Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal for patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure
Lorenzo Del Sorbo, Lara Pisani, Claudia Filippini, Vito Fanelli, Luca Fasano, Pierpaolo Terragni, Andrea Dell’Amore, Rosario Urbino, Luciana Mascia, Andrea Evangelista, Camillo Antro, Raffaele D’Amato, Maria José Sucre, Umberto Simonetti, Pietro Persico, Stefano Nava, and V. Marco Ranieri
Online Data Supplement
Methods
We conducted a matched cohort study with historical control that involved patients older than 18 and younger than 90 years treated with NIV for acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of COPD of two Italian ICUs. Review boards approved the protocol, and written consent was obtained from the patients.
NIV-plus-ECCO2R
All patients admitted for exacerbation of COPD and treated with NIV for acute hypercapnic respiratory failure were included (May 2011-November 2013). ECCO2R was added to NIV in patients that were considered as being “at risk of failure of NIV” when, after at least two hours of continuous application of NIV, arterial pH was ≤7.30 with a blood pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) >20% of the baseline value, and one of the following was observed: respiratory rate
≥30 breaths/min; use of accessory muscles or paradoxical abdominal movements (1).
Exclusion criteria were mean arterial pressure <60 mmHg despite infusion of fluids and vasoactive drugs, contraindications to anticoagulation (i.e. any of the following: platelet count
<30,000/mm3; prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (INR) >1.5; history within the previous 3 months of stroke or severe head trauma or intracranial arterio-venous malformation, or cerebral aneurysm, or central nervous system mass lesion; patient has an epidural catheter in place or who is anticipated to receive an epidural catheter during the study; history of congenital bleeding diatheses such as hemophilia; gastrointestinal bleeding within the 6 weeks prior to study entry; patient with known esophageal varices, chronic jaundice, cirrhosis, or chronic ascites; trauma patient), body weight >120 Kg, contraindication to continuation of active treatment, failure to obtain consent. The institutional ethics committee approved collection and report of data at ICU admission and hospital release of patients that did not provide consent to treatment with ECCO2R use.
ECCO2R was implemented using a modified continuous veno-venous hemofiltration system (Decap® Smart, Hemodec, San Pietro Vimiano (Padova), Italy) (2). Blood flow is driven through the circuit by a roller non-occlusive low-flow pump (0– 450 ml/min) through a membrane lung (Euroset; Medolla, Modena, Italy) that is connected to a fresh gas flow source delivering 100% oxygen at a constant rate of 8 l/min. Exiting the membrane lung, blood is driven to a hemofilter (Medica D250, Medolla, Italy). The resulting plasmatic water is re- circulated through the membrane lung by a peristaltic pump (0–155 ml/min). Pressure developed by the roller pump (arterial pressure) is measured and limited to 120–150 mmHg.
Re-infusion pressure (venous pressure) and the pressure gradient across the membrane lung are also measured. Detectors of leaks and bubbles are inserted within the circuit. The circuit, including the membrane lung, is primed with a volume of saline ranging between 140 and 160 ml. A starting dose of heparin (80 IU/kg bolus and 18 IU/kg/h infusion) was delivered by using a syringe pump included in the system. Continuous infusion of heparin was hence titrated to maintain the activated partial thromboplastine time (aPTT) ratio to approximately 1.5. This latter was checked approximately every 2-3 hours. The femoral vein was accessed via a double lumen catheter (14 F; JOLINE GmbH & Co. KG) inserted with the Seldinger technique and connected with the extracorporeal circuit (2).
ECCO2R was interrupted and patients reverted to the “NIV-only” treatment when all of the following were achieved for at least 12 hours: respiratory rate <25 breaths/min; pH>7·35;
PaCO2 <20% of the baseline value; absence of use of the accessory muscles or paradoxical abdominal movements.
NIV-only
A dataset for matched cohort analysis was created using patients treated with “NIV-only” for COPD and acute hypercapnic respiratory failure enrolled in two previous studies performed in the same institutions where the present investigation was carried out (3, 4). Patients were
considered for matching if considered as being “at risk of failure on NIV” using the same criteria as for the cases i.e. when at least two continuous hours of NIV led to an arterial pH ≤ 7.30 with a value of PaCO2 higher than 20% of the baseline value after and at least one of the following was observed: respiratory rate ≥30 breaths/min; use of accessory muscles or paradoxical abdominal movements (1). Exclusion criteria were the same criteria as for the cases: mean arterial pressure <60 mmHg despite infusion of fluids and vasoactive drugs, contraindications to anticoagulation (i.e. any of the following: platelet count <30,000/mm3;
prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (INR) >1.5; history within the previous 3 months of stroke or severe head trauma or intracranial arterio-venous malformation, or cerebral aneurysm, or central nervous system mass lesion; epidural catheter in place or plan to insert an epidural catheter during the study; history of congenital bleeding diatheses such as hemophilia; gastrointestinal bleeding within the 6 weeks prior to study entry; patient with known esophageal varices, chronic jaundice, cirrhosis, or chronic ascites; trauma patient), body weight >120 Kg, contraindication to continuation of active treatment.
