and safety management personnel of an organisation must work in collaboration during the construction stage of the megaproject. It is clear through a literature review that both practitioner and academics have paid high attention to the importance of health management and safety at the construction stage, and current progress are found in companies practice as well as academic research.

Because knowledge reuse can help construction managers and safety managers to learn lessons from previous projects, it is important to incorporate an effective knowledge reuse process in construction to improve health and safety at megaproject lifecycle. As a useful tool for knowledge reuse in practice, the evidence-based method has been applied across construction sector (Chen, et al., 2017), but has not been applied to support health management and safety practicesat the construction stage, from this point of view, new research into the evidence-based method for improved health and safety in construction is in need.

(10)

1.3. Reusing Knowledge for Health and Safety Practice Management at Operation stage

1.3.1. Operation practice

This summarized the preliminary review into health management and safety practices in the operation stage in practice at 5 top-ranked international construction firms. A preliminary review has been conducted to detect current international practice on health management and safety practices in op through information collected from five top-ranked international operation firms(16), including Balfour Beatty, Carillion, Amey, Mitie, Kier (inc May Gurney). These firms are widely involved in the operation (Balfour Beatty, 2017; Carillion, 2016; Amey, 2017; Mitie, 2017; Kier, 2016) in megaprojects development, and a summary of findings in terms of technical highlights is given in Table 6.

Table 6: Health and safety at operation stage by top ranked companies Company Practical highlights on operation for health and safety

Balfour Beatty

Balfour Beatty (2017) follows risk-based prioritised action plans under its Zero Harm objective. There are 12 main areas which include, leadership;

communicating the vision; co-ordinated governance; learning and sharing;

health and safety by design; supply chain engagement; training and competence; improving management systems and processes; innovation, recognition and reward; behavioural safety; and local initiatives;

performance indicators.

Carillion Carillion’s main Health and Safety indicator is Lost Time Incident Frequency Rate (LTIFR). It is an internationally recognised indicator of performance in safety. Tin addition, this company also adopts the Occupational Health and Safety Standard (OHSAS 18001) across all its operations. Plus, it also has zero ill-health or accidents objective called (Target Zero). The effectiveness is indicated by a reduction in height falls (highest risk category) to 15 per cent. It also has proactive ‘Health Like Safety’ programmes which include more support in eliminating the stigma related to mental health (17).

Amey Amey(2017) targeted Zero campaign focuses on health and safety to strive for zero harm in their daily business. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (ROSPA) awarded us Gold awards for our Consulting and Rail, Facilities Management, Utilities and Defence business units, as well as for our Fleet and Plant team.

Mitie Mitie (2017) defined a strategy for delivering distinction in safety and health performance, based on a clear vision of what “excellent” looks like including the means of achieving this. Further stating that one should strive to accomplish this performance excellence by centring on the focused area including Management system,Leadership, Employee engagement, and looking towards the future.

Kier Group Kier Group (2016) run several well-received internal campaigns about health, safety and wellbeing, and have been evolving their behavioural

(11)

change programme. The group Implemented the results of the Group’s behavioural safety self-assessment for their health and safety management.

Based on the review on practice it is found that the leading facility management companies are concern about health and safety management, but there is a lack of application of knowledge reuse by these practitioners.

1.3.2. Academic research into operation stage

Based on the review on practice in facilities management across the leading companies, which shows a lack of knowledge reuse, this section is incorporated with a preliminary review of academic research into knowledge reuse on health and safety at operation stage. In this regard, this section covers the following points:

• Knowledge reuse in operation for health and safety management, and

• Knowledge reuse tools.

This section covers knowledge reuse into operation stage concerning health and safety management. Facilities management as defined by the Centre for Facilities Management (Alexander 1996, p. 1) is "the process by which an organization delivers and sustains support services in a quality environment to meet strategic needs.". Therefore, the role of a facilities manager is strategically important concerning health and safety as it translates the requirements of s decision-makers into a day-to-day situation affecting people at work or where they live(9). Chen (18)discuss the requirement of a set of principles to support the facility management and facility management body of knowledge (FMBOK). There is a lack of knowledge reuse in practice on facilities management concerning health and safety management. Evidence-based learning is an effective tool for knowledge reuse. According to the above preliminary review, there is no way found to inform facilities managers of effective knowledge reuse, which could minimise the health and safety issue throughout to the megaproject at the operation stage.

