Evidence level Authors Year Title Journal
5 Hwang U. 2007 Emergency department crowding linked to delays in quality, timely
care
Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management
1b Stevens MW;Hainsworth KR;Weisman SJ;Layde PM;2012 Health-related quality of life in pediatric minor injury: reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory in the emergency departmentArch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1b Mansbach JM;Clark S;Barcega BR;Haddad H;Camargo CA;2009 Factors associated with longer emergency department length of stay for children with bronchiolitis : a prospective multicenter studyPediatr Emerg Care
1b Innes GD;Stenstrom R;Grafstein E;Christenson JM; 2005 Prospective time study derivation of emergency physician workload predictorsCJEM
1b Weiss SJ;Ernst AA;Nick TG; 2006 Comparison of the National Emergency Department Overcrowding Scale and the Emergency Department Work Index for quantifying emergency department crowdingAcad Emerg Med 1b Ng Y.; Lewena S. 2012 Leaving the paediatric emergency department without being seen:
Understanding the patient and the risks Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health.
1b Thomas SH 2004 Ongoing visual analog score display improves Emergency Department pain care.The Journal of emergency medicine 1b Tsai CL;Rowe BH;Cydulka RK;Camargo CA; 2009 ED visit volume and quality of care in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Emerg Med 2a Stelfox HT;Straus SE;Nathens A;Bobranska-Artiuch B;2011 Evidence for quality indicators to evaluate adult trauma care: a systematic reviewCrit Care Med
2a Pines JM;Isserman JA;Hinfey PB; 2009 The measurement of time to first antibiotic dose for pneumonia in the emergency department: a white paper and position statement prepared for the American Academy of Emergency MedicineJ Emerg Med 2a Hoot NR;Aronsky D; 2008 Systematic review of emergency department crowding: causes, effects, and solutionsAnn Emerg Med
2a Oredsson S;Jonsson H;Rognes J;Lind L;Goransson KE;Ehrenberg A;Asplund K;Castren M;Farrohknia N;2011 A systematic review of triage-related interventions to improve patient flow in emergency departmentsScand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2a Yahav D, Leibovici L, Goldberg E, Bishara J, Paul M 2013 Time to first antibiotic dose for patients hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents
2b Venkatesh AK;Avula U;Bartimus H;Reif J;Schmidt MJ;Powell ES;2013 Time to antibiotics for septic shock: evaluating a proposed performance measureAm J Emerg Med
2b Abualenain J;Frohna WJ;Smith M;Pipkin M;Webb C;Milzman D;Pines JM;2013 The Prevalence of Quality Issues and Adverse Outcomes among 72-Hour Return Admissions in the Emergency DepartmentJ Emerg Med 2b Karaca Z;Wong HS;Mutter RL; 2012 Duration of patients' visits to the hospital emergency department BMC Emerg Med
2b Harrison B;Finkelstein M;Puumala S;Payne NR; 2012 The complex association of race and leaving the pediatric emergency department without being seen by a physicianPediatr Emerg Care
2b Bos N;Sizmur S;Graham C;van Stel HF; 2013 The accident and emergency department questionnaire: a measure for patients' experiences in the accident and emergency departmentBMJ Qual Saf 2b Hoek AE;De Ridder MA;Bayliss A;Patka P;Rood PP;2012 Effective strategy for improving instructions for analgesic use in the emergency departmentEur J Emerg Med
2b Ruger JP;Lewis LM;Richter CJ; 2012 Patterns and factors associated with intensive use of ED services: implications for allocating resourcesAm J Emerg Med
2b Pitts SR;Pines JM;Handrigan MT;Kellermann AL; 2012 National trends in emergency department occupancy, 2001 to 2008: effect of inpatient admissions versus emergency department practice intensityAnn Emerg Med 2b Pines JM;Decker SL;Hu T; 2012 Exogenous predictors of national performance measures for emergency department crowdingAnn Emerg Med