Study end-points
Primary end-point was the cumulative incidence of endotracheal intubation during the 28 days after ICU admission. Decision to intubate was taken by the attending clinicians not involved in the study when two of the followings occurred for a least two hours: respiratory frequency
>35 breaths/min; arterial pH <7.25; PaCO2 >60 mmHg; arterial PO2 (PaO2) <60 mmHg with a fraction on inspiratory O2 (FiO2) >60%; respiratory arrest, signs of patient distress with accessory muscle recruitment and paradoxical abdominal or thoracic motion. In addition, intubation was performed when any of the following was observed (5): hemodynamic instability defined as 80–90 mmHg increase or a 30–40 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure relative to the baseline value or need for inotropic drugs to maintain systolic blood
pressure higher than 85 mmHg or electrocardiogram evidence of ischemia or significant ventricular arrhythmias; need for sedation for major agitation; decreased alertness defined as a Glasgow Coma Score <9; cardiac arrest. Patients were followed until hospital discharge or death. Secondary endpoints were in-hospital mortality and ICU and hospital length of stay.
Potential adverse events related to ECCO2R were recorded and classified as mechanical (membrane lung failure, clots in the circuit, air in the circuit, pump malfunction, tubing rupture, catheter displacement, system leaks, all affecting the correct functioning of the system) and patient-related (vein perforation at cannula insertion, significant bleeding [i.e., any bleeding event that required the administration of 1 unit of packed red cells], hemodynamic instability [i.e., 80–90 mmHg increase or 30–40 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure relative to the baseline value or need for inotropic drugs for at least 2 h to maintain systolic blood pressure higher than 85 mmHg or electrocardiogram evidence of ischemia or significant ventricular arrhythmias] ischemic/gangrenous bowel, pneumothorax, renal complications [i.e., occurrence after initiation of CO2 removal of creatinine greater than 1.5 mg/dl], infectious complications [i.e., occurrence after initiation of CO2 removal of culture proven new infection], metabolic [i.e., occurrence after initiation of CO2 removal of glucose of at least 240 mg/dl or hyperbilirubinemia], thromboembolic complications [i.e., occurrence after initiation of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolus], and neurologic complications [i.e., occurrence after initiation of CO2 removal of cerebral infarction, or clinical seizure, or cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral edema]) (2).
Statistical analysis
The probability of receiving ECCO2R conditionally to a number of observed covariates presumed to be associated with the decision to use ECCO2R was assessed using a
multivariable logistic regression analysis with ECCO2R treatment as the dependent variable.
The a priori selected variables that have been associated to risk of NIV failure (1, 6) were: (1) age; (2) forced expiratory volume in the 1st second; (3) Charlson comorbidity index (7); (4) simplified acute physiological score (SAPS II) (8); (5) pH values before institution of mechanical ventilation. Except for FEV1 (taken from the most recent pulmonary function test), all variables were obtained at ICU admission.
The genetic matching method without replacement (GenMatch) was used to match patients treated with “NIV-plus-ECCO2R” and “NIV-only” (9, 10). GenMatch is a multivariate matching technique that aims to make the distribution of baseline characteristics between “control” and “intervention” as similar as possible combining propensity score matching with multivariate matching. The automated search algorithm maximizes the balance of the covariates included in the analysis (i.e. makes the multivariate distribution of covariates in the matched “control” and “intervention” groups as similar as possible) by: (a) estimating the relative weight of the propensity score and of the selected individual; (b) iteratively checking the balance and directing the search toward matches that optimize balance; (d) selecting those weights that give the best covariate balance in the matched samples (9, 10).
The balance statistics was performed using the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney (9, 10).
To ascertain whether inclusion criteria influenced the base-case findings, all analyses were repeated eliminating from both groups patients with severe neurological impairment (Kelly score ≥3) and patients with severe hypoxemia (arterial O2 pressure to inspiratory O2 fraction:
PaO2/FIO2 ratio <150) since both are associated to high risk of failure of NIV.(1, 6)
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation), or median (inter-quartile range). Comparison between and within groups was made using the Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney test for continuous variables and the chi-square or the Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables as appropriate.