2. EHSA

The “Evidence-based health and safety analysis (EHSA)”demands the approach to be technical in terms of health management and safety practices. This could be achieved through utilization of the understanding of the distinctive “evidence-based methods” in for projects that are in progress. The EHSA Framework (Figure.1) was developed initially though carrying out research associated with the refurbishment of buildings. EHSA Framework’s major role is to assure that the adoption of the “evidence-based” procedures of “management health and safety”in

“megaprojects”.For setting up the work program for megaprojects integrated with EHSA, the most important consideration to be made is the connection of the technical components with the EHSA framework. Meanwhile, the connection of the technical components could be defined as the processes that require further clarification for supporting the storage, collection and the utilisation of evidence. This includes the information and data acquired on similar projects through experience that has been undertaken by professionals within and outside the organisation. Moreover, a case base comprising of valid and adequate amount of lesson learnt and evidence in association with construction is also needed in implementing the EHSA Framework. This will enable companies ranging from local to regional and from national to international scope conduct an EHSA embedded project.

(12)

In the respect of the introductory literature on the background of the research described, the processes and the technical components required for the integration of the EHSA framework also includes the RIDDOR process, the megaprojects staging process, in addition to the decision making on EHSA process and the process of “evidence-based” method. As per RIBA (2013), the framework designed was for incorporating the activities to the implementation of “evidence- based”learning right thru a standard procedure of work. Therefore, the “RIBA Plan of Work” was selected for adapting the requirements for utilisation in refurbishments projects of buildings.

Meanwhile, the plan includes EHSA steering in connection with additional activities supporting the needs. The supporting activities include the collection of evidence and technical solutions to them in association with "building refurbishment" projects in the stages of work and judging a technical solution based on the plan of execution and assessment at every action stage-managing the health and safety issues.The process of EHSA is conducted via additional technical steps that include the first Step involving the preparation of the criteria for evaluation including the checkpoints for safety and health assessment and review at every stage of the megaprojects for a specific project. The second step comprises of the acquisition of the detail of evidence on both externally and internally reported diseases, injuries and dangerous encounters and associated data and information from previous practise within similar projects. Finally, the assessment of the technical solutions given a specific refurbishment project at every work stage individually.The below diagram Figure 1.presents the activities included in the refurbishment processes.

Exhibiting the feasibility of EHSA is highly significant in genuine cases post-installation of the specialised structure. Since, it is a continuous assessment of the framework of EHSA, including its toolbox comprise of the case base of EHSA. In addition to the assessment criteria of EHSA in addition to the checkpoints, this paper focuses on the brief discussion on the use of EHSA based on the scenario of an individual building repair in Manchester. Through the utilisation of EHSA for the utilisation of “Safescreen”

The system as a part of the whole façade modification and replacement project, the technical steps are provided in the Technical description whereas a brief discussion is appended below:

Step 1: The set of general criteria for evaluating the safety review checkpoints including the assessment of installation plan of “Safe screen” system require setting up and additionally requires to be focused on the risks mitigation in association with falling of objects and stability of the structure of the building system.

Step 2: The second step involves the appraisal and audit of the platform damaging organisation from previous operations on the location. Moreover, the lessons learnt should be from scholarly and returned addition to from relative tasks focusing on disassembling of the framework.

Since this investigation is just for an exhibition, confirmation was initially gathered along these lines for misfortunes that had appeared out due to falling of objects during the extended restoration of the Manchester building. The additional misfortunes were identified indistinguishably from announced mishaps within Manchester City. The second step also includes the acquisition of comprehensive evidence both externally and internally for diseases and injuries reported including dangerous occurrences in addition to information and data on similar projects from past practices.