2b Geelhoed GC;de Klerk NH; 2012 Emergency department overcrowding, mortality and the 4-hour rule in Western AustraliaMed J Aust
2b Howlett MK;Atkinson PR; 2012 A method for reviewing the accuracy and reliability of a five-level triage process (canadian triage and acuity scale) in a community emergency department setting: building the crowding measurement infrastructureEmerg Med Int 2b Sills MR;Ginde AA;Clark S;Camargo CA; 2012 Multicenter analysis of quality indicators for children treated in the emergency department for asthmaPediatrics
2b McCarthy ML;Ding R;Pines JM;Zeger SL; 2011 Comparison of methods for measuring crowding and its effects on length of stay in the emergency departmentAcad Emerg Med
2b Herrin J;Miller LE;Turkmani DF;Nsa W;Drye EE;Bernheim SM;Ling SM;Rapp MT;Han LF;Bratzler DW;Bradley EH;Nallamothu BK;Ting HH;Krumholz HM;2011 National performance on door-in to door-out time among patients transferred for primary percutaneous coronary interventionArch Intern Med 2b Sills MR;Fairclough D;Ranade D;Kahn MG; 2011 Emergency department crowding is associated with decreased quality of care for childrenPediatr Emerg Care
2b Atzema CL;Schull MJ;Austin PC;Tu JV; 2011 Temporal changes in emergency department triage of patients with acute myocardial infarction and the effect on outcomesAm Heart J
2b Ekelund U;Kurland L;Eklund F;Torkki P;Letterstal A;Lindmarker P;Castren M;2011 Patient throughput times and inflow patterns in Swedish emergency departments. A basis for ANSWER, A National SWedish Emergency RegistryScand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med
2b Quattromani E;Powell ES;Khare RK;Cheema N;Sauser K;Periyanayagam U;Pirotte MJ;Feinglass J;Mark Court;2011 Hospital-reported data on the pneumonia quality measure 'Time to First Antibiotic Dose' are not associated with inpatient mortality: results of a nationwide cross-sectional analysisAcad Emerg Med 2b Pham JC;Kirsch TD;Hill PM;DeRuggerio K;Hoffmann B;2011 Seventy-two-hour returns may not be a good indicator of safety in the emergency department: a national studyAcad Emerg Med
2b Atzema CL;Austin PC;Tu JV;Schull MJ; 2011 Effect of time to electrocardiogram on time from electrocardiogram to fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction patientsCJEM 2b Greci LS;Parshalle CE;Calvitti A;Renvall MJ; 2011 CrowdED: crowding metrics and data visualization in the emergency departmentJ Public Health Manag Pract
2b Sills MR;Fairclough D;Ranade D;Kahn MG; 2011 Emergency department crowding is associated with decreased quality of care for children with acute asthmaAnn Emerg Med 2b Dormann H;Diesch K;Ganslandt T;Hahn EG; 2010 Numerical parameters and quality indicators in a medical emergency departmentDtsch Arztebl Int
2b Schuur JD;Tibbetts SA;Pines JM; 2010 Pregnancy testing in women of reproductive age in US emergency departments, 2002 to 2006: assessment of a national quality measureAnn Emerg Med
2b Gilligan P;Joseph D;Winder S;Keeffe FO;Oladipo O;Ayodele T;Asuquo Q;O'Kelly P;Hegarty D;2009 DNW--'did not wait' or 'demographic needing work': a study of the profile of patients who did not wait to be seen in an Irish emergency departmentEmerg Med J 2b Francis AJ;Ray MJ;Marshall MC; 2009 Pathology processes and emergency department length of stay: the impact of changeMed J Aust
2b Mitchell R;Kelly AM;Kerr D; 2009 Does emergency department workload adversely influence timely analgesia?Emerg Med Australas 2b Atzema CL;Austin PC;Tu JV;Schull MJ; 2009 Emergency department triage of acute myocardial infarction patients and the effect on outcomesAnn Emerg Med
2b Forero R;Mohsin M;McCarthy S;Young L;Ieraci S;Hillman K;Santiano N;Bauman A;Phung H;2008 Prevalence of morphine use and time to initial analgesia in an Australian emergency departmentEmerg Med Australas