Results are reported as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
Cumulative incidence of endotracheal intubation during the 28 days immediately after ICU admission was assessed considering death as a competing event using the method of Gooley.
Adjusted HR and 95% CI were estimated using the Fine and Grey model.
All statistical tests were two-sided and P values of 0·05 or less were considered statistically significant and were conducted using Stata software version 11·0 (Stata- Corp, College Station, Texas), R software version 2·11 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, http:
//www.r-project.org/) and SAS software package (SAS Institute, Cary, NC; version 8·2).
RESULTS
Characteristics of patients at risk of NIV failure but not included in the study protocol (64 patients for the “NIV-plus-ECCO2R” group and 21 patients for the “NIV-only” group) did not differ from those included in the final analysis (Table E1).
Values of PaCO2, arterial pH and respiratory rate at baseline and after one hour of treatment only in patients treated with “NIV-plus-ECCO2R” and in “NIV-only” before and after GenMatch are shown in Table E2
Before matching, application of ECCO2R during NIV decreased by 79% the risk of intubation relative to “NIV-only” (HR 0.21; 95%CI 0.06-0.67, P=0.009). Intubation rate in the “NIV-plus-ECCO2R”group was 12% (three patients, 95% CI 2.5-31.2%), while in “NIV- only” was 48% (40 patients, 95% CI 36.6-58.8%, P=0.0011) before matching and 33% (seven patients, 95% CI 14.6-57.0%, P=0.1495) after GenMatch. Analysis was repeated eliminating patients with severe hypoxemia (PaO2/FIO2 <150) and patients with severe neurological impairment (Kelly score ≥3). In patients without severe hypoxemia, before matching intubation was observed in two out of 22 patients (9%, 95% CI 1.12-29.2%) in “NIV-plus- ECCO2R” and in 28 out of 56 (50%, 95% CI 36.3-63.7%) in “NIV-only” (P<0.001). After GenMatch, intubation was observed in two out of 22 patients (9%, 95% CI 1.1-29.2%) in
“NIV-plus-ECCO2R” and in seven out of 17 patients (41%, 95% CI 18.4-67.0%) in “NIV- only” (P=0.0262). In patients without severe neurological impairment, before matching intubation was observed in 1 out of 16 patients (6%, 95% CI 0.2-30.2%) in “NIV-plus- ECCO2R”and in 24 out of 59 patients (41%, 95% CI 28.1-54.2%) in “NIV-only” (P=0.0145).
After GenMatch, intubation was observed in 1 out of 16 patients (6%, 95% CI 0.2-30.2%) in
“NIV-plus-ECCO2R”and in six out of 13 patients (46%, 95% CI 19.2-74.9%) in “NIV-only”
(P=0.026). Indications and timing of intubation are presented in Table E3.
Hospital mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay in patients treated with “NIV-plus- ECCO2R” and in “NIV-only” before and after GenMatch are shown in Table E4.
Table E1. Characteristics and outcomes of patients at risk of intubation for NIV failure but not included in the study protocol (64 patients for the “NIV-plus-ECCO2R” group and 21 patients for the “NIV-only” group).
Data are mean (standard deviation) or median and inter-quartile range. Abbreviations: NIV: non-invasive ventilation; ECCO2R: extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the 1st second;
SAPS II: simplified acute physiological score; PaCO2: arterial pressure of carbon dioxide; PaO2/FiO2: arterial- to-inspiratory oxygen fraction; ICU: intensive care unit.
# values obtained after one hour on NIV.
“NIV-plus-ECCO2R” “NIV-only”
Age, years 75 (7.2) 71 (9.9)
FEV1, liters 30 (10) 29.1 (8.6)
SAPS II 36.1 (6.9) 35.8 (8.3)
Arterial pH before institution of NIV 7.25 (0.08) 7.22 (0.06)
Charlson comorbidity index 5.3 (3.4) 5.7 (3.3)
PaCO2, mmHg# 74 (64; 89) 78 (70; 88)
Arterial pH# 7.27 (7.21; 7.3) 7.25 (7.21; 7.3)
Respiratory rate, breath per min# 38 (30; 44) 35 (33; 38)
PaO2/FiO2 # 211 (138; 248) 187 (141; 245)
Endotracheal Intubation, number (%) 32 (50) 11 (52)
Hospital mortality, number (%) 11 (30) 7 (33)
ICU length of stay (days) 8 (4; 10) 8 (5; 11)
Hospital length of stay (days) 15 (10; 20) 17 (10; 27)
TABLE E2. Respiratory variables in NIV-plus-ECCO2RandNIV-only
Data are expressed as median (interquartile range). Abbreviations: NIV: non-invasive ventilation; ECCO2R:
extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal; GenMatch: genetic matching. T0: time 0, time when criteria for “risk of NIV failure” were matched; T1: time 1, time 0 plus one hour. Comparisons between and within groups are made using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test.