Step 3: This step involves the evaluation of the technical solution of the repair project in the individual work phases. Such a destructive arrangement from the start and its procedure. Based Technium Social Sciences Journal

(13)

on the criteria and experience gained from the interim evaluation, conclusions were drawn from the specific audit and evaluation, including the destruction platform strategies and procedures, following these guidelines, the reduction target based on specific use. Although the dangers of falling objects could not have caused accidents or serious injuries on the construction site. The shortcomings indicated that the scaffolding dismantling process and EHSA approval before the dismantling of the building system could ensure a safer work plan to eliminate hazards of accidents and injuries.

Figure 1.EHSA framework(Chen et al 2017)

(14)

2.1. Case study

One prospective megaproject case study was chosen for evidence-based study and it tends to implement the evidence-based structure in the mega project case considers in various associations and geolocation. It is thinking about the relevant case studied which areChangi Viaduct Collapse. The reason for selecting this two megaproject includes the availability of relevant data for analysis, the viability of the cases to employ evidence-based case study analysis, relevant megaproject with apt scenarios to be analysed with the EHSA framework.

The case study domains portray a steady, quickened and complex changes of a monetary, innovative, political, social and social nature.

A similar that make old the appropriate responses of the past before the present issues connected to the best approach to deal with the staff. These new thoughts have discovered their help in organization, brain research, mechanical relations, social work and other logical social orders, notwithstanding having risen in a similar faculty administration in business associations.

This approach relevant to workforce administration is portrayed by considering the fundamental, multidisciplinary, situational, efficiency, and human potential ideal models.

Around the world, there is evidence of a developing mechanical advancement, which has prompted the expansion of modern situations, making the requirement for associations to give ideal conditions to advance the development of useful exercises of staff, encouraging an evidence-case changed following the targets connected to modern safety and cleanliness.

Presently, associations as an organized social unit work with a base of relative progression to achieve their objectives. Be that as it may, it isn't sufficient to have a gathering of individuals concentrated on a typical reason and have the usefulness of the gatherings to do joint activity towards the accomplishment of projected outcomes. In this sense, useful evidence-case rises as a variable of enthusiasm, as it includes considering the evidence-base of the person inside the hierarchical condition to evaluate occasions, acquiring clear speculations about the connection between nature and a human evidence-case. In like manner, it is derived that breaking down utilitarian evidence-case decides how occasions, their appearance and evidence-base are connected in the authoritative condition and result in versatile evidence-cases that encourage the course of business activities.

Case 1:

Almost a year post-construction disruption, which killed one of the construction workers and injured the other 10, the Land Transportation Agency decided to demolish the rest of the crossheads that were uncompleted segments on Changi Pan Island in June 2017. The rest of the structures can be towed if they pose similar threats or later pulled down if deemed unnecessary. In a statement released two hours after the main contractor and five people were accused of being involved in the destructive collapse last July, the regulator decided to remove the crosshead as "a precautionary measure after cracks appeared in the roads." Meanwhile, the application of EHSA is capable of preventing such incidents.

Case Analysis and Lessons Learned

Rows of metal supports have been raised to help parts of an inadequate Upper Changi Road East viaduct after cracks were found amid an examination concerning the savage crumple of an area a week ago. The breaks were found at 11 areas on stack bearing corbels at the worksite. As a prudent step, the six viaduct areas where the splits were found were additionally propped up. Directly after the accident, a qualified individual (QP) for the outline from the project organization examined the auxiliary uprightness of the staying six ranges of the viaduct Technium Social Sciences Journal