2b Glickman SW;Schulman KA;Peterson ED;Hocker MB;Cairns CB;2008 Evidence-based perspectives on pay for performance and quality of patient care and outcomes in emergency medicineAnn Emerg Med 2b Welker JA;Huston M;McCue JD; 2008 Antibiotic timing and errors in diagnosing pneumonia Arch Intern Med
2b McCusker J;Ionescu-Ittu R;Ciampi A;Vadeboncoeur A;Roberge D;Larouche D;Verdon J;Pineault R;2007 Hospital characteristics and emergency department care of older patients are associated with return visitsAcad Emerg Med
2b Nguyen HB;Corbett SW;Steele R;Banta J;Clark RT;Hayes SR;Edwards J;Cho TW;Wittlake WA;2007 Implementation of a bundle of quality indicators for the early management of severe sepsis and septic shock is associated with decreased mortalityCrit Care Med 2b Nunez S;Hexdall A;Aguirre-Jaime A; 2006 Unscheduled returns to the emergency department: an outcome of medical errors?Qual Saf Health Care
2b Richardson DB; 2006 Increase in patient mortality at 10 days associated with emergency department overcrowdingMed J Aust
2b Fry M;Rhodes-Sutton A; 2005 A retrospective chart review of adult mortality characteristics of patients presenting to a principal tertiary emergency departmentAccid Emerg Nurs 2b Chamberlain JM;Patel KM;Pollack MM; 2005 The Pediatric Risk of Hospital Admission score: a second-generation severity-of-illness score for pediatric emergency patientsPediatrics
2b Hutchison B;Ostbye T;Barnsley J;Stewart M;Mathews M;Campbell MK;Vayda E;Harris SB;Torrance-Rynard V;Tyrrell C;2003 Patient satisfaction and quality of care in walk-in clinics, family practices and emergency departments: the Ontario Walk-In Clinic StudyCMAJ 2b Miro O;Sanchez M;Espinosa G;Coll-Vinent B;Bragulat E;Milla J;2003 Analysis of patient flow in the emergency department and the effect of an extensive reorganisationEmerg Med J
2b Depiero AD;Ochsenschlager DW;Chamberlain JM; 2002 Analysis of pediatric hospitalizations after emergency department release as a quality improvement toolAnn Emerg Med 2b Hoffenberg S;Hill MB;Houry D; 2001 Does sharing process differences reduce patient length of stay in the emergency department?Ann Emerg Med
2b Trout A;Magnusson AR;Hedges JR; 2000 Patient satisfaction investigations and the emergency department: what does the literature say?Acad Emerg Med
2b White SP;Guly HR; 1999 Survival from cardiac arrest in an accident and emergency department: use as a performance indicator?Resuscitation 2b Burke MC;Aghababian RV;Blackbourne B; 1990 Use of autopsy results in the emergency department quality assurance planAnn Emerg Med
2b Tiah L. 2012 The use of individual performance metrics to reduce prescribing errors
in the emergency department
Emergency Medicine Journal.
Conference 2b Keith K.D.; Bocka J.J.; Kobernick M.S.; Krome
R.L.; Ross M.A. 1989 Emergency department revisits Annals of Emergency Medicine
2b Kuhn M.; Morgan M.T.; Hoffman J.R. 1992 Quality assurance in the emergency department: Evaluation of the
ECG review process Annals of Emergency Medicine
2b Hu S.-C. 1992 Analysis of patient revisits to the emergency department American Journal of Emergency
Medicine 2b Alessandrini E.A.; Lavelle J.M.; Grenfell S.M.;
Jacobstein C.R.; Shaw K.N. 2004 Return Visits to a Pediatric Emergency Department Pediatric Emergency Care
2b Fernandes C.M.B.; Worster A.;
Hill S.; McCallum C.; Eva K. 2004 Root cause analysis of laboratory turnaround times for patients in the emergency department
Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine
2b Holland L.L.; Smith L.L.; Blick K.E. 2005 Reducing laboratory turnaround time outliers can reduce emergency
department patient length of stay: An 11-hospital study American Journal of Clinical Pathology 2b Pershad J.; Whitley M.; Herman M. 2006 Visit-level acuity and resource-based relative value unit utilization in a
pediatric emergency department Pediatric Emergency Care
2b Quitt J.; Ryser D.; Dieterle T.; Luscher U.; Martina
B.; Tschudi P. 2009 Does nonmedical hospital admission staff accurately triage emergency department patients?