groups are made using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test NIV-plus-ECCO2R
(N=25) NIV-only Before matching
(N=84) P After GenMatch
matching (N=21) P
T0 88.0 (67.0; 96.0) 82.5 (76.0; 90.5) 0.6951 82.0 (76.0; 89.0) 0.6067
PaCO2, mmHg P=0.0037 P=0.9072 P=0.7363
T1 63.0 (52.0; 84.0) 78.47 (60.2; 104.1) 0.0082 80.0 (66.0; 104.5) 0.0125 T0 7.27 (7.25; 7.28) 7.27 (7.22; 7.29) 0.5005 7.28 (7.23; 7.30) 0.2423
Arterial pH P<0.0001 P=0.2181 P=0.4979
T1 7.34 (7.32; 7.39) 7.25 (7.13; 7.33) <0.0001 7.28 (7.17; 7.30) 0.0003
T0 32 (29; 35) 32 (29; 36) 0.6280 30 (28; 32) 0.2641
Respiratory rate, breath per min P<0.0001 P<0.0001 P=0.1268
T1 22 (18; 24) 29 (26; 32) <0.0001 27 (25; 31) 0.0002
T0 168 (133; 210) 190 (144; 242) 0.2296 176 (152; 233) 0.3648
PaO2/FiO2 P=0.9493 P=0.0289 P=0.0701
T1 178 (131; 203) 233 (180; 264) 0.0007 235 (212; 262) 0.0006
Table E3. Timing and reasons of intubation in both NIV-plus-ECCO2RandNIV-only groups.
Timing (days) Reason
NIV-plus-ECCO2R
Patient #1 2 pH <7.25 and PaCO2 >60 mmHg following membrane and circuit clotting
Patient #14 1 pH <7.25 and PaCO2 >60 mmHg following blood pump malfunction of ECCO2R system
Patient #4 1
40 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure relative to the baseline despite transfusion of two packs of red cells
(significant bleeding; retroperitoneal hematoma) NIV-only
Patient #1 3 pH <7.25 and PaCO2 >60 mmHg
Patient #2 1 pH <7.25 and PaCO2 >60 mmHg
Patient #3 1
need for inotropic drugs (norepinephrine 18 mcg/min) and fluids (25 mL/kg of crystalloid administered during the 6
hours interval surrounding the start of vasopressor treatment) to maintain systolic blood pressure higher than
85 mmHg (pneumonia, septic shock)
Patient #4 1 pH <7.25, PaCO2 >60 mmHg and respiratory rate >35 breaths/min
Patient #5 1 pH <7.25, PaCO2 >60 mmHg and respiratory rate >35 breaths/min
Patient #6 1
need for inotropic drugs (norepinephrine 22 mcg/min) and fluids (30 mL/kg of crystalloid administered during the 4
hours interval surrounding the start of vasopressor treatment) to maintain systolic blood pressure higher than
85 mmHg (abdominal septic shock)
#7 1 pH <7.25, PaCO2 >60 mmHg and respiratory rate >35 breaths/min
TABLE E4. Study secondary end-points.
Data are expressed as number (percentage) or median (interquartile range). Abbreviations: NIV: non-invasive ventilation; ECCO2R: extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal; ICU: intensive care unit; GenMatch: genetic matching. Comparisons between groups are made using Fisher’s exact test.
a There were 25 patients for the NIV-plus-ECCO2R treated group
b There were 84 patients for the non ECCO2R treated group
c There were 21 patients for the non ECCO2R treated group
NIV-plus-ECCO2R a NIV-only P Hospital mortality, number (%) 2 (8) Before matching b 29 (35) 0.0107
After GenMatch c 8 (35) 0.0347 ICU length of stay (days) 8 (7; 10) Before matching b 8 (4; 13) 0.7351 After GenMatch c 12 (6; 15) 0.1943 Hospital length of stay (days) 24 (21; 28) Before matching b 20 (10; 34) 0.2176 After GenMatch c 22 (13; 36) 0.8007
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