(15)

at the site. The explanations behind the accident that corbels - sections that assistance support bars - had given way. Splits were likewise found in the regions supporting 11 different parts of the viaduct. It happened while throwing an area of the viaduct adjoining a slip street from Upper Changi Road East to the Pan-Island Expressway when the segment has fallen. The two corbels - which are intended to hold the beams set horizontally during the project development collapsed letting the incomplete viaduct to collapse resultant in 11 workers to be injured and the death of one worker. The standardized suggestions from the issues are that there was insufficient consideration paid to the plan and development of the viaduct and the safety of workers. The framework ought to be set up as extra support to prop up shafts at the rest of the ranges of the viaduct, where breaks have been found at 11 areas on stack bearing corbels. As a careful step, the six viaduct areas where the breaks were found ought to be additionally propped up. The risks will be turned away if additional propping is added up to the bars adjacent to the fallen span. In figure 2.showing the incident area in Changi Viaduct collapse

Fig.2showing the incident area in Changi Viaduct collapse

Source:https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/sections-of-changi-viaduct-to-be- pulled-down-deemed-unsafe

Application of EHSA and Validation of EHSA

EHSA frameworks are applied by measurement and analysis. The nature and cause of these recently exposed cracks - either small or potentially severe - are still being investigated.

Megaproject experts believe that general load-bearing concrete structures have cracks as long as they do not exceed a certain width. The technology and instruments used in the paper consisted of two questionnaires integrated into one application. The first questionnaire focused on measuring the case of functional “evidence”for measuring aspects of human error in the case Technium Social Sciences Journal

(16)

of functional evidence and to identify forms of human failure in the functional “evidence- case”of construction company employees(Zhang, and Fang, 2013).

The corbels are designed to withstand only temporary loads during the early stages of construction. As soon as the concrete of the second structure settles, it becomes self-supporting, and now the load is removed from the corner elements. Cracks are usually discovered during inspections by the main contractor or project consultants before the next stage of work. These cracks would be patched up using cement or epoxy. Changi Viaduct megaproject collapse case data summarized in Table 7.

Table 7: Case data for changi viaduct collapse, singapore Project name Changi Viaduct

Location Singapore

Client group “Public sector clients include the Housing and Development Board, JTC, National Parks Board, PUB and Urban Redevelopment Authority while private sector clients include Changi Airport Group and ExxonMobil”

Architects OKP Holdings, Kim Peow

Engineers Tjandra, a professional engineer from CPG Consultants Main contractors Leong, the accredited checker for the structural works Sub-contractors Yee and Wong

Initial budget $94.6 Final budget $94.6 Final account

Start time

Finish time July 14 Accident data

No. of accidents 1

No. of fatal accidents 1 Injuries reportable under Govt.

format

Yes Other lost time injuries None Accident analysis

Nature of accidents Cost

(£)

Lost time (Hours)

Reasons for accident*

Lesson learnt **

1a. Falls of persons: on the level 8500 84 Poorly built without support

Need support for the

structure

1b. From height: (height in metres) 1mn 100 ” ”

2.Falls of materials (including scaffolding)

14000 40 Improper installation

Proper scaffolding mantling

3.Trench Collapses

7000 35 Weak

Trench support

The trench needs to be improved

4.Transport (including mobile cranes) 0 0 None None

(17)

5.Handling materials 0 0 None None

6.Stepping on or striking objects 0 0 None None

7.Hand tools (other than power drivers) 0 0 None None 8.Mechanical equipment (including power

tools)

0 0 None None

9.Electricity 0 0 None None

10.Toxic or harmful substances 0 0 None None

11.Fire/explosions 0 0 None None

12.Other causes (specify cause below, no result)

0 0 None None

Cracks occur in corbels made of reinforced concrete because concrete is not exceptional in terms of tensile forces. But the metal reinforcing bars inside the shelves have to withstand the load. While cracks in multiple shelves may indicate a possible design problem, conclusions are drawn from evidence-based health and safety practices and more evidence with good information is emerging.The identification of human errors, at its simplest level, considers that the person can fail by not achieving sufficient precision in carrying out activities, performing activities at the wrong time (anticipation, delay), not carrying out the activities (omission) and perform an inappropriate activity instead of the required one as determined using the EHSA frameworks. In this way, the links between the prescriptions linked to production or those linked to safety and hygiene, that is, to the organization of work, and on the other hand, of these regarding the variability of the operators involved in the productive processes, pose a central problem in the face of the necessary deviations between the prescribed work of real work. The Changi viaduct is evaluated with evidence-based scenario analysis. The EHSA framework is used to substantiate the health and safety concerns from the evaluation of the Megaproject. Figure 3 shows the Changi viaduct evaluation with EHSA framework.