European Journal of Emergency Medicine
2b Pham J.C.; Ho G.K.; Hill P.M.; McCarthy M.L.;
Pronovost P.J. 2009
National study of patient, visit, and hospital characteristics associated with leaving an emergency department without being seen: Predicting LWBS
Academic Emergency Medicine 2b Rainer T.H.; Sollich P.; Piotrowski T.; Coolen
A.C.C.; Cheng B.; Graham C.A. 2012 Evaluating acute medical admissions through emergency
departments in Hong Kong: Can one adjust for case-mix variation? Emergency Medicine Journal 2b Greene J.; Hall J. 2012 The comparability of emergency department waiting time performance
data Medical Journal of Australia
2b
Maumill L.; Zic M.; Esson A.A.; Geelhoed G.C.;
Borland M.M.; Johnson C.; Aylward P.; Martin A.C.
2013 The National Emergency Access Target (NEAT): Can quality go with
timeliness? Medical Journal of Australia
2b Dendukuri N;McCusker J;Bellavance F;Cardin S;Verdon J;Karp I;Belzile E;2005 Comparing the validity of different sources of information on emergency department visits: a latent class analysisMed Care
2b Diercks DB;Roe MT;Chen AY;Peacock WF;Kirk JD;Pollack CV;Gibler WB;Smith SC;Ohman M;Peterson ED;2007 Prolonged emergency department stays of non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients are associated with worse adherence to the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for management and increased adverse eventsAnn Emerg Med 2b Jain S;Elon LK;Johnson BA;Frank G;Deguzman M; 2010 Physician practice variation in the pediatric emergency department and its impact on resource use and quality of carePediatr Emerg Care
2b Asadi L;Eurich DT;Gamble JM;Minhas-Sandhu JK;Marrie TJ;Majumdar SR;2012 Guideline adherence and macrolides reduced mortality in outpatients with pneumoniaRespir Med 2b Kharbanda AB;Hall M;Shah SS;Freedman SB;Mistry RD;Macias CG;Bonsu B;Dayan PS;Alessandrini EA;Neuman MI;2013 Variation in resource utilization across a national sample of pediatric emergency departmentsJ Pediatr
2b Abualenain J, Frohna WJ, Smith M, Pipkin M, Webb C, Milzman D, Pines JM2013 The prevalence of quality issues and adverse outcomes among 72-hour return admissions in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 2b Venkatesh AK, Avula U, Bartimus H, Reif J, Schmidt MJ, Powell ES2013 Time to antibiotics for septic shock: evaluating a proposed performance measure. Am J Emerg Med
2b Khanna S. Boyle J. Good N. Lind J. 2013 New emergency department quality measure: From access block to National Emergency Access Target compliance.EMA - Emergency Medicine Australasia 2b Boccio E. Pasternak S. Kintzer E. D'Amore J.2013Ward M.F.The relationship between patient age and pain management of long bone fracture in the emergency department.Seo C.J. Duarte K. Rialem F. Medairos R. Salvador-Kelly A.Annals of Emergency Medicine 3a Clarey AJ;Cooke MW; 2012 Patients who leave emergency departments without being seen: literature review and English data analysisEmerg Med J
3a Wilson A;Zwart E;Everett I;Kernick J; 2009 The clinical effectiveness of nurse practitioners' management of minor injuries in an adult emergency department: a systematic reviewInt J Evid Based Healthc 3a Qualls M.; Pallin D.J.; Schuur J.D. 2010 Parametric versus nonparametric statistical tests: The length of stay
example Academic Emergency Medicine
3a Boudreaux ED;Cruz BL;Baumann BM; 2006 The use of performance improvement methods to enhance emergency department patient satisfaction in the United States: a critical review of the literature and suggestions for future researchAcad Emerg Med