(18)

Figure 2. ShowingChangi viaduct evaluation with EHSA framework

Source: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/sections-of-changi-viaduct- to-be-pulled-down-deemed-unsafe

Figure 3 shows the analysis. Thus, these contradictions of safety and hygiene are managed by regulatory agents, based on their normative actions with the EHSA framework formulated on the Changi Viaduct Megaproject, which makes, in short, the specific and distinctive human action against any other type of artificial action.

3. Conclusion

The paper is validated with the EHSA framework and concluded that the occurrence of work accidents has been generated mostly by lack of control, followed by unsafe acts, they are due to all types of actions or omissions committed by the people that enable accidents to occur; considering the above, the age of workers is an important aspect of the present research.

In both cases, the witnesses and the injured are interviewed after they were in good health, nor was a study of the site of the accident, of the tools and equipment involved, carried out because the investigation is being carried out at a time after the occurrence of the accident. the events or events. Similar results were found in our investigation corresponding to an EHSA framework, to carry out the analysis of the causes of the work accidents that occurred in the two construction projects – Changi Viaduct project used as the objects of study. According to the preliminary literature review, there was a lack of practice and research into knowledge reuse into lifecycle health and safety management. For megaprojects, the complexity in resources use and process usages make it more complicated in health and safety management throughout the lifecycle.

Evidence-based learning is an effective tool for knowledge reuse. Therefore, it is assumed that Technium Social Sciences Journal

(19)

an evidence-base learning process and toll to be integrated into current management procedure to facilitate knowledge reuse can improve the performance of health and safety management in megaprojects in whole life.

References

1. Risk-based management of occupational safety and health in the construction industry–Part 1: Background knowledge. Sousa, V., Almeida, N. M., & Dias, L. A. 2014, Safety Science, Vol. 66, pp. 75-86.

2. Reyes, J. P., San-José, J. T., Cuadrado, J., & Sancibrian, R. Reyes, J. P., San-José, J. T., Cuadrado, J., & Sancibrian, R. 2014, Safety Science, Vol. 62, pp. 221-232.

3. ENR. http://www.enr.com/toplists/2016-Top-250-International-Contractors1. [Online]

2016. [Cited: 07 15, 2017.] http://www.enr.com/toplists/2016-Top-250-International- Contractors1.

4Algorithms for automated monitoring and control of fall hazards Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering21-28

5. HSE. Industry Guidance for Designers. Norfolk : ConstructionSkills , 2007.

6. RETHINKING THE DIGITAL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY. Ciribini , Angelo, et al. 2008, Italian Society of Science, Technology.

7. Systematizing Construction Project Evaluations. Kumaraswamy, Mohan M. 1, 1996, Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 12.

8. Safety Management in Construction: Best Practices in Hong Kong. Choudhary, Rafiq, Fang, Dongping and Ahmed, Sayed. 8, 2008, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 134.

9. BIFM. Facilities Management Introduction. 2012.

10. Safe work Autralia. SAFE DESIGN OF STRUCTURES Code of Practice. 2012.

11. Selection strategies for materials and processes. Asbhy, M F, et al. 1, 2004, Materials &

Design, Vol. 25.

12. THE PRINCIPLES OF FACILITIES MANAGEMENT AND CASE STUDIES. Chen, Zhen.

Glashow : ARCOM, 2017.

13. EVIDENCE-BASED SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN BUILDING REFURBISHMENT. Chen, Zhen, Maiti, Saikat and Agapiou, Andrew. Glasgow : ARCOM, 2017.

14. Carrilo, Patricia, et al. CAPTURE AND RE-USE OF PROJECT KNOWLEDGE IN CONSTRUCTION. s.l. : Loughborough University, 2004.

15. —. CAPTURE AND RE-USE OF PROJECT KNOWLEDGE IN CONSTRUCTION. s.l. : Loughborough University, 2004.

16. BuildingCo.UK. Top 40 contractors in services & maintenance - Ranked by turnover . [Online] 2017. [Cited: 07 31, 2017.] http://www.building.co.uk/top-40-contractors-in-services- and-maintenance-ranked-by-turnover/5058203.article.

17. Carillion. Our Health & Safety Commitment. [Online] 2916. [Cited: 07 30, 2017.]

https://www.carillionplc.com/about-us/our-health-safety-commitment/.

Glasgow : ARCOM, 2017.

19. Haslam, R, et al. Casual factors in construction accidents. 2003.

20. Toward design for safety Part 1: functional reverse engineering driven by axiomatic design.

Sadeghi, Leyla, Luc, Mathieu and Tricot, Nicolas. s.l. : Seventh International Conference on Axiomatic Design, 2013.

(20)

21. HSE. Statistics on fatal injuries in the workplace in Great Britain 2016. London : HSE, 2016.

22. National preventation through Design (PtD) initiative. Schulte, P A, et al. s.l. : Journal of Safety Research, 2008. Vol. 39, pp. 115-121.

23. Investigation on the viability of desigining for safety. Gambatese, J, Hinje, J and Bhem, M. 2005, Center to protect workers Rights.

24. Barker, Malcolm and Casey, Simon. Safety in Design. Melbourne : GHD Pty Ltd . 25. Role of designer in construction workers safety. Hinze, J and Wiengand, J. 1992, Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 118, pp. 677-684.

26. Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept. Bhem, A.

2005, Safety Science, Vol. 43, pp. 589-611.

27. Lingard, Helen , et al. Safety in Design. Melborne : Centre for Construction Work Health and Safety RIMT, 2014.

28. Finding the right legislative framework for guiding designers on their health and safety responsibilities. Anderson, J. London : CIB, 2000. Desiging for safety and health conference.

pp. 143-150.

29. Manuele, F A. On the practice of safety. Newyourk : John Wiley and sons, 1997.

30. The trajectories of prevention through Design in Construction. Toole, T M and Gambatese, J. 2008, Journal of safety research, Vol. 39, pp. 225-230.

31. AECOM. http://www.aecom.com/projects/?ql%5B%5D=204. [Online] 2016. [Cited: 07 17, 2017.]

32. . AECOM announced today that it has published its annual enterprise safety, health and environment (SH&E) report. [Online] 2015. [Cited: 07 17, 2017.]

http://www.aecom.com/press/aecom-announced-today-that-it-has-published-its-annual- enterprise-safety-health-and-environment-she-report/.

33. WSP. A FULL RANGE OF SERVICES THROUGHOUT THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE.

[Online] 2015. [Cited: 07 17, 2017.] http://www.wsp-pb.com/Globaln/WSP- Canada/Who%20We%20Are/In%20the%20media/Publications/WSP-in-Canada.pdf.

34. Bollinger, Bas. ARCADIS RAIL Delivering total mobility. [Online] 2015. [Cited: 07 17, 2017.] https://www.arcadis.com/media/C/3/0/%7BC30CC085-109B-4D0D-BE72- 7618323142DF%7DArcadis%20Rail_001.pdf.

35. Hall, William. Mega Projects. [Online] 2017. [Cited: 07 17, 2017.]

http://www.worleyparsons.com/Services/Deliver/Pages/MegaProjects.aspx.

36. AECOM. AECOM in Turkey. [Online] 2015. [Cited: 07 18, 2017.]

http://www.aecom.com/tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/70075CE_General- brochure_Turkey_email.pdf.

37. WorleyParsons. WorleyParsons: building a business of safety. [Online] 2017. [Cited: 07

18, 2017.]

http://www.worleyparsons.com/AboutUs/diversity/Documents/OHS.June2017_WorleyParson s.pdf.