3a Kennedy M;MacBean CE;Brand C;Sundararajan V;McD TD;2008 Review article: leaving the emergency department without being seen Emerg Med Australas 3b McCarthy DM;Ellison EP;Venkatesh AK;Engel KG;Cameron KA;Makoul G;Adams JG;2012 Emergency Department Team Communication with the Patient: The Patient's PerspectiveJ Emerg Med 3b Yarris LM;Frakes B;Magaret N;Adams AL;Brooks H;Norton RL;2012 How accurately can emergency department providers estimate patient satisfaction?West J Emerg Med
3b Bos N;Sturms LM;Schrijvers AJ;van Stel HF; 2012 The Consumer Quality index (CQ-index) in an accident and emergency department: development and first evaluationBMC Health Serv Res 3b Shahid M;Hameed K;Iqbal R;Afzal O;Nakeer R;Razzak J;2012 Accuracy of diagnosis and relationship with quality of emergency medicine training programJ Coll Physicians Surg Pak
3b Georges JL;Ben-Hadj I;Gibault-Genty G;Blicq E;Aziza JP;Ben-Jemaa K;Moro J;Koukabi M;Livarek B;2011 [Accuracy of the door-to-balloon time for assessing the result of the interventional reperfusion strategy in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction]Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 3b Fry M;Bennetts S;Huckson S; 2011 An Australian audit of ED pain management patterns J Emerg Nurs
3b Soleimanpour H;Gholipouri C;Salarilak S;Raoufi P;Vahidi RG;Rouhi AJ;Ghafouri RR;Soleimanpour M;2011 Emergency department patient satisfaction survey in Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz, IranInt J Emerg Med 3b Kulstad EB;Sikka R;Sweis RT;Kelley KM;Rzechula KH;2010 ED overcrowding is associated with an increased frequency of medication errorsAm J Emerg Med
3b Lucas R;Farley H;Twanmoh J;Urumov A;Evans B;Olsen N;2009 Measuring the opportunity loss of time spent boarding admitted patients in the emergency department: a multihospital analysisJ Healthc Manag 3b Griffey RT;Bohan JS; 2006 Healthcare provider complaints to the emergency department: a preliminary report on a new quality improvement instrumentQual Saf Health Care 3b Yildirim C;Kocoglu H;Goksu S;Gunay N;Savas H; 2005 Patient satisfaction in a university hospital emergency department in TurkeyActa Medica (Hradec Kralove)
3b Brown AD;Sandoval GA;Levinton C;Blackstien-Hirsch P;2005 Developing an efficient model to select emergency department patient satisfaction improvement strategiesAnn Emerg Med 3b Polevoi SK;Quinn JV;Kramer NR; 2005 Factors associated with patients who leave without being seen Acad Emerg Med
3b Boudreaux ED;D'Autremont S;Wood K;Jones GN; 2004 Predictors of emergency department patient satisfaction: stability over 17 monthsAcad Emerg Med 3b Boudreaux ED;Mandry CV;Wood K; 2003 Patient satisfaction data as a quality indicator: a tale of two emergency departmentsAcad Emerg Med 3b Steindel SJ;Howanitz PJ; 2001 Physician satisfaction and emergency department laboratory test turnaround timeArch Pathol Lab Med
3b Boudreaux ED;Ary RD;Mandry CV;McCabe B; 2000 Determinants of patient satisfaction in a large, municipal ED: the role of demographic variables, visit characteristics, and patient perceptionsAm J Emerg Med 3b Boudreaux ED;Ary R;Mandry C; 2000 Emergency department personnel accuracy at estimating patient satisfactionJ Emerg Med
3b Schwab RA;DelSorbo SM;Cunningham MR;Craven K;Watson WA;1999 Using statistical process control to demonstrate the effect of operational interventions on quality indicators in the emergency departmentJ Healthc Qual 3b Jelinek GA;Mountain D;O'Brien D;Rogers IR;Wilkes G;Wenban J;Carr J;O'Keefe S;Martin PJ;1999 Re-engineering an Australian emergency department: can we measure success?J Qual Clin Pract