38. WSP. WSP Safety Ltd. WSP. [Online] 2016. [Cited: 7 17, 2017.] http://www.wsp- safety.co.uk/services/construction-phase-hs-plans.

39. Conceptualising uncertainty in safety-critical projects: A practitioner perspective.

Sounders, F C, Gale, A W and Sherry, A H. 2, 2015, International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 33, pp. 467-478.

40. ARCADIS. Health and Safety. ARCADIS. [Online] 2016. [Cited: 7 17, 2017.]

https://www.arcadis.com/en/global/who-we-are/business-practices/health-and-safety/.

(21)

41. JACOBS. Jacobs Awarded Major Road Infrastructure Project for Transport Scotland.

2014.

42. JACOBS. Jacobs. [Online] 2017. [Cited: 7 17, 2017.] http://www.jacobs.com/buildings.

43. AECOM. Health and Safety. AECOM. [Online] 2017. [Cited: 7 17, 2017.]

http://www.aecom.com/about-aecom/safety/.

44. Safety, Health, and Environmental Manual. EPA. USA : s.n., 2004, Administration and Resources Management, Vol. 3.

45. ACS, Group. The ACS Group’s Construction area is aimed at executing of all kinds of projects. [Online] 2017. http://www.grupoacs.com/activities/construction/.

46. China Communications construction, company. We Are Building A Connected World.

[Online] 2017. [Cited: 07 26, 2017.]

http://en.ccccltd.cn/business/infrastructureconstruction/port/201011/t20101111_1478.html.

47. VINCI. VINCI Construction. [Online] 2017. [Cited: 07 26, 2017.]

https://www.vinci.com/vinci.nsf/en/page/vinci-construction.htm.

48. ACS. Human Rights Policy. [Online] 2017. [Cited: 07 24, 2017.]

http://www.grupoacs.com/ficheros_editor/File/05_responsabilidad_corporativa/00_politicas/P olitica%20Derechos%20Humanos_aprobada_29%20julio_EN.pdf.

49. China Communications Construction Ltd. Social Responsibility Report. [Online] 2013.

[Cited: 07 24, 2017.]

http://www.ccccltd.cn/shzr/shzr/shzrbg/201405/P020160515703827515880.pdf.

50. Bechtel. A strong commitment to providing a safe and healthy workplace. [Online] 2017.

[Cited: 07 25, 2017.] http://www.bechtel.com/supplier/environmental-safety-health/.

51. HOCHTIEF. Commitments. [Online] 2016. [Cited: 07 26, 2017.]

http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/3730.jhtml.

52. Contributing factors in construction accidents. Haslam, R.A, et al. 4, 2005, Applied ergonomics, Vol. 36, pp. 401-415.

53. Identifying behaviour pattenrs of construction safety using system archetypes. Guo, Brian, Yiu, Tak and Gonzalez, Vicente. 2015, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 80, pp. 125- 41.

54. Learning to adapt health and safety initiatives from mega projects: an Olympic case study . Finneran, Aiofe, et al. 2, 2012, Policy and Practice in Health and Safety, Vol. 10, pp. 81-102.

55. Strategies for improving safety performance in construction firms. Alarcon, Fernando, et al. 2016, Accident Analysis and Prevention , Vol. 94, pp. 107-118.

56. Prospective safety performance evaluation on construction sites. Wu, Xianghuo, et al.

2015, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 78, pp. 58-72.

57. Safety inspections in construction sites: a systems thinking perspective. Saurin, Tarcisio.

2016, Accident Analysis & Prevention , Vol. 93, pp. 240-50.

58. Construction actor safety behaviour: antecedents, current thinking and directions. Talabi, Babajide, Edum-Fotwe, Francis and Gibb, Alistair. Edinburgh : ARCOM, 2015.

59. UK construction site safety: discourses of enforcement and engagement. Sherratt, Fred, Farrell, Peter and Noble, Rod. 6, 2013, Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 31, pp. 623-35.

60. Behavior-based safety on construction sites: a case study . Choudhry, Rafiq. 2014, Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol. 70, pp. 14-23.