3b Kyriacou DN;Ricketts V;Dyne PL;McCollough MD;Talan DA;1999 A 5-year time study analysis of emergency department patient care efficiencyAnn Emerg Med
3b Dubow D.; Propp D.A.; Narasimhan K. 1992 Emergency department discharges against medical advice Journal of Emergency Medicine 3b Wong T.-W.; Lam K.-W. 1994 Reattendance audit in an inner-city emergency department Journal of Accident and Emergency
Medicine 3b Chamberlain J.M.; Pollack M.M. 1998 A method for assessing Emergency Department performance using
patient outcomes Academic Emergency Medicine
3b Sun BC;Brinkley M;Morrissey J;Rice P;Stair T; 2004 A patient education intervention does not improve satisfaction with emergency careAnn Emerg Med 4 Kosinski S;Siudut B; 2011 [Pain treatment in the emergency department: what do patients think?] Anestezjol Intens Ter 4 Morales-Guijarro AM;Nogales-Cortes MD;Perez-Tirado L;2011 [Satisfied companion, a quality indicator in emergencies] Rev Calid Asist
4 Frank C;Asp M;Fridlund B;Baigi A; 2011 Questionnaire for patient participation in emergency departments: development and psychometric testingJ Adv Nurs
4 Brown EC;Kros J; 2010 Reducing room turnaround time at a regional hospital Qual Manag Health Care
4 Ekwall A;Gerdtz M;Manias E; 2009 Anxiety as a factor influencing satisfaction with emergency department care: perspectives of accompanying personsJ Clin Nurs 4 de la Orden SG;Rodriguez-Rieiro C;Sanchez-Gomez A;Garcia AC;Hernandez-Fernandez T;Revilla AA;Escribano DV;Perez PR;2008 LQAS usefulness in an emergency department Int J Health Care Qual Assur
4 Dharmar M;Marcin JP;Kuppermann N;Andrada ER;Cole S;Harvey DJ;Romano PS;2007 A new implicit review instrument for measuring quality of care delivered to pediatric patients in the emergency departmentBMC Emerg Med 4 Etherington J;Innes G;Christenson J;Berkowitz J;Chamberlain R;Berringer R;Leung C;2000 Development, implementation and reliability assessment of an emergency physician performance evaluation toolCJEM
4 McDermott MF;Lenhardt RO;Catrambone CD;Walter J;Weiss KB;2006 Adequacy of medical chart review to characterize emergency care for asthma: findings from the Illinois Emergency Department Asthma CollaborativeAcad Emerg Med 4 Fatovich DM;Jacobs IG; 2001 NTS versus waiting time: an indicator without definition Emerg Med (Fremantle )
4 West TD;Pitzer SA; 1997 Improving quality while managing costs in emergency medicine J Health Care Finance 4 Sims SA;Dale JA;Johnson TJ;Christensen K;Ward E;2012 Electronic quality measurement predicts outcomes in community acquired pneumoniaAMIA Annu Symp Proc 4 Shaw KN;Ruddy RM;Olsen CS;Lillis KA;Mahajan PV;Dean JM;Chamberlain JM;2009 Pediatric patient safety in emergency departments: unit characteristics and staff perceptionsPediatrics
4 Cunado BA;Garcia CB;Rial CC;Garcia LF; 2002 Spanish validation of an instrument to measure the quality of nursing care in hospital emergency unitsJ Nurs Care Qual 4 Fernandes C.M.B.; Walker R.; Price A.; Marsden
J.; Haley L. 1997 Root cause analysis of laboratory delays to an emergency department Journal of Emergency Medicine 4 Morris ZS;Boyle A;Beniuk K;Robinson S; 2012 Emergency department crowding: towards an agenda for evidence-based interventionEmerg Med J
5 Silich BA;Yang JJ; 2012 Measuring emergency physicians' work: factoring in clinical hours, patients seen, and relative value units into 1 metricWest J Emerg Med 5 Jones P;Harper A;Wells S;Curtis E;Carswell P;Reid P;Ameratunga S;2012 Selection and validation of quality indicators for the Shorter Stays in Emergency Departments National Research ProjectEmerg Med Australas