61. Proactive behavior-based safety management for construction safety improvement. Li, Heng, et al. 2015, Safety Science, Vol. 75, pp. 107-117.

(22)

62. Exploring ``Zero Target'' safety programmes in the UK construction industry. Sherrat, Fred. 7, 2014, Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 32, pp. 737-48.

63. UK construction industry site health and safety management: an examination of promotional web material as an indicator of current direction. Rawlinson, Fred and Farrell, Peter. 4, 2010, Construction Innovation , Vol. 10, pp. 435-46.

64. Safety risk assessment using analytic hierarchy process(AHP) during planning and budgeting of construction projects. Aminbakhsh, Saman, Guduz, Murat and Sonmez, Riftat. 2013, Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 46, pp. 99-105.

65. Impact of individual resilience and safety climate on safety performance and psychological stress of construction workers: a case study of the Ontario construction industry. Chen, Yuting, McCabe, Brenda and Hyatt, Douglas. 2017, Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 61, pp. 161-76.

66. A building's refurbishment knowledge-based decision support system. Kaklauskas, A, Zavadskas, E K and Galiniene, B. 2-4, 2008, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, Vol. 35, pp. 237-249.

67. HSE. Names and details of fatalities. s.l. : Health and Safety Executive, 2013.

68. —. Names and details of fatalities. s.l. : Health and Safety Executive, 2014.

69. —. Names and details of fatalities. s.l. : Heaith and Safety Executive, 2015.

73. McKie, R. Edinburgh's tram system opens – £375m over budget and three years late. 2014.

74. Literature Review on KM Tools. AI-Ghassani, A M. 2003.

75. An approach to support reflection and organisation. Orange, G, Burke, A and Cushman, M. 1999, BITWorld’99.

76. Managing Knowledge Work,. Newell, S, et al. 2002.

77. SCOTMAN, THE. Cyclists to sue Edinburgh over tramline accidents. 2015.

78. INDEPENDENT, THE. Edinburgh tram: Three years late and £231m over-budget, Scottish capital sees first tram network in over 50 years roll out. 2017.

79. Mitie. Health and safety. [Online] 2017. [Cited: 07 30, 2017.]

https://www.mitie.com/sustainability/health-and-safety/.

80. Amey. Health and Safety Our number one priority. [Online] 2017. [Cited: 08 01, 2017.]

https://www.amey.co.uk/welcome-to-amey/health-and-safety/.

81. KierGroup. Annual Report and Accounts . [Online] 2016. [Cited: 08 1, 2017.]

http://www.kier.co.uk/~/media/Files/K/Kier/Annual%20Reports/annual-reports- 2016/download/annual-report-2016.pdf.

Glasgow : ARCOM, 2017.

83. AHMED, SAEEMA. ENCOURAGING REUSE OF DESIGN KNOWLEDGE: A METHOD. s.l. : Research Gate, 2005.

84. Balfour Beauty. Zero Harm. [Online] 2017. [Cited: 07 30, 2017.]

https://www.balfourbeatty.com/sustainability/zero-harm/.

85. BalfourBeatty. Zero Harm. [Online] 2017. [Cited: 07 30, 2017.]

https://www.balfourbeatty.com/sustainability/zero-harm/.

86. Hare, B, Cameron, I and Duff, R. Exploring the integration of health and safety with pre‐

construction planning. 13. London : Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 2006. pp. 438-450.

(23)

87. Impact of individual resilience and safety climate on safety performance and psychological stress of construction workers: a case study of the Ontario construction industry. Chen, Yuting, McCabe, Brenda and Hyatt, Douglas. 2017, Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 61, pp. 167- 176.

88. Creswell, J.W. and Creswell, J.D. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. s.l. : Sage publications, 2017.

89. Safety risk assessment using analytic hierarchy process(AHP) during planning and budgeting of construction projects. Aminbakhsh, Saman, Gunduz, Murat and Sonmez, Rifat. 2013, Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 46, pp. 99-105.